Inadequate Approach Research Articles

Using Underutilized CPU Resources to Enhance Its Reliability

Soft errors (or transient faults) are temporary faults that arise in a circuit due to a variety of internal noise and external sources such as cosmic particle hits. Though soft errors still occur infrequently, they are rapidly becoming a major impediment to processor reliability. This is due primarily to processor scaling characteristics. In the past, systems designed to tolerate such faults utilized costly customized solutions, entailing the use of replicated hardware components to detect and recover from microprocessor faults. As the feature size keeps shrinking and with the proliferation of multiprocessor on die in all segments of computer-based systems, the capability to detect and recover from faults is also desired for commodity hardware. For such systems, however, performance and power constitute the main drivers, so the traditional solutions prove inadequate and new approaches are required. We introduce two independent and complementary microarchitecture-level techniques: double execution and double decoding. Both exploit the typically low average processor resource utilization of modern processors to enhance processor reliability. double execution protects the out-of-order part of the CPU by executing each instruction twice. Double decoding uses a second, low-performance low-power instruction decoder to detect soft errors in the decoder logic. These simple-to-implement techniques are shown to improve the processor's reliability with relatively low performance, power, and hardware overheads. Finally, the resulting ¿excessive¿ reliability can even be traded back for performance by increasing clock rate and/or reducing voltage, thereby improving upon single execution approaches.

P01-240 - Influence of intrafamily relations on level of uneasiness of children

Research objectiveDiagnostics of level of uneasiness at children with damage intrafamily relations and working out of the recommendation about the most effective methods of psychocorrectional work.Objective64 persons took part In research. From them 38 maidens. (59,3%), 26 it is small. (40,6%). The age of the surveyed has made from 6 till 10 years.Methods1)a technique of measurement of level of uneasiness of Taylor (adaptation by Norakidze),2)projective techniques: «family Drawing», and «the Nonexistent animal».ResultsAt 46 people (71,8%) high level of uneasiness is revealed; at 18 foreheads (28,1%) the uneasiness average level-was revealed; uncertainty in and a low self-estimation (р≤0,05).More often the surveyed mark such features in intrafamily mutual relations as: verbal aggression from members of a family to the examinee, critical noticed and neglect interests of the child, and as absence of joint activity with parents.ConclusionsPresence of uneasiness, a low self-estimation and sensation of emotional isolation, specify on family desadaptation and use of inadequate approaches in education. In system of complex psychocorrectional work with children of the given contingent, it is expedient to apply a method of group psychotherapy with relaxation elements (respiratory and muscular), dreams therapy.

Medical driver selection and alcohol

Due to the rapid development of motorisation in the past few decades, the epidemic of traffic injuries has become a serious problem. Numerous studies indicate that the human factor, often in connection with alcohol consumption, plays a major role in traffic accidents. Studies also show that people addicted to alcohol often drive under the influence and are not deterred by the possibility of punishment, e.g. a revocation of their driving licence. Our study examined people who caused traffic accidents under the influence of alcohol in Slovenia, the consequences of their actions, police and judicial measures and medical selection. In the last decade, the share of people causing traffic accidents under the influence of alcohol in Slovenia has been on the rise. Higher blood alcohol levels are found in people causing fatal traffic accidents, most of them are cyclists, pedestrians and tractor drivers, aged between 25 and 34; the accidents are most common on village roads, on weekends. The discrepancy between numbers of intoxicated drivers with suspended driving licences (approximately 8500/year) and between numbers of successfully terminated judicial procedures is particularly worrisome. When these drivers get their licences back, the medical selection process is inadequate. Our results emphasise the problem of medical selection for reinstatement of penalized drivers. The inadequate approach currently in force allows too many dangerous drivers, most still addicted to alcohol, to return to traffic without medical selection. The only solution to this problem is an immediate change in legislation that would require rigorous medical selection for all reinstatements of drivers who drove under the influence of alcohol. This would decrease the numbers of intoxicated drivers in traffic and at least partly decrease the numbers of alcohol addicts in society.

How Radical is Derrida's Deconstructive Reading?

The aim of my paper is to focus upon those aspects of Derrida's relation to language and textual interpretation that have not been adequately dealt with by either proponents of deconstruction, who take Derrida to have effected a total revolution in the way in which we must read texts, or those critics who view deconstruction as having subverted all possible criteria for a valid interpretation leading, thus, to an anarchical textual ‘freeplay’. This inadequate approach by both proponents and critics is the result of a failure to consider Derrida's deconstructive approach as enacting a process of ‘double reading.’ This ‘double reading’ commences with an initial stage or level which seeks to reconstruct a text's authorial intention or its vouloir dire. This initial level then prepares the text, through the identification of authorial or textual intention, for the second stage or level. At this second stage or level, which is the passage to deconstructive reading per se, the blind spots and aporias of the text are set forth. Through this focus upon the process of deconstructive reading as ‘doubling reading,’ it becomes evident that deconstruction is not as revolutionary as proponents or critics have assumed. For, Derrida's initial reading, or the ‘doubling’ of a text's authorial or textual intention is firmly set within a traditional interpretative form.

Sustainable procurement of minor items – exploring limits to sustainability

AbstractThe field of sustainable supply chain management has seen a rapid expansion of corporate activities as well as academic research over the last few years. This paper points to an obvious shortcoming in the way the topic is being addressed in almost all contributions: major, well known, product related goods and services are almost exclusively targeted, leading to definitions, frameworks and empirical research that fail to include more minor items and related purchasing processes. This has various reasons, but is an inadequate approach when overall impacts along an entire supply chain are considered and the basic tenets of sustainability respected. The paper discusses the reasons for such shortcomings and suggests some measures by which they could be overcome, thereby also stimulating future research. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.

Can Product‐by‐Process Patent Claims Provide Protection for Modernized Chinese Herbal Medicine?

The rising importance of Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) in alleviating human suffering has created a potential niche for East Asian countries in the profitable global pharmaceutical market. However, modern CHM that involves modern biomedical technologies presents new issues regarding the proper degree and methods of protection that apply to these products or inventions. Pharmaceutical industries most commonly seek patent protection, which offers different types of protections for different types of inventions. This article explores whether product‐by‐process patent claims provide proper protection to CHM product inventions and the likely implications of such an approach. It concludes that product‐by‐process patent claims may offer proper protection for CHM product inventions at the current status quo but might be an inadequate approach when the industry matures in the future.

Confirmation of HLA class II independent type 1 diabetes associations in the major histocompatibility complex including HLA‐B and HLA‐A

Until recently, human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class II-independent associations with type 1 diabetes (T1D) in the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) region were not adequately characterized owing to insufficient map coverage, inadequate statistical approaches and strong linkage disequilibrium spanning the entire MHC. Here we test for HLA class II-independent associations in the MHC using fine mapping data generated by the Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium (T1DGC). We have applied recursive partitioning to the modelling of the class II loci and used stepwise conditional logistic regression to test approximately 1534 loci between 29 and 34 Mb on chromosome 6p21, typed in 2240 affected sibpair (ASP) families. Preliminary analyses confirm that HLA-B (at 31.4 Mb), HLA-A (at 30.0 Mb) are associated with T1D independently of the class II genes HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQB1 (P = 6.0 x 10(-17) and 8.8 x 10(-13), respectively). In addition, a second class II region of association containing the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs439121, and the class II locus HLA-DPB1, was identified as a T1D susceptibility effect which is independent of HLA-DRB1, HLA-DQB1 and HLA-B (P = 9.2 x 10(-8)). A younger age-at-diagnosis of T1D was found for HLA-B*39 (P = 7.6 x 10(-6)), and HLA-B*38 was protective for T1D. These analyses in the T1DGC families replicate our results obtained previously in approximately 2000 cases and controls and 850 families. Taking both studies together, there is evidence for four T1D-associated regions at 30.0 Mb (HLA-A), 31.4 Mb (HLA-B), 32.5 Mb (rs9268831/HLA-DRA) and 33.2 Mb (rs439121/HLA-DPB1) that are independent of HLA-DRB1/HLA-DQB1. Neither study found evidence of independent associations at HLA-C, HLA-DQA1 loci nor in the UBD/MAS1L or ITPR3 gene regions. These studies show that to find true class II-independent effects, large, well-powered sample collections are required and be genotyped with a dense map of markers. In addition, a robust statistical methodology that fully models the class II effects is necessary. Recursive partitioning is a useful tool for modelling these multiallelic systems.

A novel approach for identifying the true temperature sensitivity from soil respiration measurements

We propose a novel approach, called the “localized ratio fitting” (LRF), to estimating the true temperature sensitivity from soil respiration measurements, a task crucial to modeling terrestrial carbon cycle and climate but so far hindered by the inadequate conventional regression approach. LRF takes advantage of the different timescales of the pool dynamics–induced and environmental variation–induced changes in soil CO2 efflux. It first transforms the expression for soil respiration into a form suppressing the influence of soil carbon pool dynamics and then uses the transformed expression to infer the parameters of environmental sensitivities. LRF works best for high‐frequency soil respiration measurements and thus is particularly suitable for analyzing time series produced by automated soil chambers and from soil incubation experiments. We evaluated the validity of LRF with both simulated (with a multipool soil organic carbon model driven by realistic plant litter input scenarios) and measured (with automated soil chambers) time series of soil respiration. LRF accurately retrieved the true temperature sensitivity from the simulated heterotrophic soil respiration while the conventional approach failed to do so. The simulation also revealed that LRF performed better than the conventional approach when a direct photosynthetic signal existed in the time series of soil respiration although even LRF could not completely eliminate the interference of photosynthetic contribution for estimating the true temperature sensitivity. Importantly, the simulation on the photosynthetic influence reproduced a typical seasonal pattern of apparent temperature sensitivity reported in the literature: higher sensitivity in winter (dormant season) and lower sensitivity in summer (growing season). Such pattern has been interpreted as an indication of temperature acclimation of soil respiration by previous studies. Our simulation now indicated that that interpretation may be incorrect. The validation with actual soil chamber data showed that the use of LRF led to more consistent estimates of temperature and moisture sensitivities from observations, indicating its better robustness against compounding effects of parallel processes on soil respiration. It was demonstrated that once the true environmental controls were properly accounted for, soil respiration measurements could be used to infer effects of biological processes on soil respiration.

Helicobacter pylori Detection by Stool Antigen Test in the Perinatal Period: An Inadequate Approach to Establish Maternal Transmission

To the Editor: Helicobacter pylori is often acquired during early childhood, and the role of infected mothers in the transmission is crucial (1). Information about spreading during the perinatal period in children in developed countries is sparse and uncertain. Therefore, we attempted to ascertain the possibility of H pylori transmission to newborns. We enrolled 180 mothers (22–37 years; mean 29.3; 8 dropout). Their H pylori status was investigated by serology/stool antigen test (SAT) within 4 days after delivery and 13C-urea breath test (UBT) within 1 month. Infants were examined by SAT at 1, 6, 12, and 18 months. Only 5 of 172 babies were SAT positive at the first month. Our follow-up results are summarized in Table 1. Three of 5 positive newborns were from negative mothers. Two of them were positive only at the first month, while the remaining newborn was positive until the sixth month. The 2 positive babies from positive mothers remained positive after 6 months, becoming negative only at 1 year. Their fathers showed a positive UBT with a successfully treated clinical history of dyspepsia. Finally, all of the children spontaneously underwent SAT negativity.TABLE 1: Results of stool antigen test (SAT) at different months of age of 5 H pylori-positive newborn babiesOur study shows that in the perinatal period a positive finding of SAT is a sporadic event, equally occurring in babies from either positive and negative mothers, undergoing spontaneous negativity within 1 year. These data are complex to explain. It may be argued that H pylori detection by SAT in newborns is an inadequate approach to reveal a vertical transmission. The specificity of this investigation may reach a maximal value of 98.7% (2) in children and, therefore, the possibility that our 5 positive children (2.9%) are mostly false positive is consistent. Subsequently, the rare positivity and the high risk for false positive results confirm SAT data by at least another noninvasive test (UBT) for a reliable perinatal screening.

Effect of stellate ganglionectomy on basal cardiovascular function and responses to β1-adrenoceptor blockade in the rat

Cardiac sympathetic nerve activity is an important short-term controller of cardiac function and arterial pressure. Studies also suggest that long-term increases in cardiac sympathetic nerve activity may contribute to hypertension, coronary artery disease, and cardiac remodeling in heart failure. However, our understanding of the role of cardiac sympathetic nerves in chronic models of cardiovascular disease has been limited by inadequate experimental approaches. The present study was conducted to develop a surgical method to surgically denervate the sympathetic nerves of the rat heart for long-term cardiovascular studies. We characterized the effect of cardiac sympathetic denervation on basal levels of mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) and the responses to a chronic administration of atenolol, a beta1-adrenoceptor antagonist. Rats were instrumented with telemetry transmitters for continuous recording of MAP and HR. After a 4-day baseline period, the rats were subjected to bilateral stellate ganglionectomy (SGX; n=9) or sham surgery (Sham; n=8). Seven days following SGX or Sham, the rats were administered atenolol for 5 days, followed by a 7-day recovery period. Following a transient decrease, SGX had no effect on basal MAP but decreased HR compared with baseline and Sham rats. Five days of atenolol treatment decreased MAP similarly in SGX and Sham rats. Atenolol resulted in a marked bradycardia in Sham rats but had a neglible effects on HR in SGX rats. The measurement of the content of cardiac catecholamines in all cardiac chambers at the end of the study verified a successful sympathetic denervation. This study confirms that bilateral SGX is a useful method to study the contribution of cardiac sympathetic nerves on the regulation of cardiac function. Moreover, these results suggest that cardiac sympathetic nerves are relatively unimportant in maintaining the basal level of MAP or the depressor response to atenolol in conscious, unrestrained rats.

A new modified-rate approach for gas-grain chemical simulations

Understanding grain-surface processes is crucial to interpreting the chemistry of the ISM. However, accurate surface chemistry models are computationally expensive and are difficult to integrate with gas-phase simulations. A new modified-rate method for solving grain-surface chemical systems is presented. Its purpose is accurately to model highly complex systems that can otherwise only be treated using the sometimes inadequate rate-equation approach. In contrast to previous rate-modification techniques, the functional form of the surface production rates was modified, and not simply the rate coefficient. This form is appropriate to the extreme small-grain limit, and can be verified using an analytical master-equation approach. Various further modifications were made to this basic form, to account for competition between processes, to improve estimates of surface occupation probabilities, and to allow a switch-over to the normal rate equations where these are applicable. The new method was tested against systems solved previously using exact techniques. Even the simplest method is quite accurate, and a great improvement over rate equations. Further modifications allow the master-equation results to be reproduced exactly for the methanol-producing system, within computational accuracy. Small discrepancies arise when non-zero activation energies are assumed for the methanol system, which result from complex reaction-competition processes that cannot be resolved easily without using exact methods. Inaccuracies in computed abundances are never greater than a few tens of percent, and typically of the order of one percent, in the most complex systems tested. Implementation of the method in simple networks, including hydrogen-only systems, is trivial, whilst the results are highly accurate.

Party systems in Africa: Problems of categorising and explaining party systems

Starting from controversial findings about the relationship between party systems and the prospects of democratic consolidation, this article argues that problems can only be properly addressed on the basis of a differentiated typology of party systems. Contradictory research results do not pose an ‘African puzzle’ but can be explained by different and inadequate approaches. We argue that a modified version of Sartori's typology of party systems provides an appropriate method for classifying African party systems. Based on Sartori's framework, a preponderance of predominant and dominant party systems is identified. This can be explained partly by the prevailing authoritarian nature of many multiparty regimes in Africa but not by electoral systems or the ethnic plurality of African societies. All kinds of electoral systems are connected to dominant party systems. High ethnic fragmentation does not automatically produce highly fragmented party systems. This phenomenon can be attributed to the ‘ethnic congress party’ that is based on an ethnic elite coalition.

Thinking skills in England's National Curriculum

This article sets out to explore some of the issues raised by the introduction of a number of particular skills in the English National Curriculum known collectively as thinking skills. These skills are now embedded in the National Curriculum and teachers are required to address them as part of their daily duties. This article argues that presenting such a limited selection of skills as the foundation for effective thinking may lead to an inadequate approach to enhancing pupils' thinking. Although creative thinking is emphasized in addition to the considerable focus on reasoning in the list of thinking skills presented in the National Curriculum, silence prevails on other types of thinking of equal significance, such as contemplation and sign-cognition (a form of pre-verbal and pre-imaginal form of cognition). The article attempts to highlight the need for the awareness of the complex nature of thinking and concludes by highlighting the opportunities that the introduction thinking skills offer teachers.

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Leading integrated schools: a study of the multicultural perspectives of Northern Irish principals

This article is concerned with the sustained peace education initiative of integrated schooling and in particular with leadership responses to cultural diversity. Using a case study group of principals of integrated (mixed Catholic, Protestant and other) schools in Northern Ireland, the author explores how principals perceive and lead their visions of integrated education. A combined framework of multicultural and school leadership theory is employed to analyse the findings. The perceptions of the principals reported are consistent with liberal interpretations of multiculturalism, although there is also evidence of a more pluralist perspective. Core liberal values appear to be central to the leadership style of these principals, in line with values‐led contingency models of leadership. The article suggests that a sole emphasis on common humanity is an inadequate approach to peace education. It tentatively suggests a relationship between leadership styles and approaches to multiculturalism, and argues that a synthesis of multicultural and leadership theory can usefully guide the development of peace education leadership.

Screening for Domestic Violence in Public Welfare Offices

Despite a high prevalence of domestic violence among welfare clients, most studies of the implementation of the Family Violence Option (FVO) under welfare reform find that women rarely receive domestic violence services in welfare offices. This study reviews findings from current research on the factors that improve the likelihood that women will reveal their domestic violence experiences to service personnel, and uses the guidelines drawn from this review to evaluate domestic violence screening practices in welfare offices using 782 transcribed interviews between welfare workers and clients from 11 sites in four states. The analysis found that only 9.3% of case encounters involved screening for domestic violence. Screening rates differed by state, interview type, and length of worker employment. Qualitative analysis of the interviews showed that the majority of screening by workers was routine or consisted of informing clients of the domestic violence policy without asking about abuse. Only 1.2% of the interviews incorporated at least two of the procedures that increase the likelihood of disclosure among domestic violence survivors, suggesting deeply inadequate approaches to screening for abuse within the context of welfare offices, and a need for improved training, protocol, and monitoring of FVO implementation.

Localization of type 1 diabetes susceptibility to the MHC class I genes HLA-B and HLA-A.

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on chromosome 6 is associated with susceptibility to more common diseases than any other region of the human genome, including almost all disorders classified as autoimmune. In type 1 diabetes the major genetic susceptibility determinants have been mapped to the MHC class II genes HLA-DQB1 and HLA-DRB1 (refs 1-3), but these genes cannot completely explain the association between type 1 diabetes and the MHC region. Owing to the region's extreme gene density, the multiplicity of disease-associated alleles, strong associations between alleles, limited genotyping capability, and inadequate statistical approaches and sample sizes, which, and how many, loci within the MHC determine susceptibility remains unclear. Here, in several large type 1 diabetes data sets, we analyse a combined total of 1,729 polymorphisms, and apply statistical methods-recursive partitioning and regression-to pinpoint disease susceptibility to the MHC class I genes HLA-B and HLA-A (risk ratios >1.5; P(combined) = 2.01 x 10(-19) and 2.35 x 10(-13), respectively) in addition to the established associations of the MHC class II genes. Other loci with smaller and/or rarer effects might also be involved, but to find these, future searches must take into account both the HLA class II and class I genes and use even larger samples. Taken together with previous studies, we conclude that MHC-class-I-mediated events, principally involving HLA-B*39, contribute to the aetiology of type 1 diabetes.

Income redistribution is not enough: income inequality, social welfare programs, and achieving equity in health

Income inequality is widely assumed to be a major contributor to poorer health at national and subnational levels. According to this assumption, the most appropriate policy strategy to improve equity...

Interpretive Guidelines Lead Facilities To Refocus on Their Efforts to Reduce Falls

Interpretive Guidelines Lead Facilities To Refocus on Their Efforts to Reduce Falls

Statistical issues and techniques appropriate for developmental neurotoxicity testing: A report from the ILSI Research Foundation/Risk Science Institute expert working group on neurodevelopmental endpoints

The data from developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) guideline studies present a number of challenges for statistical design and analysis. The importance of specifying the planned statistical analyses a priori cannot be overestimated. A review of datasets submitted to the US Environmental Protection Agency revealed several inadequate approaches, including issues of Type I error control, power considerations, and ignoring gender, time, and litter allocation as factors in the analyses. Since DNT studies include numerous experimental procedures conducted on the dam and offspring at several ages, it is not unusual to have hundreds of significance tests if each was analyzed separately. Two general approaches to control experiment-wise Type I inflation are: 1) statistical/design considerations that reduce the number of p-values, including factorial designs, multivariate techniques, and repeated-measures analyses; and 2) adjustments to the α level, including newer approaches that are less conservative than, for example, Bonferroni corrections. The design of the DNT study includes testing of both sexes, and gender must be included in the statistical analysis for the determination of sex-related differences, and, indeed, including both sexes may increase power. The influence of litter must be taken into account in the allocation of test animals as well as the statistical analyses. This manuscript reviews many key considerations in the analysis of DNT studies with recommendations for statistical approaches and reporting of the data.