Inadequate Design Research Articles

Inadequate study designs for the evaluation of blood pressure monitoring devices and their potential misleading conclusions.

Inadequate study designs for the evaluation of blood pressure monitoring devices and their potential misleading conclusions.

The genesis of calcite and dolomite carbonatite-forming magma by liquid immiscibility: a critical appraisal

AbstractLiquid immiscibility has become the preferred mode of genesis for the carbonatite rocks, which commonly, but not exclusively, accompany silicate rocks in alkaline-rock complexes. This concept has been universally based on the presumption that nephelinitic and phonolitic magmas can evolve to a stage where two conjugate immiscible liquids separate. It is assumed that these two liquids separate quickly, or even instantaneously, into discrete bodies of magma capable of being intruded or extruded with subsequent independent crystallization. Supporting evidence generally given is: alleged consanguinity as discrete occurrence of the two rock types; similarity of radiogenic isotope ratios; trace element contents similar to those predicted from experimentally derived partition coefficients. We do not accept that a general case for liquid immiscibility has been demonstrated; although we do accept that silicate and carbonate liquids are inherently immiscible, we maintain that they are not conjugate in a petrogenetic context. We have reviewed and critically examined the experimental data purporting to establish liquid immiscibility and find that when applied to natural rocks, they are based on inappropriate experimental designs, which are not relevant to the genesis of calcite or dolomite carbonatites, although they might have some relevance to Oldoinyo Lengai nyerereite–gregoryite lavas. The design of these experiments guarantees immiscibility and ensures that the carbonate liquids formed will be calcitic or sodium-rich. We dispute the validity of comparing the trace element contents of natural rocks, which in many instances do not represent liquid compositions, to experimentally determine partition coefficients. We consider that experimental design inadequacies, principally assuming but not proving, that the liquids involved are conjugate, indicate that these coefficients are merely an expression of the preference of certain elements for particular liquids, regardless of how the liquids formed. Proof of consanguinity in alkaline complexes requires more accurate age determinations on the relevant rock types than has generally been the case, and in most complexes, consanguinity can be discounted. We dispute the contention that melt inclusions represent parental melts, although they might elucidate the character of magmas undergoing fractional crystallization from magmatic to carbothermal stages. Radiogenic isotope data are shown to be too widely variable to support a case for liquid immiscibility. We address the contention that calcite cannot crystallize from a dolomitic liquid formed by direct mantle melting, and must therefore have crystallized from a calcite carbonate liquid generated by liquid immiscibility, and demonstrate that it is an unsupported hypothesis as calcite can readily crystallize from dolomitic liquids. We observe that, because immiscible dolomite liquids have never been produced experimentally, the liquid immiscibility proposition could at best be applied only to calcite carbonatites, thus leaving unexplained the large number of dolomite carbonatites and those of either type, which are not accompanied by alkaline silicate rocks. The assumed bimodality of alkaline-rock carbonatite complexes is considered to be fallacious and no actual geological or petrographic evidence for immiscibility processes is evident in these complexes. Several examples of alkaline rock carbonatite complexes for which immiscibility has been proposed are evaluated critically and shown to fail in attempts to establish them as exemplifying immiscibility. We conclude that no actual geological or experimental data exist to establish liquid immiscibility being involved in the genesis of calcite or dolomite carbonatite-forming magmas.

Identifying risky driving behavior: a field study using instrumented vehicles

ABSTRACT Road crashes continue to be a leading cause of death globally, with most of these crashes reportedly occurring due to human factors. Traditional road safety assessment utilises geometric and traffic parameters that consider road design inadequacies and identify traffic conflicts. However, previous studies do not represent risky driving behavior and its influence on crash occurrence. Incorporating human factors into safety evaluation is crucial to enhance the prediction and subsequent prevention of unsafe events. This research establishes a methodology to identify risky driving behavior using driving performance measures. These measures are computed based on continuous driving profiles collected using instrumented vehicles from a sample set of drivers on an expressway and are compared with historical crash data. The results indicate the significance of driving performance measures in evaluating road safety. The performance measures find application in collision avoidance systems, assessing the road design quality, testing safety countermeasures and guide for policymakers..

Illusory Interior: Public Housing as Uncanny Site

In 2021, Indonesia participated in the London Design Biennale, focusing on the theme of Resonance. The pavilion's response centred around public housing as an uncanny site, examining the psychological barriers faced by evicted communities during their transition to public housing. This study provides a conceptual analysis by exploring how the uncanny aspects of the occupants' experiences are expressed in installation using the illusory interior as a spatial metaphor. Through practice-led research, utilising ethnographic surrealism and narrative inquiries, data was gathered and translated into artistic mediums through various experiments. The study identifies several factors contributing to the uncanny sensation among public housing occupants, based on the occupants' experiences in public housing in Rancacili (Bandung) and Penjaringan (Jakarta), such as the shift from horizontal to vertical living, inadequate unit design, the absence of communal spaces, and a lack of ownership. The pavilion design attempts to integrate design theory and art practice, showcasing how installation art can express interiority within built spaces and extend it into installation art. Here, the uncanny acts as a methodological framework for critiquing space and transforming interiority into tangible forms by interpreting the actual conditions using installation art as a medium.

"Nitrogen Wash-Out" in Non-Hypoxaemic Patients with Spontaneous Pneumothorax: A Narrative Review.

Following current guidelines, spontaneous pneumothorax should be primarily managed with minimal invasive strategies. In real-world clinical practice, oxygen supplementation regardless of the presence or absence of hypoxemia is frequently applied in patients with a pneumothorax, with the intention to enhance the resorption rate of air from the pleural cavity ("nitrogen wash-out theory"). This review provides an overview of the scientific origin of this practice in animal models, and its clinical use in adult and paediatric patients. Clinical studies from PubMed, Embase and Cochrane library were reviewed by the authors using the keywords, "oxygen AND pneumothorax", "nitrogen washout AND pneumothorax" and "nitrogen AND pneumothorax", and recommendations from current guidelines were also reviewed by the authors. A selected total of nine clinical studies and three guidelines were included. Though in animal models there appears to be a therapeutic effect of oxygen therapy for the treatment of pneumothorax, clinical data in patient populations mainly stem from retrospective studies, mostly with a small sample size and inadequate study design. We recommend conducting prospective clinical studies with adequate methodology to address the question of whether or not oxygen therapy should be used to treat pneumothorax, regardless of the presence or absence of hypoxemia.

How to find the perfect application pattern for adhesively bonded joints?

Adhesive bonding has become increasingly popular in the manufacturing industry due to its many advantages. However, the need to completely fill the joint gap with adhesive for optimum force transfer remains a significant challenge. To ensure full gap filling and therefore joint integrity, safety critical applications often require the adhesive to flow beyond the bonded edges. Due to inadequate design of this process, the adhesive volume that escapes is often more than 30–50% of the adhesive volume. This current practice represents a suboptimal way of proceeding, which the current paper may mitigate.As a result, excessive amounts of adhesive are typically applied due to the lack of suitable models for predicting the flow and final distribution of the adhesive, including the excess amount. This limitation has hindered progress in adhesive bonding technology, and urgent action is needed to address this issue.This paper offers a solution to the significant challenge of predicting adhesive flow and distribution in manufacturing applications. The authors have developed and validated a model that allows the simulation of these complex processes. The paper goes further to present initial application patterns aimed at minimising adhesive waste while ensuring the full filling of the overlap. To achieve this, the authors employ a procedure that involves an advanced reverse squeeze flow simulation to derive an optimal application pattern from a simple initial design. It turns out that a wide range of different final distributions can be produced by a variety of initial star-shaped forms. This paper represents a significant contribution to adhesive bonding technology for anyone interested in manufacturing efficiency.

Two-Level Full Factorial Design Approach for the Analysis of Multi-Lane Highway Section under Saturated and Unsaturated Traffic Flow Conditions

Oversaturation of highways occurs due to their inadequate assessment and design. In this paper, we propose both a mathematical queuing model and a Discrete-Event Simulation (DES) framework based on Newell’s triangular flow-density relationship for the performance analysis of a multi-lane highway section. The proposed framework is a finite capacity queuing system, which captures an increase in the flow with the vehicle density up to the capacity of the section in an unsaturated condition and a decrease in the flow in the case of a saturated condition, depicting the actual traffic conditions on the highway section. First, the Birth–Death Process is used to build the mathematical queuing model (BDP), and the average number of vehicles (average queue length) and blocking probability on the highway section are estimated. Then, the accuracy of the mathematical queuing model is verified by the proposed DES framework. The “significance and effects” of different design factors are evaluated using the two-level full factorial design technique. The analysis of the experimental results reveals that the length of the highway section and the number of lanes are the most significant factors affecting the average queue length and blocking probability, while the jam density only has a significant effect on the average queue length and does not affect the blocking probability. In case of a two-way interaction, the combined effect of the “length-lanes” significantly affects the average queue length. In the end, a multiple-factor linear regression model is also developed for the prediction of the average number of vehicles on the highway section based on the design factors.

Multi-objective optimization of school building envelope for two distinct geometric designs in southern Brazil

The standard Brazilian school projects (EMEIs) were created for the Proinfância [Pro-Childhood] program to respond to the growing national demand for public schools. Unfortunately, the project disregards the Brazilian local climate, leading to an inadequate architectural design, especially in terms of energy performance. Within this context, this research aimed to assess the impact of a new geometric design and envelope proposal on the energy performance of a Brazilian school building. The study object is a standard project (EMEI) of the Proinfância program located in Pelotas, Brazil. Two distinct multi-objective optimizations were performed based on EnergyPlus coupled with the Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm 2 (SPEA2), in which the objective functions were defined to minimize heating and cooling Energy Use Intensity (EUI) for different geometric designs (Base and Linear models). The design variables considered were window-to-wall ratio (WWR); thermal insulation thickness for walls and floor; solar absorptance values for walls and roof; and solar orientation. A total of 74.520 simulations were carried out, and the results indicated that the new geometric design combined with bioclimatic envelope strategies was capable of reducing 52% of the Energy Use Intensity when compared to the standard school project.

Audit to assess the quality of 916 prosthetic prescriptions of removable partial dentures.

The objectives of this study were to assess the quality of prosthetic prescriptions of removable partial dentures (RPDs) and to analyze the current situation of the communication and information delivery between clinicians and technicians. All RPD prosthetic prescriptions received by a major dental laboratory in 4 weeks were involved in a quality audit, and the prescriptions were divided into three groups in accordance with the grades of clients. The filling of prosthetic prescriptions was recorded. The items in the prescriptions for audit included the general information of the patient, the general information of the clinician, the design diagram information, other detailed information, and the return date. The prescriptions were categorized into four levels on the basis of their quality by two quality inspectors who have been working for more than 10 years. A total of 916 prescriptions were collected and assessed. The names in the general information of the patient and the clinician were filled out best, both at the rate of 97.6% (n=894). The return date was filled out worst, only at the rate of 6.4% (n=59). Of those prescriptions, 86.8% (n=795) exhibited inadequate design diagram information. The results of the quality assessment demonstrated that 74.2% of prescriptions were assessed as noncompliant ones and failed to meet the acceptable clinical quality standard. At present, the overall quality of RPD prosthetic prescriptions is poor. The responsibilities of clinicians and technicians are unclear, and the communication between them is not ideal.

Study of Structural Failure of Road after Widening and its Remedial Measures

Abstract: Road widening projects are undertaken to accommodate increased traffic volume and improve transportation infrastructure. However, in some cases, structural failures can occur in the widened road sections, leading to safety hazards and increased maintenance costs. This study aims to investigate the causes of structural failure in road sections after widening and propose remedial measures to mitigate the issues. The research methodology involved field inspections, data collection, and analysis of failed road sections. Various factors contributing to structural failures were identified, including inadequate design considerations, improper construction techniques, and insufficient soil stabilization measures. The study also examined the effects of increased traffic loads and environmental factors on road performance. Based on the analysis, several remedial measures were proposed to address the structural failures. These measures include retrofitting the road sections with additional reinforcements, improving drainage systems to prevent water accumulation, and implementing proper soil stabilization techniques. Additionally, recommendations for enhanced quality control during construction, such as strict adherence to design specifications and regular monitoring, were suggested. Furthermore, the study emphasized the importance of considering longterm maintenance requirements during the road widening process. Establishing a comprehensive maintenance plan that includes periodic inspections, timely repairs, and proactive maintenance strategies can significantly prolong the service life of the widened road sections

Controlling fast-track construction method variables (time, cost and quality)

Fast-track construction projects that begin with inadequate design information have become more common in response to a rising construction industry demand. Fast-tracking shortens project duration while increasing rework. To meet project deadlines while minimising rework, specialists must select the best fast-tracking strategy. As a result, a questionnaire was developed to assess the success characteristics of fast-track construction and to provide constraints for these features and variables in national construction projects. National construction projects address specific government needs or investments to maximise the national return. The survey limited these factors by specifying maximum and minimum percentages. These percentages were chosen to expedite project building. The period in national projects varies from that of the typical construction approach to the shortest time that can be achieved with a plan. Cost and quality are within 20 and 10% of those of national project traditional construction methods, respectively. The best setting for various construction projects is determined by these proportions. It is preferable to use these percentages as a reference to complete construction projects within the shortest time, with the highest quality and at the lowest cost. This questionnaire was completed by 211 building experts.

Challenges in Estimating the Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccination Using Observational Data.

The COVID-19 vaccines were developed and rigorously evaluated in randomized trials during 2020. However, important questions, such as the magnitude and duration of protection, their effectiveness against new virus variants, and the effectiveness of booster vaccination, could not be answered by randomized trials and have therefore been addressed in observational studies. Analyses of observational data can be biased because of confounding and because of inadequate design that does not consider the evolution of the pandemic over time and the rapid uptake of vaccination. Emulating a hypothetical "target trial" using observational data assembled during vaccine rollouts can help manage such potential sources of bias. This article describes 2 approaches to target trial emulation. In the sequential approach, on each day, eligible persons who have not yet been vaccinated are matched to a vaccinated person. The single-trial approach sets a single baseline at the start of the rollout and considers vaccination as a time-varying variable. The nature of the confounding depends on the analysis strategy: Estimating "per-protocol" effects (accounting for vaccination of initially unvaccinated persons after baseline) may require adjustment for both baseline and "time-varying" confounders. These issues are illustrated by using observational data from 2 780 931 persons in the United Kingdom aged 70 years or older to estimate the effect of a first dose of a COVID-19 vaccine. Addressing the issues discussed in this article should help authors of observational studies provide robust evidence to guide clinical and policy decisions.

Assessment of Client-Related Factors for Delaying of Public Buildings Constructions Projects in Local Government Authorities: A Case of Arusha City Council

This study aimed to assess client-related factors for delaying of Public buildings construction projects in Local Government Authorities. The factors assessed were; project design, political intervention and decision-making challenges. The study was conducted at Arusha City Council (ACC) employing cross-sectional survey through semi-structured questionnaire and interview guide to 55 sampled informants. . Cross tabulation with Chi-square tests was deployed to analyse data. Following the findings of the assessment of client-related factors for delaying of public buildings construction projects in Arusha City Council, it is concluded that inadequate project design is one of the major causes of delays of public buildings construction projects in local government authorities. More specifically, variations due to inadequate design, the effect of insufficient budget resulting from inadequate project design and insufficient professional staff are the main causes of delays in public buildings constructions project. It is also apparent that political intervention is another major factor that contributes to delaying public building construction in Arusha City council (ACC). It is also concluded that decision making challenges is another major contributor to delaying public building construction projects in ACC. More specifically, it is concluded that bureaucracy in the decisions making process, unnecessary directives by government officials and delays in the payment of interim certificates are the main causes of delaying public buildings constructions projects in ACC. It is recommended that the government should employ an adequate number of building construction engineers, quality assurance officers, as well as project monitoring and evaluations officers who are expected to be tasked to ensure that projects are designed adequately, and their execution are managed and monitored effectively. Also, the government should avail adequate budget for all public building construction works and should pay interim certificates timely to avoid delaying the projects. In addition, the government should formulate and institute a general guideline that obstructs politician and government officers to be bid for public building construction works in their respective councils. This measure is expected to prevent conflict of interest among politicians and government officers.

Crack Pattern an Indicator and Type of Distress in Concrete Structures: A Compilation of Causes, Measurement and Solution

Abstract: Crack occurs over time in almost all concrete which indicates distress. It varies in depth, width, direction, pattern, location, and cause. Cracks can be either active or dormant (inactive). Active cracks widen, deepen, or migrate through the concrete. Dormant cracks remain unchanged. Some dormant cracks, such as those caused by shrinkage during the curing process, pose no danger, but if left unrepaired, they can provide convenient channels for moisture penetration, which normally causes further damage. Structural cracks can result from temporary or continued overloads, uneven foundation settling, or original design inadequacies. Structural cracks are active if the overload is continued or if settlement is ongoing; they are dormant if the temporary overloads have been removed, or if differential settlement has stabilized. Thermally-induced cracks result from stresses produced by temperature changes. They frequently occur at the ends or corners of older concrete structures built without expansion joints capable of relieving such stresses. Superficial repairs do not eliminate underlying causes. To aggravate problems, professional consultation is recommended in almost every instance where noticeable crack occurs [1].

Designing a generic, adaptive protocol resource for the measurement of health impact in cash transfer pilot and feasibility studies and trials in high-income countries

IntroductionIn the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, upstream interventions that tackle social determinants of health inequalities have never been more important. Evaluations of upstream cash transfer trials have failed to capture comprehensively the impacts that such systems might have on population health through inadequate design of the interventions themselves and failure to implement consistent, thorough research measures that can be used in microsimulations to model long-term impact. In this article, we describe the process of developing a generic, adaptive protocol resource to address this issue and the challenges involved in that process. The resource is designed for use in high-income countries (HIC) but draws on examples from a UK context to illustrate means of development and deployment. The resource is capable of further adaptation for use in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). It has particular application for trials of Universal Basic Income but can be adapted to those covering other kinds of cash transfer and welfare system changes.MethodsWe outline two types of prospective intervention based on pilots and trials currently under discussion. In developing the remainder of the resource, we establish six key principles, implement a modular approach based on types of measure and their prospective resource intensity, and source (validated where possible) measures and baseline data primarily from routine collection and large, longitudinal cohort studies. Through these measures, we seek to cover all areas of health impact identified in our theoretical model for use in pilot and feasibility studies.ResultsWe find that, in general, self-reported measures alongside routinely collected linked respondent data may provide a feasible means of producing data capable of demonstrating comprehensive health impact. However, we also suggest that, where possible, physiological measures should be included to elucidate underlying biological effects that may not be accurately captured through self-reporting alone and can enable modelling of long-term health outcomes. In addition, accurate self-reported objective income data remains a challenge and requires further development and testing. A process of development and implementation of the resource in pilot and feasibility studies will support assessment of whether or not our proposed health outcome measures are acceptable, feasible and can be used with validity and reliability in the target population.DiscussionWe suggest that while Open Access evaluation instruments are available and usable to measure most constructs of interest, there remain some areas for which further development is necessary. This includes self-reported wellbeing measures that require paid licences but are used in a range of nationally important longitudinal studies instead of Open Access alternatives.

Update on the Effect of the Urinary Microbiome on Urolithiasis.

Microbiota are ecological communities of commensal, symbiotic, and pathogenic microorganisms. The microbiome could be involved in kidney stone formation through hyperoxaluria and calcium oxalate supersaturation, biofilm formation and aggregation, and urothelial injury. Bacteria bind to calcium oxalate crystals, which causes pyelonephritis and leads to changes in nephrons to form Randall's plaque. The urinary tract microbiome, but not the gut microbiome, can be distinguished between cohorts with urinary stone disease (USD) and those without a history of the disease. In the urine microbiome, the role is known of urease-producing bacteria (Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Providencia stuartii, Serratia marcescens, and Morganella morganii) in stone formation. Calcium oxalate crystals were generated in the presence of two uropathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli and K. pneumoniae). Non-uropathogenic bacteria (S. aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae) exhibit calcium oxalate lithogenic effects. The taxa Lactobacilli and Enterobacteriaceae best distinguished the healthy cohort from the USD cohort, respectively. Standardization is needed in urine microbiome research for urolithiasis. Inadequate standardization and design of urinary microbiome research on urolithiasis have hampered the generalizability of results and diminished their impact on clinical practice.

Do growth mindset interventions impact students' academic achievement? A systematic review and meta-analysis with recommendations for best practices.

According to mindset theory, students who believe their personal characteristics can change-that is, those who hold a growth mindset-will achieve more than students who believe their characteristics are fixed. Proponents of the theory have developed interventions to influence students' mindsets, claiming that these interventions lead to large gains in academic achievement. Despite their popularity, the evidence for growth mindset intervention benefits has not been systematically evaluated considering both the quantity and quality of the evidence. Here, we provide such a review by (a) evaluating empirical studies' adherence to a set of best practices essential for drawing causal conclusions and (b) conducting three meta-analyses. When examining all studies (63 studies, N = 97,672), we found major shortcomings in study design, analysis, and reporting, and suggestions of researcher and publication bias: Authors with a financial incentive to report positive findings published significantly larger effects than authors without this incentive. Across all studies, we observed a small overall effect: d¯ = 0.05, 95% CI = [0.02, 0.09], which was nonsignificant after correcting for potential publication bias. No theoretically meaningful moderators were significant. When examining only studies demonstrating the intervention influenced students' mindsets as intended (13 studies, N = 18,355), the effect was nonsignificant: d¯ = 0.04, 95% CI = [-0.01, 0.10]. When examining the highest-quality evidence (6 studies, N = 13,571), the effect was nonsignificant: d¯ = 0.02, 95% CI = [-0.06, 0.10]. We conclude that apparent effects of growth mindset interventions on academic achievement are likely attributable to inadequate study design, reporting flaws, and bias. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Association between type I interferon pathway activation and clinical outcomes in rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases: a systematic literature review informing EULAR points to consider

BackgroundType I interferons (IFN-I) contribute to a broad range of rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (RMDs). Compelling evidence suggests that the measurement of IFN-I pathway activation may have clinical value. Although...

Forest Biodiversity Declines and Extinctions Linked with Forest Degradation: A Case Study from Australian Tall, Wet Forests

Tens of thousands of species are at risk of extinction globally. In many ecosystems, species declines are associated with deforestation. However, forest degradation also can profoundly affect biodiversity. I present a detailed case study of species declines associated with forest degradation in southeastern Australia’s montane ash (Eucalyptus spp.) forests. The case study is based on ~40 years of long-term monitoring focused on declines (and potential extinction trajectories) of arboreal marsupials and birds, with a particular emphasis on key drivers, especially logging, wildfire, habitat loss, climate change, and interactions among these drivers. I discuss policy failures contributing to species declines, including ongoing logging of high-conservation-value forests, poor regulation of forest management, and inadequate design of reserves. I conclude with general lessons for better conservation and forest management efforts aimed at reducing forest degradation and loss of ecosystem integrity. I contend that ongoing logging in already highly degraded montane ash forests is inconsistent with the Australian government’s commitment at the Glasgow COP26 meeting in 2021 on halting forest degradation. Similarly, the Australian Government has committed to preventing further extinctions in Australia, yet its current support for ongoing logging in montane ash forests through federal–state legislation will likely promote extinctions for some species. The inherent conflicts and contradictions between conservation and logging policies need to be addressed.

Investigating the Characteristics of Urban Comprehensive Hospitals from a Supply–Demand Balance Perspective: A Case Study of Three Districts in Shenzhen Based on Multi-Source Data

As an important public facility in cities, hospitals provide services that are vital to people’s lives. Big data is representative of geographic data from numerous sources. It has the advantages of large amounts of data, high timeliness, and abundant information, which may compensate for the inadequacy of traditional planning and design, which is overly subjective. Big data can be used to obtain large-scale human movement data to study hospital characteristics from a supply–demand balance perspective. Here, 182 comprehensive hospitals in three districts of Shenzhen were picked as an example, and multi-source data were introduced as a quantitative assessment tool to analyze them. First, the mobile public participation geographic information system (PPGIS) was researched and developed independently and used to collect volunteered geographic information (VGI) data, which was adopted to quantify hospital service supply. Second, the population’s demand for hospitals was characterized by the quantified point of interest (POI) data. Finally, the location entropy method was utilized to quantify the levels of supply and demand for comprehensive hospital services from a supply–demand balance perspective, which was used to guide the classification of the comprehensive hospitals. The result shows that: (1) the service scopes and the service pressure are different for the same type of comprehensive hospitals classified by the traditional method; (2) the spatial distribution of patients is related to land function; (3) the overlap area between the part with a high service pressure level in the comprehensive hospital and the part with high medical demand of the patient is prone to service blindness. This study paves a new way to optimize the spatial allocation of medical institutions or other types of public facilities, rationalize resource allocation, and alleviate urban transportation congestion.