Inaccurate Interpretation Research Articles

Komunikacja interkulturowa w biznesie międzynarodowym

Intercultural communication involves verbal and nonverbal messages. The communication process is conducted not only by means of verbal messages but also by other elements that constitute body language. This process becomes significantly more complicated when cultural contexts are also taken into account. A message which is unambiguously understood and interpreted by the representatives of one culture may have quite a different interpretation in other cultures. It is therefore highly important to take cultural context into consideration during business talks. Being ignorant of this aspect can significantly impact the results of negotiations. Are we doomed to failure caused by cultural differentiation, then? Is the cultural aspect of communication an insurmountable barrier? Certainly not. It is obvious in talks with foreigners that one cannot avoid mistakes and misunderstandings resulting from the inaccurate interpretation of words and gestures. During a time of globalization, mergers and takeovers, intercultural communication is unavoidable. Every new intercultural dialogue brings new experiences and reduces the risk of faux pas based on cultural differences.

Is Exclusive Breastfeeding Dangerous?

Social media has been alight with descriptions of exclusive breastfeeding being dangerous, resulting in significant and severe negative outcomes in infants whose mothers wished to breastfeed. This backlash has been led by a campaign that uses inflammatory anecdotes and misleading and inaccurate interpretation of research to bolster its assault on breastfeeding. However, poor breastfeeding outcomes can and do happen. The narratives identify areas where clinicians can improve their delivery of care. A closer look at risk factors and interventions may help reduce the risk of poor outcomes and increase the likelihood of mothers meeting their breastfeeding goals.

Rock Sample Surface Preparation Influences Thermal Infrared Spectra

High-resolution laboratory-based thermal infrared spectroscopy is an up-and-coming tool in the field of geological remote sensing. Its spatial resolution allows for detailed analyses at centimeter to sub-millimeter scales. However, this increase in resolution creates challenges with sample characteristics, such as grain size, surface roughness, and porosity, which can influence the spectral signature. This research explores the effect of rock sample surface preparation on the thermal infrared spectral signatures. We applied three surface preparation methods (split, saw, and polish) to determine how the resulting differences in surface roughness affects both the spectral shape as well as the spectral contrast. The selected samples are a pure quartz sandstone, a quartz sandstone containing a small percentage of kaolinite, and an intermediate-grained gabbro. To avoid instrument or measurement type biases we conducted measurements on three TIR instruments, resulting in directional hemispherical reflectance spectra, emissivity spectra and bi-directional reflectance images. Surface imaging and analyses were performed with scanning electron microscopy and profilometer measurements. We demonstrate that surface preparation affects the TIR spectral signatures influencing both the spectral contrast, as well as the spectral shape. The results show that polished surfaces predominantly display a high spectral contrast while the sawed and split surfaces display up to 25% lower reflectance values. Furthermore, the sawed and split surfaces display spectral signature shape differences at specific wavelengths, which we link to mineral transmission features, surface orientation effects, and multiple reflections in fine-grained minerals. Hence, the influence of rock surface preparation should be taken in consideration to avoid an inaccurate geological interpretation.

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Model-based interbed multiple attenuation: a case study of Najmah reservoir, North Kuwait Jurassic

The Late Jurassic Najmah Formation of Northeast Kuwait consists of a fractured tight carbonate reservoir and organic-rich kerogen layer (Figure 1). Development of the Najmah reservoir is contingent on recognizing naturally fractured areas. Prior to seismic reservoir characterization, it is essential to ensure that the data quality is reliable before extracting any information from the seismic data. Noise contamination can obscure the reflections of interest, leading to inaccurate interpretation and the need for further data analysis for reservoir delineation. Data acquired in the study area indicates that P-wave seismic data within the reservoir interval suffers from the interference of coherent noise related to the interbed multiple. The interbed multiple is a serious problem that is common in the land seismic datasets in the Middle East (Al-Khaled et al., 2008; Al-Nahhas et al., 2008; El-Emam et al., 2011, 2005; Lesnikov and Owusu, 2011; Ras et al., 2012; Sonika et al., 2012; Wu et al. 2011). This study utilized a 9 mile2 (23.3 km2) 3D full azimuth P-wave seismic data set provided by Kuwait Oil Company (KOC) to the Reservoir Characterization Project (RCP) at the Colorado School of Mines. The seismic data was a preliminary result of pre-stack time migration from continuing seismic data processing. Short and long period demultiple and interbed demultiples were applied during the original data processing. A synthetic seismogram of well B portrays the reservoir interval with greater amplitude than the seismic data (Figure 2). This anomaly is consistently observed for all seismic well ties of ten available wells within the 3D seismic data. Furthermore, inside-outside corridor stack analysis of zero-offset VSP (Vertical Seismic Profile) depicts similar amplitude difference that indicates the presence of noise interference from multipathing of seismic energy above the reservoir interval. Evidence of the presence of multiples can be observed from the raw stack of down-going wavefields of the zero-offset VSP. Interbed multiple effects on the seismic data can be seen as a periodic repetition of reflection events, either individual events or interference with primaries. In this case, the multiples seem to interfere with the primary reflection. This study reveals interbed multiples related to the first anhydrite layer within the Gotnia Formation above the reservoir layers are the primary cause of the interference. Applying model-based interbed multiple attenuation reduces the noise interference and improves the imaging of the reservoir section. The multiple-attenuated seismic data have a better correlation with synthetics derived from ten control wells used in this study, leading to better seismic inversion accuracy and reservoir characterization.

Is “Yin-Yang balancing” superior to ambidexterity as an approach to paradox management?

In promoting indigenous management research in China, Peter P. Li has repeatedly asserted that Yin-Yang is superior to all other cognitive frames in dealing with paradox in general and that his “Yin-Yang balancing” solution is superior to ambidexterity as an approach to paradox management in particular. Disagreeing with Peter P. Li, this paper debunks the “Yin-Yang balancing being superior to ambidexterity” assertion by making three critical points. First, at the philosophical level, Peter P. Li’s notion of “Yin-Yang balancing” is an inaccurate interpretation (or incomplete version) of the Confucian principle of Zhong-Yong that is largely compatible with Aristotle’s doctrine of the mean. Second, at the practical level, his “Yin-Yang balancing” solution, while being different from the structural ambidexterity approach, is compatible with the contextual ambidexterity approach. These first two points imply that Peter P. Li’s “Yin-Yang balancing” solution is not necessarily superior to the ambidexterity approach in particular and the Western thinking in general. Third, Robert Blake and Jane Mouton, in their 1964 book The Managerial Grid, provide a variety of approaches to managing a fundamental organizational paradox (i.e., the production-people conflict). Their analysis not only covers different ambidexterity approaches, but also offers much more insights on paradox management. More significant is that Blake and Mouton made explicit that those ambidexterity-type approaches only deal with the problem at the level of symptoms rather than root causes. This third point implies that some Western scholars have had much deeper thinking on paradox management than some Chinese colleagues may have imagined.

Macromolecular Crowding May Significantly Affect the Performance of an MRI Contrast Agent: A 1H NMR Spectroscopy, Microimaging, and Fast-Field-Cycling NMR Relaxometry Study.

Contrast enhancement agents are often employed in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for clinical diagnosis and biomedical research. However, the current theory on MRI contrast generation does not consider the ubiquitous presence of macromolecular crowders in biological systems, which poses the risk of inaccurate data interpretation and misdiagnosis. To address this issue, herein the macromolecular crowding effects on MRI contrast agent are investigated with the 1H relaxation rate of water in aqueous solutions of Dotarem with different concentrations of macromolecules. Two representative macromolecular crowder systems are used: polyethylene glycol (with no specific secondary structure) and bovine serum albumin (with compact secondary and tertiary structures). The water 1H relaxation rates in various solutions are measured in a fixed magnetic field and in variable magnetic fields. The results show significant crowding effects for both crowders. The relaxation rate is proportional to the concentration of the MRI contrast agent but shows conspicuous superlinearity with respect to the concentration of the crowder. The size of polyethylene glycol does not affect the relaxivity of water in Dotarem solutions. The above effects are verified with T 1‐ and T 2‐weighted NMR microimages. These results highlight the importance of the effect of macromolecular crowding on the MRI contrast agent and are valuable for understanding the mechanism of MRI contrast agents and designing new‐generation MRI contrast agents.

Primary law in medicine, its legal nature

Thework will discuss the problems arising from the thesis that the economic opportunities are incompatible with the person's primary law - the right to life and equality of treatment. An actively maintained hypothesis claims that the country's economic opportunities and funding should not restrict or reduce a person's right to life and health. In this aspect, it will also study the role of the constitutional court. The author points to the fact that the adoption of such, here the Supreme Court decision, successive constitutional court for a preliminary inaccurate claim and interpretation of the country's economic interests, could deny the right of people to life only after the consideration that they are of no use and financially expensive to be maintained.

Primary school student visitation in Serengeti National Park, Tanzania

Tanzania National Parks are heavily dependent upon international tourism. This study examines the potential for sustainable domestic tourism, specifically considering primary school student visitation in Serengeti National Park (SENAPA). We surveyed five primary schools located in Bunda district. At each school, 70 students were allowed to fill out the questionnaires which were analyzed by descriptive statistics. A majority of the primary school students recognized the presence of SENAPA (95%), but few (24%) had visited the park. Those who had never visited, in spite of its proximity, indicated the lack of money, lack of transport, lack of awareness, and inaccurate interpretation of free education policy as hindering factors. Surveyed students offered suggestions to improve student visitation, indicating that public and private organizations should assist with students’ visitation to protected areas; the government should have a reliable transport to take students into protected areas; education should be provided concerning the importance of visiting protected areas and what is meant by the free education policy. The authors agree that these steps would significantly improve students’ opportunities to access Serengeti National Park.

Improving Vintage Seismic Data Quality through Implementation of Advance Processing Techniques

It is essential in petroleum exploration to have high resolution subsurface images, both vertically and horizontally, in uncovering new geological and geophysical aspects of our subsurface. The lack of success may have been from the poor imaging quality which led to inaccurate analysis and interpretation. In this work, we re-processed the existing seismic dataset with an emphasis on two objectives. Firstly, to produce a better 3D seismic data quality with full retention of relative amplitudes and significantly reduce seismic and structural uncertainty. Secondly, to facilitate further prospect delineation through enhanced data resolution, fault definitions and events continuity, particularly in syn-rift section and basement cover contacts and in turn, better understand the geology of the subsurface especially in regard to the distribution of the fluvial and channel sands. By adding recent, state-of-the-art broadband processing techniques such as source and receiver de-ghosting, high density velocity analysis and shallow water de-multiple, the final results produced a better overall reflection detail and frequency in specific target zones, particularly in the deeper section.

Modern pollen rain raises doubts about the intensity and extension of the Last Glacial Cycle in Carajás: A reply to D’Apolito et al.

In this paper, we presented a reply to the comments on modern pollen rain and interpretations about the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) by D’Apolito et al. Carajás may be considered as a micro-hotspot of plant endemism, mainly related to edaphic conditions and presence of different micro-habitats for canga vegetation into ironstone domains. These plants developed several survival strategies, including morphological and physiological adaptations, which is difficult for comparisons with any other distinct biomes or ecosystems. Furthermore, inaccurate interpretation of pollen taxa and habitat types by the previous palynological studies in Carajás, which are keys points presented in Guimarães et al., were not questioned by D’Apolito et al. Therefore, incomplete pollen database, uncertainties about pollen descriptions and plant–pollen habitat, poor knowledge about pollen production and dispersion in edaphically conditioned areas, as well as missing of multiproxy evidences about geology, geomorphology, faciology, and geochemistry can make LGM interpretations a very challenging task. This can produce more noises than reliable signals of paleoclimate changes.

Self-reported HIV-positive status but subsequent HIV-negative test result using rapid diagnostic testing algorithms among seven sub-Saharan African military populations.

HIV rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) combined in an algorithm are the current standard for HIV diagnosis in many sub-Saharan African countries, and extensive laboratory testing has confirmed HIV RDTs have excellent sensitivity and specificity. However, false-positive RDT algorithm results have been reported due to a variety of factors, such as suboptimal quality assurance procedures and inaccurate interpretation of results. We conducted HIV serosurveys in seven sub-Saharan African military populations and recorded the frequency of personnel self-reporting HIV positivity, but subsequently testing HIV-negative during the serosurvey. The frequency of individuals who reported they were HIV-positive but subsequently tested HIV-negative using RDT algorithms ranged from 3.3 to 91.1%, suggesting significant rates of prior false-positive HIV RDT algorithm results, which should be confirmed using biological testing across time in future studies. Simple measures could substantially reduce false-positive results, such as greater adherence to quality assurance guidelines and prevalence-specific HIV testing algorithms as described in the World Health Organization’s HIV testing guidelines. Other measures to improve RDT algorithm specificity include classifying individuals with weakly positive test lines as HIV indeterminate and retesting. While expansion of HIV testing in resource-limited countries is critical to identifying HIV-infected individuals for appropriate care and treatment, careful attention to potential causes of false HIV-positive results are needed to prevent the significant medical, psychological, and fiscal costs resulting from individuals receiving a false-positive HIV diagnosis.

Effect of spatial resolution and filtering on mapping cardiac fibrillation

Endocardial mapping tools use variable interelectrode resolution, whereas body surface mapping tools use narrow bandpass filtering (BPF) to map fibrillatory mechanisms established by high-resolution optical imaging. The purpose of this study was to study the effect of resolution and BPF on the underlying mechanism being mapped. Hearts from 14 healthy New Zealand white rabbits were Langendorff perfused. We studied the effect of spatial resolution and BPF on the location and characterization of rotors by comparing phase singularities detected by high-resolution unfiltered optical maps and of fibrillating myocardium with decimated and filtered maps with simulated electrode spacing of 2, 5, and 8 mm. As we decimated the maps with 2-mm, 5-mm, and 8-mm interelectrode spacing, the mean ( ± SD) number of rotors detected decreased from 10.2 ± 9.6, 1.6 ± 3.2, and 0.2 ± 0.5, respectively. Lowering the resolution led to synthesized pseudo-rotors that may be inappropriately identified. Applying a BPF led to fewer mean phase singularities detected (248 ± 207 vs 333 ± 130; P<.01), giving the appearance of pseudo-spatial stability measured as translation index (with BPF 3.6 ± 0.4 mm vs 4.0 ± 0.5 mm without BPF; P<.01) and pseudo-temporal stability with longer duration (70.0 ± 17.6 ms in BPF maps vs 44.1 ± 6.6 ms in unfiltered maps; P<.001) than true underlying fibrillating myocardium mapped. Electrode resolution and BPF of electrograms can result in distortion of the underlying electrophysiology of fibrillation. Newer mapping techniques need to demonstrate sensitivity analysis to quantify the degree of distortion before clinical use to avoid inaccurate electrophysiologic interpretation.

Systems of response evaluation criteria in solid tumors in immunooncology treatment

Immunotherapies enhance patients’ endogenous immune system function of attacking tumor cells, and are being widely and successfully used in the field of immuno-oncology. Adoption of assumptions based on more traditional chemotherapy-based responses can lead to significant operational difficulties and inaccurate interpretation of responses seen. It is therefore important to choose the appropriate clinical response criteria. These topics are addressed in this white paper.

Web-based infectious disease surveillance systems and public health perspectives: a systematic review.

BackgroundEmerging and re-emerging infectious diseases are a significant public health concern, and early detection and immediate response is crucial for disease control. These challenges have led to the need for new approaches and technologies to reinforce the capacity of traditional surveillance systems for detecting emerging infectious diseases. In the last few years, the availability of novel web-based data sources has contributed substantially to infectious disease surveillance. This study explores the burgeoning field of web-based infectious disease surveillance systems by examining their current status, importance, and potential challenges.MethodsA systematic review framework was applied to the search, screening, and analysis of web-based infectious disease surveillance systems. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases to extensively review the English literature published between 2000 and 2015. Eleven surveillance systems were chosen for evaluation according to their high frequency of application. Relevant terms, including newly coined terms, development and classification of the surveillance systems, and various characteristics associated with the systems were studied.ResultsBased on a detailed and informative review of the 11 web-based infectious disease surveillance systems, it was evident that these systems exhibited clear strengths, as compared to traditional surveillance systems, but with some limitations yet to be overcome. The major strengths of the newly emerging surveillance systems are that they are intuitive, adaptable, low-cost, and operated in real-time, all of which are necessary features of an effective public health tool. The most apparent potential challenges of the web-based systems are those of inaccurate interpretation and prediction of health status, and privacy issues, based on an individual’s internet activity.ConclusionDespite being in a nascent stage with further modification needed, web-based surveillance systems have evolved to complement traditional national surveillance systems. This review highlights ways in which the strengths of existing systems can be maintained and weaknesses alleviated to implement optimal web surveillance systems.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3893-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The effect of Korean-group cognitive behavioural therapy among patients with panic disorder in clinic settings.

Introduction In panic disorder, sensitivity to bodily sensations increases due to the patient's cognitive vulnerability. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) can help to decrease sensitivity to bodily sensations by correcting these cognitive distortions by controlling negative thoughts and panic attacks. Aims This study verified whether group CBT is more effective than treatment as usual (TAU) in South Korean patients with panic disorder. Methods The study participants consisted of 76 panic disorder patients. Patients in the therapy condition attended sessions once a week for a total of 12 sessions in addition to drug treatment. Results In the therapy condition, there were significant decreases in panic-related bodily sensations and ranking and belief scores for catastrophic misinterpretation of external events. Discussion Group CBT, in comparison to TAU, decreases panic and agoraphobia symptom severity in South Korean patients with panic disorder. Our study provides evidence for the effectiveness of a panic disorder management programme that integrates group CBT and traditional pharmacotherapeutic treatment for patients with panic disorder. Implications for Practice The cognitive behavioural approach is needed to reduce panic and agoraphobia symptoms for hospitalized patients with panic disorder more than activity therapies, medications and supportive counselling by doctors and nurses.

Treatment Effects on Neonatal EEG.

Conventional EEG and amplitude-integrated electroencephalography are used in neonates to assess prognosis and significant changes in brain activity. Neuroactive medications and hypothermia can influence brain activity and therefore alter EEG interpretation. There are limited studies on the effect of these therapies on neonatal EEG background activity. Medication effects on the EEG or amplitude-integrated electroencephalography include increased interburst interval duration, voltage suppression, and sleep disruption. The effect is transient in term newborns but can be persistent in premature newborns. Although therapeutic hypothermia does not produce significant changes in EEG activity, it does change the time point at which EEG can accurately predict neurodevelopmental outcome. It is important to account for these effects on the EEG to avoid inaccurate interpretation that may affect prognostication.

Understanding Bacterial Isolates in Blood Culture and Approaches Used to Define Bacteria as Contaminants: A Literature Review.

Interpretation of blood culture isolates is challenging due to a lack of standard methodologies for identifying contaminants. This problem becomes more complex when the specimens are from sick young infants, as a wide range of bacteria can cause illness among this group. We used 43 key words to find articles published between 1970 and 2011 on blood culture isolates and possible contaminants in the PubMed database. Experts were also consulted to obtain other relevant articles. Selection of articles followed systematic methods considering opinions from more than 1 reviewer. After reviewing the titles of 3869 articles extracted from the database, we found 307 relevant to our objective. Based on the abstracts, 42 articles were selected for the literature review. In addition, we included 7 more articles based on cross-references and expert advice. The most common methods for differentiating blood culture isolates were multiple blood cultures from the same subject, antibiograms and molecular testing. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Hemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis and group A and B streptococcus were always considered as pathogens, whereas Bacillus sp., Diphtheroids, Propionibacterium and Micrococcus were commonly regarded as contaminants. Coagulase-negative staphylococci were the most frequent isolates and usually reported as contaminants unless the patient had a specific condition, such as long-term hospitalization or use of invasive devices (catheters). Inaccurate interpretation of blood culture may falsely guide treatment and also has long-term policy implications. The combination of clinical and microbiological knowledge, patient's clinical history and laboratory findings are essential for appropriate interpretation of blood culture.

Fault geometric and seismic attributes – an integrated study with focus on the Barents Sea

A full fault analysis assessing the influences of faults on (hydrocarbon) prospects and fluid communication includes analysis of the fault geometry, the fault architecture and segment linkage, assessment of petrophysical properties as well as establishment of the time-related geological development. It is also crucial to realize that faults are three-dimensional rock bodies, rather than surfaces (Chester and Logan, 1986; Caine et al., 1996; Gabrielsen and Braathen, 2014; Gabrielsen et al., 2016a). Basic data for such study are commonly derived from seismic interpretation and drilling, although studies that combine dedicated fault imaging (Lindanger et al., 2004; Botter et al., 2014) and field data (e.g. Walsh and Watterson, 1991; Childs et al., 2009; Davatzes and Aydin, 2005; Bastesen et al., 2013; Gabrielsen et al., 2016a) has lately become feasible. It is therefore necessary to enhance the tools and capacity for utilizing reflection seismic data in fault analysis, particularly because inaccurate interpretation and mapping of faults could cause incorrect trap definition, leading to the drilling of dry wells and causing misinterpretation of influence of faults on fluid transport. Research efforts by the seismic community have focused much on the use of advanced algorithms (e.g. Chopra and Marfurt, 2007), but has to a lesser extent utilized results from outcrop studies of faults carried out by structural geologists.

Strategies Used by Prehospital Providers to Overcome Language Barriers

Objective: Language barriers are commonly encountered in the prehospital setting but there is a paucity of research on how prehospital providers address language discordance. We sought to identify the communication strategies, and the limitations of those strategies, used by emergency medical services (EMS) providers when confronted with language barriers in a variety of linguistic and cultural contexts. Methods: EMS providers were queried regarding communication strategies to overcome language barriers as part of an international, multi-site, sequential explanatory, qualitative-predominant, mixed methods study of prehospital language barriers. A survey of EMS telecommunicators was administered at dispatch centers in New Mexico (United States) and Western Cape (South Africa). Semi-structured qualitative interviews of EMS field providers were conducted at agencies who respond to calls from participating dispatch centers. Survey data included quantitative data on demographics and communication strategies used to overcome language barriers as well as qualitative free-text responses on the limitations of strategies. Interviews elicited narratives of encounters with language-discordant patients and the strategies used to communicate. Data from the surveys and interviews were integrated at the point of analysis. Results: 125 telecommunicators (overall response rate of 84.5%) and a purposive sample of 27 field providers participated in the study. The characteristics of participants varied between countries and between agencies, consistent with variations in participating agencies’ hiring and training practices. Telecommunicators identified 3rd-party telephonic interpreter services as the single most effective strategy when available, but also described time delays and frustration with interpreter communications that leads them to preferentially try other strategies. In the field, all providers reported using similar strategies, relying heavily on bystanders, multilingual coworkers, and non-verbal communication. Prehospital providers described significant limitations to these strategies, including time delays, breaches of patient confidentiality, and inaccurate interpretation. Participants suggested various resources to improve communication with language-discordant patients. Conclusions: Prehospital providers rely upon similar, informal strategies for overcoming language barriers across a variety of locations, provider types, and linguistic and cultural contexts.