Inadequate Design Research Articles

Local biodiversity actions for sustainable development goal 15 (life on land) in China

AbstractAchieving sustainable development goal (SDG) 15 (life on land) depends on local conservation efforts. However, the lack of species data and inadequate ecological corridor designs significantly hinder conservation efficiency. This study focused on Sanmenxia City in China and utilized the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade‐offs model, the GeoDetector model, and the Minimum Cumulative Resistance model to identify potential habitats, their influencing factors, and ecological corridors. We then adopted a new corridor feasibility model to compare the impacts of different ecological resistance, thereby identifying key biodiversity spaces. Results indicated a decline in habitat quality since 2000, primarily influenced by climate, topography, and land use. Simulation‐derived corridors using the habitat quality method were more effective than those based on expert experience. We identified 2808.45 km2 of potential habitats and 20 critical corridors for land animals. This study deepens the understanding of ecological resistance impacts on corridors and provides new insights into local actions for SDG 15.

Components in Lesson Planning for Secondary School Teachers in Tanzania: Implications for Supervision and Teachers’ Training

Purpose. The purpose of the study was to identify specific components of a lesson plan that teachers struggle to design. Methodology. The study used a qualitative research approach and an exploratory case study design. The criterion-purposeful sampling technique was employed to select eighteen (18) participants from six public secondary schools in the Kilimanjaro region of Tanzania. The study participants comprised six heads of secondary schools, six internal school quality assurance officers, and six teachers. Through semi-structured interviews and document reviews, data on specific components of the lesson plan that teachers find challenging to design was collected. The reviewed documents included school performance evaluation reports (SPERs) and lesson plans. The researchers employed thematic analysis methods. The study also followed all necessary principles of research ethics, including obtaining participants’ consent and employing pseudonyms. Results. The study found that teachers were struggling in formulating a coherent statement of specific lesson objectives, teaching and learning materials, and teaching and learning activities. The study also demonstrated that teachers faced difficulties in selecting effective teaching and learning approach, establishing assessment criteria, and conducting proper lesson evaluation. Conclusion. We conclude that inadequate design of one component of the lesson plan negatively affects the overall quality of the lesson plan, the delivery of lessons in the classroom, and the quality of education. Therefore, instructional supervisors and teacher trainers must take immediate action to assist teachers in developing lesson planning skills. This endeavour will not only result in improved lesson planning and delivery by teachers, but it will also contribute to an overall improvement in student learning and educational quality.

Dynamic performance of ground supported circular water tank using shaking table

One of the most important lifelines for the human population is the water tank, which needs to be able to continue operating as usual both during and after earthquakes. Due to inadequate design techniques, structures are mainly intended to support static loads. The impact of dynamic loading is not taken into account. When resonance occurs, the effect is even more severe. The main objective of this work is to perform shaking table tests and study the dynamic performance of circular water tanks resting on the ground during shaking. For this investigation, three tanks with different height-to-diameter ratios have been taken into consideration. For various combinations of frequency, amplitude and water height in the tank, the hydrodynamic pressure at various places and the height of the sloshing wave during shaking have been measured experimentally. In comparison to the static water pressure on the container, it is discovered that dynamic pressure increases by 20%–50% during shaking. Resonant frequency drops with increasing tank diameter for a given water head at constant amplitudes.

국제개발협력 분야 기술사업화 프로젝트의 성공 저해 요인과 결합적 인과 영향: KOICA 혁신적기술프로그램(CTS)을 중심으로

Purpose: This study examines the factors and factor combinations that impede the success of Creative Technology Solution (CTS) projects, a recently introduced development cooperation approach in Korea that prioritizes science and technology innovation and private sector involvement in the field of development cooperation. Originality: This study pioneers the examination of technology commercialization cases in development cooperation, an area unexplored by both technology entrepreneurship and development cooperation academics. It goes beyond identifying individual factors to analyze conjunctural causal effects of multiple factors impeding project success. It also provides practical implications on which factors to address first for CTS project success. Methodology: A total of 23 CTS project end-of-project evaluation reports were subjected to qualitative content analysis (QCA) in order to identify the factors that impede the success of CTS projects. Furthermore, fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fs/QCA) was employed to examine the ways in which combinations of factors impede project success. Result: The analysis identified four main impeding factors: inadequate preliminary research, inadequate project design, inadequate implementing organisation capacity, and inadequate stakeholder cooperation and communication. Of these, the two most significant factors impeding the success of CTS projects are poor preliminary research and poor project design. When these two factors co-occur, the likelihood of project failure is high, even in the absence of any particular issue with the capacity of the implementing organisation and stakeholder cooperation and communication. Conclusion and Implication: In order to enhance the probability of success for CTS projects, it is imperative to reinforce the preliminary research and project design, as these have been identified as the main impeding factors.

Nanoparticle Formulations for the Improvement of Symptomatic Treatments of Neurodegenerative Disorders

Neuronanomedicine merges nanotechnology and neuroscience in the pursuit of engineering therapeutic interventions for neurological disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). While no nanoparticle‐based drug delivery systems (NDDSs) are yet approved for use for targeting the central nervous system, this review critically analyses the development of NDDSs for the improvement of currently approved therapeutics for the symptomatic treatment of AD and PD. It showcases how NDDSs can help therapeutic payloads overcome existing limitations, such as insufficient drug accumulation in the brain and limited effectiveness, by enhancing their pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, brain penetration and accumulation, and overall therapeutic efficacy through drug encapsulation, manipulation of nanoparticle properties, and nanoparticle surface functionalisation. However, we also draw attention to widespread issues in the field that impede progress, including the poor selection of in vitro models and the inadequate design of pre‐clinical in vivo studies. We further advocate for greater standardisation of study design and reporting requirements in the future, which would likely enhance outcomes and expedite the translation of neuronanomedicines.

The Impact of Occupational Ergonomics on the Prevalence of Low Back Pain in Tailoring Professions: A Systematic Literature Review

Background: Low back pain (LBP) is a prevalent musculoskeletal disorder affecting individuals across various occupations, including tailoring. Tailors often engage in prolonged sitting, repetitive movements, and awkward postures, which can contribute to the development of LBP. This systematic review aims to investigate the impact of occupational ergonomics on the prevalence of LBP in tailoring professions. Methods: A comprehensive search of electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science) was conducted to identify relevant studies published between 2018 and 2024. Studies that examined the relationship between ergonomic factors and LBP among tailors were included. Data extraction and quality assessment were performed independently by two reviewers. Results: A total of 25 studies met the inclusion criteria. The findings consistently demonstrated a significant association between poor ergonomic conditions and an increased prevalence of LBP among tailors. Prolonged sitting, awkward postures, repetitive movements, and inadequate workstation design were identified as key risk factors. Additionally, the review highlighted the positive impact of ergonomic interventions, such as adjustable workstations and training programs, in reducing the prevalence and severity of LBP. Conclusion: This systematic review provides compelling evidence that occupational ergonomics plays a crucial role in the prevalence of LBP among tailors. Implementing ergonomic interventions and promoting proper work practices can significantly reduce the burden of LBP in this population, leading to improved worker health and productivity.

Developing Grounded Theory Systematic Approach for Logistics and Supply Chain Management Research

ABSTRACTThe emergence of the supply chain management (SCM) discipline and its integration with other research fields, such as logistics, has sparked research that aims to combine scientific rigor with business utility. Calls for increased theory‐building and practically relevant research have driven the discipline's development. This article advocates the wider use of grounded theory methodology, providing practical guidance to ensure reliable theoretical contributions. The study employs a multi‐method approach (bibliometric analysis, mapping review, and state‐of‐the‐art analysis) to quantitatively review existing grounded theory research on logistics and SCM issues, investigate its methodological attributes, and outline its strengths and weaknesses. Based on these findings, guidelines are proposed for methodologically sound grounded theory building in the discipline. Derived from empirically grounded theory studies, these guidelines address issues that hinder the effective use of the method, such as misunderstanding its fundamentals, improper use of literature, coding challenges, inadequate research design, and difficulties in transitioning from analysis to theorizing. By adding an empirical perspective to supplement existing guidelines, the study aims to enhance the quality of SCM research. While grounded theory is not the only solution for advancing the discipline, its judicious use is advocated to bring rigorous, theory‐driven, and practice‐oriented contributions to logistics and SCM research.

A novel model to detect abnormal thermal energy consumption in existing buildings with limited metering infrastructure

In EU, excessive energy waste occurs in existing buildings due to multiple reasons, such as inadequate building design, frequent operation of the technical building systems far from the design and reference conditions, lack of proper maintenance, lack of building automation and control systems, unexpected or exceptional weather conditions and inappropriate end-user behaviours. In this context, the detection of “abnormal” energy consumption is crucial both to increase end-users’ awareness and to help energy managers and technicians in the energy diagnosis. In this paper, the authors present a novel model to detect abnormal thermal energy consumption in existing buildings equipped with limited metering infrastructure. Four heating seasons of daily thermal energy consumption and indoor environmental data of a case study building located in Central Italy were analysed to develop, train and test the model for data processing, benchmarking, abnormal energy consumption identification and diagnosis. The results of the test phase show the ability of the model to detect behavioural faults, such as the low consumption and indoor air temperature in two dwellings and the high ones in one other. Also, the poor thermal insulation properties of the building were clearly highlighted by the proposed model.

Identification of the Problem in Controlling the Air–Fuel Mixture Ratio (Lambda Coefficient λ) in Small Spark-Ignition Engines for Positive Pressure Ventilators

The air–fuel ratio is a crucial parameter in internal combustion engines that affects optimal engine performance, emissions, fuel efficiency, engine durability, power, and efficiency. Positive pressure ventilators (PPVs) create specific operating conditions for drive units, characterized by a reduced ambient pressure compared to standard atmospheric pressure, which is used to control carburetor-based fuel supply systems. The impact of these conditions was investigated for four commonly used PPVs (with internal combustion engines) in fire services across the European Union (EU), using a lambda (λ), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrogen carbon (HC) analyser for exhaust gases. All four ventilators were found to operate with lean and very lean mixtures, with their lambda coefficients ranging from 1.6 to 2.2. The conducted tests of the CO2, CO, and HC concentrations in the exhaust gases of all four fans show dependencies consistent with theoretical analyses of the impact of the fuel–air mixture on emissions. It can be observed that as the amount of burned air decreases, the values of CO and HC decrease, while the concentration of CO2 increases with the increase in engine load. Such an operation can accelerate engine wear, increase the emission of harmful exhaust gases, and reduce the effective performance of the device. This condition is attributed to an inadequate design process, where drive units are typically designed to operate within atmospheric pressure conditions, as is common for these engines. However, when operating with a PPV, the fan’s rotor induces significant air movement, leading to a reduction in ambient pressure on the intake side where the engine is located, thereby disrupting its proper operation.

Semen Parameters Can Be Used As A Credible Marker with Doppler Ultrasonography in the Diagnosis of Subclinical Varicocele Cases

OBJECTIVES: The link between varicoceles and male infertility has been a problem of debate for more than half a century. A substantial amount of data about varicocelectomies’ effects has been provided, but inadequate study designs and heterogeneity of current studies make these data rarely conclusive. This article investigates whether semen and sperm analysis in subclinical varicocele patients without any clinical signs diagnosed by Doppler Ultrasonography (USG) can be used as a diagnostic tool. STUDY DESIGN: The current prospective study included infertile male patients (n=44) enrolled in the Urology Clinic of Biruni University Hospital from January 2017 to January 2018. Patients were divided into two groups: 1st group as the control group (CG) (n=22): No varicocele as determined by Doppler USG, and 2nd group as the test group (TG) (n=22): Subclinical varicocele (SCV) as determined by Doppler USG. A semen analysis was done. Sperm were dyed with aniline blue and chromomycin A3 (CMA3), acridine orange (AO), propidium iodide (PI), and Rhodamine 123 (Rh123) for the determination of sperm maturation, sperm DNA fragmentation, apoptosis, and sperm mitochondrial membrane potential, respectively. Student-t Test was used for statistical analysis. p<0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: The sperm concentration of the CG was higher than the TG (p=0.98, p>0.05). Forward sperm motility in the CG was higher than in the TG (p<0.001, p<0.05). Sperm with normal morphology in the TG was lower than in the CG (p<0.001, p<0.05). Sperm neck anomalies were higher in varicocele cases (p<0.001, p<0.05). Sperm maturation at the TG was lower than the CG (p<0.001, p<0.05). A high apoptotic sperm rate was found at the TG (p<0.001, p<0.05). Sperm mitochondria potential at the TG was lower than the CG (p<0.001, p<0.05). Sperm chromatin condensation at the TG was higher than the CG (p<0.001, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The analysis of sperm DNA and apoptosis in SCV cases can be used as a reliable diagnostic tool to confirm Doppler USG.

Territorial autonomy and ethnic conflict: the Baloch ethnic question post-18th Amendment

ABSTRACT This article critically assesses the effectiveness of territorial autonomy under the 18th Constitutional Amendment in managing ethnic conflict in Pakistan's Balochistan province. It argues that limitations in the design and implementation of the federal provisions of the 18th Amendment have hindered the sustainable resolution of the ethnic conflict in Balochistan. Design-wise, the Amendment inadequately addresses key institutional factors that have historically contributed to Balochistan's marginalised status within the federation, notably the Senate's limited powers, non-ethnic-based provincial boundaries, and Baloch under-representation in core state institutions. Design inadequacies are exacerbated by poor implementation of the core federal provisions, especially related to natural resource ownership, local government, and the Council of Common Interests (CCI). Notable implementation hurdles include a persistent ‘centralist’ mind set, particularly pronounced within the military, actively seeking the overturn of the 18th Amendment. The persistence of the de-facto power of the military has undermined the efficacy of territorial autonomy as a conflict management tool.

Safety Footwear Impact on Workers' Gait and Foot Problems: A Comparative Study.

In this study, we hypothesized that safety footwear (SF) impacts gait patterns, potentially contributing to the podiatric symptoms reported by workers. The purpose of this work was to compare the gait analyses of workers wearing SF and sneakers using inertial sensors while also examining the occurrence of foot problems. A consecutive cohort of workers from different occupational sectors who wore SF during their work shifts were prospectively assessed through a gait analysis. The gait analysis was conducted under two conditions: first, while wearing SF, and second, while wearing sneakers. In both conditions, inertial sensors were used (Wiva® MOB). Participants also underwent a podiatric physical examination to evaluate foot problems. This study shows that SF resulted in a worsening gait pattern compared to sneakers in both genders. The impact was particularly pronounced in female participants, resulting in a significant decline in walking speed and cadence. Discomfort was reported by 83.3% of participants, with a higher prevalence in females (46.6% vs. 36.6%). The SF group exhibited an elevated prevalence of foot problems, with no significant gender variations. It seems that foot problems are more likely to occur when a foot deformity, such as flat or cavus foot or hallux valgus, is present. This study suggests that SF may contribute to the reported podiatric symptoms among workers. Certain footwear characteristics, including weight, mis-fit, and inadequate design, may be factors associated with footwear discomfort and adverse gait patterns, potentially leading to increased foot problems among workers.

Effect and optimization of geometric parameters and arrangement on film cooling performance of fan-shaped holes based on generalized regression neural network

Inadequate design of film cooling holes can significantly reduce film cooling effectiveness of turbine blades, compromising high temperature resistance. By comparing experimental data, the most suitable turbulence model is selected to calculate film cooling effectiveness on the leading edge of turbine blades. A high-precision nonlinear mapping relationship between the geometric parameters and arrangement of fan-shaped holes, and film cooling effectiveness is established by using machine learning which is trained by 1200 cases. The genetic algorithm is employed to search for optimal parameters. Sensitivity and correlation analyses are conducted to assess the influence degree of the geometric parameters and arrangement on film cooling effectiveness and these mechanisms are analyzed in depth. Findings reveal that the injection angle exerts the most significant effect on film cooling effectiveness, with significant effects observed for the forward expansion angle and the angle with respect to stagnation line. Interactions among parameters play a crucial role in influencing film cooling effectiveness and cannot be disregarded. In the design space, the optimal configuration comprises the injection angle of 30°, the forward expansion angle of 10°, the streamwise torsion angle of 10°, the pitch of holes of 12 mm and the angle with respect to stagnation line of 30°.

Navigating Alert Fatigue: A Case Study in Electronic Health Record Alert Design Optimization.

Clinical decision support (CDS) systems play a crucial role in enhancing patient outcomes, but inadequate design contributes to alert fatigue, inundating clinicians with disruptive alerts that lack clinical relevance. This case study delves into a quality improvement (QI) project addressing nursing electronic health record (EHR) alert fatigue by strategically redesigning four high-firing/low action alerts. Employing a mixed-methods approach, including quantitative analysis, empathy mapping sessions, and user feedback, the project sought to understand and alleviate the challenges posed by these alerts. Virtual empathy mapping sessions with clinical nurses provided valuable insights into user experiences. Qualitative findings, CDS design principles, and organizational practice expectations informed the redesign process, resulting in the removal of all four identified disruptive alerts and redesign of passive alerts. This initiative released 877 unactionable disruptive nursing hours, emphasizing the significance of proper alert design and the necessity for organizational structures ensuring sustained governance in healthcare system optimization.

Propensity of 21700 cylindrical cells to thermal runaway under slight overcharging cycling – A numerical study

Slight overcharge of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) could occur due to inadequate design of battery management system or unexpected malfunction of charger. In comparison with other abuse conditions, the evolution of thermal runaway (TR) under slight overcharging often requires a lengthy incubation period, necessitating relatively long periods for experiments. Numerical simulations with validated models offer a viable alternative to evaluate such risks in modules/packs and associated mitigation measures. Since a current-cutting device is usually installed inside the LIB module/packs, the current will be cut off once the overcharge reaches a certain level, therefore, slight overcharging is of more potential relevance. However, previous simulations mainly focused on TR process induced by continuous overcharging, the conditions associated with slight overcharging have been overlooked. As slight overcharging is difficult to detect, the generated heat could easily accumulate as the cycle process prevails, result in unwanted cell temperature increases with increasing propensity for TR. A three-dimensional (3-D) predictive tool for the transition of cylindrical 21700 cell from slight overcharging cycle to TR has been developed by implementing the published models for heat generation from various thermal decomposition reactions and ISC into in-house version of the opensource computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code OpenFOAM. The code is validated with newly conducted experiments involving both normal and slight overcharging cycles. The validated model has then been used to conduct further parametric studies to investigate the effects of the overcharge voltage, current-rates and convective cooling on the propensity and run up time to TR as well as the maximum cell temperature during TR for cells with different cathode materials under different ambient temperatures. This work forms a sound basis for evaluating TR propagation in modules/packs under slight overcharging/discharging cycles to aid the development of mitigative measures to improve LIB process safety in practical applications.

Degradation of a novel magnesium alloy-based bioresorbable coronary scaffold in a swine coronary artery model

The objective of the study is to investigate the safety, feasibility, and degradation profile of a novel Mg alloy-based bioresorbable coronary scaffold (JFK-PRODUCT BRS) with thin struts (110 μm). Polymer- or Mg alloy-based BRSs have not replaced nondegradable metal stents because of the higher prevalence of scaffold thrombosis and restenosis in clinical practice; these poor clinical outcomes were due to inadequate scaffold designs, including thick struts (more than 150 μm) and their inappropriate degradation processes. Fourteen healthy pigs received 17 JFK-PRODUCT BRSs in the coronary arteries and were sacrificed at 1, 6, 12, 18, and 26 months after implantation. Angiography, optical coherence tomography, microfocus X-ray computed tomography (µCT), scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM–EDX), and histopathological evaluation were performed. The JFK-PRODUCT had a median percent late recoil of 11.28% at 1 month. The µCT observation confirmed that scaffold discontinuity reached 64.8% at 12 months with increased scaffold inner area thereafter, suggesting artery positive remodeling. The inflammation was mild, peaked at 18 months, and decreased thereafter. The SEM–EDX analysis demonstrated gradual degradation of the scaffold with formation of inorganic deposits, presumed to be calcium phosphates. It also revealed the disappearance of calcium phosphates at 26 months, achieving almost complete replacement of the scaffold by biocomponents. The current study demonstrated the safety and feasibility of JFK-PRODUCT with a lower acute recoil rate despite its thin struts. The scaffolds were almost completely disappeared at 26 months after implantation.Graphical abstract

Experimental Characterization of Common-Mode Voltages and Currents in Gearbox Bearings of a Doubly-Fed Induction Generator Wind Turbine on a Test Bench

Wind turbine (WT) drivetrain failures can lead to expensive repairs and downtime, significantly impacting the Levelized Costs of Electricity (LCOE). Gearbox failures are a major contributor to maintenance costs, with High-Speed-Shaft (HSS) bearings having the highest failure rate. Frequently occurring premature HSS bearing damage indicates design inadequacies. Currently, bearing design standards (DIN/ISO 281) are primarily based on fatigue. Other damage mechanisms like adhesion or damages due to electrical currents passing through the bearings are not considered. WT gearbox bearings are exposed to electrical currents, mainly caused by common-mode (CM) voltages. Bearing currents lead to surface damages and also may promote the formation of white etching areas (WEA) or cracks (WEC) and thus need to be investigated further. The CM voltage is an inherent feature of the power converter, which generates CM currents in the electrical machine. The resulting high voltages at the HSS bearings can lead to electrical discharge currents in the rolling contact, which damage the raceways of the bearing. This paper presents an experimental method for characterization of the currents and voltages that pass from the generator to the HSS of the gearbox in a multi-megawatt WT drivetrain on a test bench. CM currents and voltages measured at the converter are correlated with the shaft voltages at the HSS bearing. The results indicate, that the CM currents directly pass the HSS and its bearings into the gearbox housing. The CM currents show peaks indicating discharge events with over 100 A. Furthermore, at the discharge events, high-frequency oscillations with over 20 MHz are observed in CM current and bearing voltage.

Smart prison technology and challenges: a systematic literature reviews

<span lang="EN-US">The rapid rise of intelligent technology, particularly in government, is igniting a new phase of the industrial revolution around the world. As governmental entities, prisons oversee upholding social order and lowering current crime. The concept of the smart prison has not received much attention but is gaining traction. The goal of this research is to conduct a literature review to identify current prison technologies and to analyse the challenges associated with implementing smart prisons using the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) protocol. Nine credible publishers were looked up between October 2022 and December 2022. The initial search yielded 362 articles, of which 25 were included in the final phase. This research provides the current state of prison according to technology-organization-environment (TOE). Some challenges arise in the context of TOE, such as the high cost of smart technology, inadequate technology design, poor management, ineffective service, overcrowding, ageing facilities, increasing violence, disease spread, and ethical problems. This study also classifies smart prison technology based on the internet of things (IoT) architecture layer. By providing the first comprehensive review on smart prison technology, this study makes an essential contribution to the subject of prisons.</span>

Virtual reality intervention to improve quality of care during colonoscopy: a hybrid type 1 randomized controlled trial

Background and AimsEffective management of patients’ pain, anxiety, and discomfort during colonoscopy is crucial for successful completion of the procedure, patient adherence to follow-up examinations, and patient satisfaction. Virtual Reality (VR) interventions, as a nonpharmacological and innovative solution, have demonstrated promising results in managing these outcomes. Nevertheless, there is limited evidence on their effectiveness and implementation. This trial aimed to test clinical effectiveness and identify factors to facilitate the implementation of VR during colonoscopy. MethodsA hybrid type 1 effectiveness-implementation, parallel randomized controlled, open-label trial was conducted. Fifty patients were randomized (1:1) to a VR or a control group. The effectiveness (pain, anxiety, discomfort, medication usage, and satisfaction) and implementation (reach, adoption, implementation, and maintenance) outcomes were assessed before, during, and after colonoscopy. ResultsPatients in the VR group reported significantly lower pain (p=0.043) and discomfort (p<0.0001) during colonoscopy, had a higher number of completed colonoscopy without sedation (p=0.003), and showed higher satisfaction (p=0.032). The major barrier to the implementation and maintenance of the VR intervention was inadequate VR content design. Staff were most worried about altered patient communications, unclear responsibilities, increasing workload, and patient safety. Patients expressed willingness to reuse VR glasses and to suggest them to other patients. ConclusionVR can be used as a nonpharmacological method for pain management and for overcoming anxiety and discomfort during colonoscopy. VR can improve patients’ satisfaction and diminish the need for sedative medications; accordingly, it has the potential to promote cooperation and compliance among patients and increase screening colonoscopy rates. Clinicaltrials.gov NCT05723861.

Development of a New Method for Assessing Project Risks in Sustainable Building Construction Projects in Developing Countries: The Case of Jordan

Sustainable buildings contribute significantly to achieving sustainable development and provide many benefits. However, sustainable building construction projects are riskier than traditional construction projects. Thus, this research aimed to identify and assess the risks in sustainable construction projects in Jordan based on their probabilities of occurrence and impacts on time and cost. For this purpose, a literature review and structured interviews were performed to identify the risks. Additionally, questionnaire surveys were conducted, and the relative relevance index and analytic hierarchy process were utilized to assess the probabilities and impacts of these risks on time and cost. After that, a focus group discussion was conducted. According to the the risks’ probability and impacts on time and cost, the top-scoring risks include changes to the original design, budgeting inaccuracies owing to a lack of experience with sustainable building projects, additional costs incurred as a result of the use of sustainable building construction materials and equipment, inadequate or inaccurate sustainable design information, insufficient funds from clients, inadequate project planning for a sustainable building project, a tight project schedule for a sustainable building project, and insufficient identification of sustainable construction’s scope. This research contributes to the body of knowledge and practice by providing a novel integrated method for assessing risks in sustainable building construction projects in Jordan.