Inaccessible Data Research Articles

DR Refresh: Releasing DRAM Potential by Enabling Read Accesses Under Refresh

Emerging data analytic workloads such as graph processing, neural network and edge data preprocesing desire efficient memory read operations. Unfortunately, due to the necessity of dynamic refresh, modern DRAM systems have to stall access during refresh cycles. As DRAM device density continues to grow, refresh operations can be a crucial throughput bottleneck. To fully unleash memory access performance, we revisit conventional refresh mechanism and DRAM architecture. We propose DR refresh, a specific refresh mechanism that enable read and refresh operations to be done simultaneously. We devise DR DRAM, a specific memory hardware system that can efficiently deploy DR refresh. Unlike traditional refresh, DR explores device refresh that only refreshes a designated device at a time. Meanwhile, DR increases read efficiency by recovering the inaccessible data that resides on a device under refreshing. We also propose Hybrid Refresh Main Memory (HRMM) which can designate refresh schemes (DR or traditional refresh) in a specific memory space. We expect that our design can benefit many real-life tasks such as SPEC CPU2006, CNN, LLT and PageRank.

TB DEPOT (Data Exploration Portal): A multi-domain tuberculosis data analysis resource.

The NIAID TB Portals Program (TBPP) established a unique and growing database repository of socioeconomic, geographic, clinical, laboratory, radiological, and genomic data from patient cases of drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB). Currently, there are 2,428 total cases from nine country sites (Azerbaijan, Belarus, Moldova, Georgia, Romania, China, India, Kazakhstan, and South Africa), 1,611 (66%) of which are multidrug- or extensively-drug resistant and 1,185 (49%), 863 (36%), and 952 (39%) of which contain X-ray, computed tomography (CT) scan, and genomic data, respectively. We introduce the Data Exploration Portal (TB DEPOT, https://depot.tbportals.niaid.nih.gov) to visualize and analyze these multi-domain data. The TB DEPOT leverages the TBPP integration of clinical, socioeconomic, genomic, and imaging data into standardized formats and enables user-driven, repeatable, and reproducible analyses. It furthers the TBPP goals to provide a web-enabled analytics platform to countries with a high burden of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) but limited IT resources and inaccessible data, and enables the reusability of data, in conformity with the NIH’s Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable (FAIR) principles. TB DEPOT provides access to “analysis-ready” data and the ability to generate and test complex clinically-oriented hypotheses instantaneously with minimal statistical background and data processing skills. TB DEPOT is also promising for enhancing medical training and furnishing well annotated, hard to find, MDR-TB patient cases. TB DEPOT, as part of TBPP, further fosters collaborative research efforts to better understand drug-resistant tuberculosis and aid in the development of novel diagnostics and personalized treatment regimens.

Environmental impact assessment of biomass process chains at early design stages using decision trees

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is generally considered as a suitable methodology for the evaluation of environmental impacts of processes. However, it requires large amount and often inaccessible process data at early design stages. The present study provides an approach to streamline LCA for a broad set of biomass process chains. The proposed method breaks away from conventional LCA work in that the purpose is to support decision at early stages assuming minimal use of data available and points to most dominant LCA impacts, providing useful feedback to process design. The prediction mechanism employs decision trees, which form “if-then rules” using a set of critical parameters of the process chain with respect to various environmental impacts. The models classify products into three classes, namely having low, medium, and high environmental impact. Data for model development were obtained from early design stages and include descriptors of the molecular structure of the product and process chain-related variables corresponding to chemistry, complexity, and generic process conditions. Twenty-three LCA metrics were selected as target attributes, according to the ReCiPe and the cumulative energy demand (CED) methods. A broad set of process chains is derived from the work of Karka et al. (Int J Life Cycle Assess 22(9):1418–1440, 2017). Results demonstrate that the average classification error for the decision trees ranges between 13.4 and 43.8% for the various LCA metrics and multifunctionality approaches. Allocation approaches present a better classification performance (up to 25% error) compared with the substitution approach for LCA metrics, such as climate change, CED, and human health. For the majority of models, low- and high-output classes are characterized by better predictive performance compared with the medium class. The interpretability of selected decision trees is analyzed in terms of pruning levels and “irrational” branches. The results of the application of the decision tress for recently published case studies show for instance that 8 out of 13 cases were correctly classified for CED. The proposed approach provides a first generation of models in the form of computationally inexpensive and easily interpretable decision trees that can be used as pre-screening tools for the environmental assessment of bio-based production ahead of detailed design and conventional LCA approaches. The transparent structure of the decision trees facilitates the identification of critical decision variables providing insights for improvement in terms of process parameters, biomass feedstock, or even targeted product.

Discourses mapped by Q-method show governance constraints motivate landscape approaches in Indonesia.

Interpreting discourses among implementers of what is termed a “landscape approach” enables us to learn from their experience to improve conservation and development outcomes. We use Q-methodology to explore the perspectives of a group of experts in the landscape approach, both from academic and implementation fields, on what hinderances are in place to the realisation of achieving sustainable landscape management in Indonesia. The results show that, at a generic level, “corruption” and “lack of transparency and accountability” rank as the greatest constraints on landscape functionality. Biophysical factors, such as topography and climate change, rank as the least constraining factors. When participants considered a landscape with which they were most familiar, the results changed: the rapid change of regulations, limited local human capacity and inaccessible data on economic risks increased, while the inadequacy of democratic institutions, “overlapping laws” and “corruption” decreased. The difference indicates some fine-tuning of generic perceptions to the local context and may also reflect different views on what is achievable for landscape approach practitioners. Overall, approximately 55% of variance is accounted for by five discourse factors for each trial. Four overlapped and two discourses were discrete enough to merit different discourse labels. We labelled the discourses (1) social exclusionists, (2) state view, (3) community view, (4) integrationists, (5) democrats, and (6) neoliberals. Each discourse contains elements actionable at the landscape scale, as well as exogenous issues that originate at national and global scales. Actionable elements that could contribute to improving governance included trust building, clarified resource rights and responsibilities, and inclusive representation in management. The landscape sustainability discourses studied here suggests that landscape approach “learners” must focus on ways to remedy poor governance if they are to achieve sustainability and multi-functionality.

Implementing an Integrated Pharmaceutical Management Information System for Antiretrovirals and Other Medicines: Lessons From Namibia.

The success of the Namibian government's "treatment for all" approach to control and stop the country's HIV epidemic is dependent on an uninterrupted supply of antiretrovirals (ARVs) for people living with HIV. The public health system in Namibia, however, was constrained by an inefficient paper-based pharmaceutical information system resulting in unreliable and inaccessible data, contributing to persistent stock-outs of ARVs and other essential pharmaceuticals. This article describes the incremental implementation of an integrated pharmaceutical management information system to provide timely and reliable commodity and patient data for decision making in Namibia's national antiretroviral therapy (ART) program and the Ministry of Health and Social Services (MoHSS). The system has 4 interlinked information tools: (1) the Electronic Dispensing Tool (EDT) that manages the dispensing and inventory of antiretrovirals at service delivery points; (2) the EDT national database, which facilitates the flow, storage, and collation of ART data at the central level; (3) the Facility Electronic Stock Card used to manage pharmaceutical stocks and report inventory movement data to the national level; and (4) the Pharmaceutical Management Information Dashboard that integrates all 3 tools plus the warehouse management tool used by the central and regional medical stores into 1 dashboard that serves as a platform for the analysis and dissemination of pharmaceutical information throughout the health system. Implementing the pharmaceutical management information system was a prolonged and complicated process, with key challenges related to user acceptance and human resource constraints. The integrated pharmaceutical management information system enables Namibia to collect more than 90% of transactional commodity and patient dispensing data from more than 85% of all ART sites. Health managers use information from the system for medicine quantification decisions and to improve pharmaceutical service delivery. The MoHSS and its partners in the national ART program use the information for monitoring the World Health Organization early warning indicators for HIV drug resistance; ART defaulter tracing; and for planning, reporting, and research purposes. Namibia's pharmaceutical management information system demonstrates the feasibility and benefits of integrating related tools while maintaining their specialized functionality to address country-specific information and inventory management needs.

How Valuable is Farm Data to Farmers? Estimating Damages from Inaccessible Data

Farm data valuation has been an emergent topic in agricultural economics. Previous work focused on proving damages from farm data misappropriation, although no analyses were discovered regarding destroyed or data inaccessible to the farmer. Based on first hand experiences, estimation of expectation, incidental, and consequential damages of inaccessible farm data are described including supporting numerical analyses.

Real world performance of privacy preserving record linkage

IntroductionPrivacy preserving record linkage (PPRL) using encoded or hashed data has potential to enable large-scale record linkage of previously inaccessible data. With limited real-world evaluation and implementation of PPRL at scale it is challenging for linkage practitioners to judiciously balance data protection with the accuracy and usability of linked datasets.
 Objectives and ApproachWe evaluated the performance of PPRL techniques using Bloom filters for linkage of data across primary and secondary care settings. This technique limits the need to disclose personal information for linkage activities. Primary care data included 272,202 records from 16 general practices in NSW. This was linked to 42.8 million records from a 7 year series of emergency presentations, hospitalisations and death registrations. For the purpose of evaluation, personal information was encoded within the data linkage centre. The quality of PPRL linkage was assessed against the true match status based on a gold standard probabilistic linkage using full personal identifiers.
 ResultsCompared to the gold standard probabilistic linkage using full personal identifiers, the PPRL techniques produced quality metrics of precision, recall and F measure in excess of 0.90. When configured to leverage pre-existing links between emergency department, hospital and mortality data, quality metrics around 0.98-0.99 were achieved. Lower rates of linkage quality were associated with missing demographic information and some residual variation in linkage quality across practices was observed.
 Conclusion/ImplicationsPPRL using Bloom filters is a promising technique for achieving high quality linkage across primary and secondary care in Australia. Further evaluation will assess scalability and quality in Australia but international collaborations are encouraged to more rapidly develop the evidence base and tactical approaches to support real world implementations.

Time Savings Using a Standardized Glucose Reporting System and Ambulatory Glucose Profile.

Diabetes care is predominately done at home by the patient. When clinics do not have a reliable, easy process for obtaining this patient data, clinical decisions must be made with incomplete verbal recall reports. Unused or inaccessible glucose data represent a large information gap affecting clinical decision making. This study's purpose was to design an optimized glucose device download system with a standardized report and to evaluate its efficiency. Observations and evaluations of glucose data retrieval occurred at two clinics; an additional clinic utilized the optimized process doing only post process timings. Patients/families and clinicians were surveyed about their experiences with the system and the standardized report (AGP). The study was approved by all the sites' IRBs. Optimized systems saved staff at least 3 min per patient. Standardized AGP reports and an optimized data system made the work flow of glucose data easier to complete. The AGP report was preferred by patients, families, and clinicians. An optimized system takes advantage of patient lobby downtime to download glucose devices and ensures that diabetes clinical decisions are made utilizing all available data. Staff and patients liked the software lobby system and found it a valuable time-saving tool.

Improving User Access to Soviet Military Mapping: Current Issues in Libraries and Collections around the Globe

The collapse of the Soviet Union has seen the emergence of its unprecedentedly comprehensive global military mapping programme and the commercial availability of a vast number of detailed topographic maps and city plans at several scales. Many libraries and archives around the world are discovering and acquiring these maps and plans, developing vast potential to provide researchers in a variety of fields with a wealth of previously inaccessible topographic data. However, significant differences exist in the cataloguing, classification, translation and transliteration between and within the major collections, potentially limiting access to this important new resource. This paper presents a survey of how Soviet military city plans are described in the catalogues of forty libraries and highlights these inconsistencies. It proposes a method for their description that is based on an identification of key sheet characteristics, with a view to facilitating the cataloguing of new acquisitions and improving access to these important sources for current and future users.

Dynamic modeling of uteroplacental blood flow in IUGR indicates vortices and elevated pressure in the intervillous space \u2013 a pilot study

Ischemic placental disease is a concept that links intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) and preeclampsia (PE) back to insufficient remodeling of uterine spiral arteries. The rheological consequences of insufficient remodeling of uterine spiral arteries were hypothesized to mediate the considerably later manifestation of obstetric disease. However, the micro-rheology in the intervillous space (IVS) cannot be examined clinically and rheological animal models of the human IVS do not exist. Thus, an in silico approach was implemented to provide in vivo inaccessible data. The morphology of a spiral artery and the inflow region of the IVS were three-dimensionally reconstructed to provide a morphological stage for the simulations. Advanced high-end supercomputing resources were used to provide blood flow simulations at high spatial resolution. Our simulations revealed turbulent blood flow (high-velocity jets and vortices) combined with elevated blood pressure in the IVS and increased wall shear stress at the villous surface in conjunction with insufficient spiral artery remodeling only. Post-hoc histological analysis of uterine veins showed evidence of increased trophoblast shedding in an IUGR placenta. Our data support that rheological alteration in the IVS is a relevant mechanism linking ischemic placental disease to altered structural integrity and function of the placenta.

Public access to spatial data on private-land conservation

Rissman, A. R., J. Owley, A. W. L’Roe, A. Wilson Morris, and C. B. Wardropper. 2017. Public access to spatial data on private-land conservation. Ecology and Society 22(2):24. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-09330-220224

Development and Updating of 3D GIS by Using Aerial Photography Systems

In the article the main opportunities for engineers at the GIS creation/updating of systems by means of multicopter aerial photography systems are described. Usage of the methods described in the article will allow increasing the speed and informational content of the GIS construction/updating at rather small labor costs. Besides, the described automation of the processes of filming from the unmanned aerial vehicle will allow to supplement three-dimensional models of objects in GIS with earlier inaccessible data.

Comparison of the Precision of Compression Ultrasonography and Duplex Sonography in Deep Venous Thrombosis Patients

Deep venous thrombosis is a prevalent disease and difficult being detected which can be lethal if developed. Ultrasonography and duplex ultrasonography are two of the diagnostic methods with their restrictions. The present study addresses the analysis of the succession of compression ultrasonography as a method with less restrictions in comparison with ultrasonography and duplex ultrasonography. The present study was conducted in the central urgency section of Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad, Iran, which is a public academic institute, on 70 patients in 2014. All patients were subjected to compression ultrasonography before duplex ultrasonography and those who had previous duplex ultrasonography sessions with available results were excluded from the investigations. Finally, the results of 63 patients were analyzed, 7 being excluded due to their inaccessible data. According to the results, 52 percent of subjects were males and 48 percent were females. The result of the regular ultrasonography was positive for 37 and negative for 26 patients. Duplex ultrasonography, however, led to positive results for 35 patients (equivalent to 37 lower limb organs) and negative results for 28 subjects (equivalent to 41 lower limb organs). The sensitivity, specificity, and precision of the diagnosis via compression ultrasonography were found to be 97, 90, and 93.5 percent, respectively, and the positive and negative predictive values were calculated to be 90 and 97 percent, respectively, with a CI of 95 percent. The diagnostic accuracy of 96.8% suggests that the use of compression sonography can be a good accuracy in the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremities, but it cannot replace more accurate methods that are currently used as available selected diagnostic methods.

A Data Owner Controlled Model for Co tenant Covert Channel Protection

The emerging technology cloud Computing has became as a popular choice for small and medium enterprises for their infrastructural needs. It has many services providing support like computing, storing etc. Virtualization is the key technology to provide features like scalability and elasticity using multi tenancy. In multi tenant cloud architecture malicious co tenants use covert channels like RAM, bus and other shared devices to hijack the sensitive data. Literature is available for identifying and preventing these kinds of attacks in matured cloud providers. Immature or lazy cloud service providers will suffer from these kinds of problems profoundly. Our novel model tries to suggest measures in protection of covert channel protection. It uses a simple technique of split and sharing data to store multiple regions in multiple places. We have taken factor called as missing data which is inaccessible data in the case of compromised co tenant covert channel attack. Experiments were done in the Amazon S3 cloud with different accounts in different regions and multiple buckets for storing split data and results were analyzed. We come across with best number of splits to maximize missing data factor with less impact over the time cost for upload and download operations from our result analysis satisfactorily.

Empowering global software development with business intelligence

Context: Global Software Development (GSD) allows companies to take advantage of talent spread across the world. Most research has been focused on the development aspect. However, little if any attention has been paid to the management of GSD projects. Studies report a lack of adequate support for management’s decisions made during software development, further accentuated in GSD since information is scattered throughout multiple factories, stored in different formats and standards.Objective: This paper aims to improve GSD management by proposing a systematic method for adapting Business Intelligence techniques to software development environments. This would enhance the visibility of the development process and enable software managers to make informed decisions regarding how to proceed with GSD projects.Method: A combination of formal goal-modeling frameworks and data modeling techniques is used to elicitate the most relevant aspects to be measured by managers in GSD. The process is described in detail and applied to a real case study throughout the paper. A discussion regarding the generalisability of the method is presented afterwards.Results: The application of the approach generates an adapted BI framework tailored to software development according to the requirements posed by GSD managers. The resulting framework is capable of presenting previously inaccessible data through common and specific views and enabling data navigation according to the organization of software factories and projects in GSD.Conclusions: We can conclude that the proposed systematic approach allows us to successfully adapt Business Intelligence techniques to enhance GSD management beyond the information provided by traditional tools. The resulting framework is able to integrate and present the information in a single place, thereby enabling easy comparisons across multiple projects and factories and providing support for informed decisions in GSD management.

Survival Outcomes of Mucosal Melanoma in the Head and Neck: Case Series and Review of Current Treatment Guidelines

Malignant mucosal melanoma of the head and neck (MMHN) is an aggressive and rare neoplasm with poor long-term outcomes. The aim of this study is to evaluate the outcomes of patients treated by a single-institution head and neck multidisciplinary team. In this retrospective case series, all MMHN cases treated at the Royal Melbourne Hospital from 1990-2015 were retrospectively reviewed. Patient demographic characteristics (eg, age), treatment offered, pathology, and outcomes were collected, tabulated, and correlated with outcomes. Survival outcomes were calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Comparison was made between oral and sinonasal melanomas. A total of 16 cases were identified. Two were excluded because of inaccessible data. Of the 14 remaining cases, 8 were sinonasal melanomas and 6 were oral cavity melanomas. Sinonasal tumor patients presented with epistaxis or visual impairment. Oral melanoma patients presented with pigmented lesions or ulceration. Follow-up ranged from 4months to 11years. In 2 patients, locoregional recurrences developed that were successfully re-excised. Six patients died of distant metastases despite clear surgical margins. Two patients with sinonasal melanomas died of extensive local disease with intracranial invasion. One patient died 4years after diagnosis without disease. There were no failures in the neck. The 2- and 5-year overall survival rates were 63.3% and 31.7%, respectively, by the Kaplan-Meier method. The difference in survival between oral and sinonasal melanomas was not statistically significant. Despite clear surgical margins, MMHN has a poor prognosis and most deaths are due to distant metastases. Systemic therapies such as those used in cutaneous melanoma treatment might be used in the future for MMHN.

Cohort profile of the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust Biomedical Research Centre (SLaM BRC) Case Register: current status and recent enhancement of an Electronic Mental Health Record-derived data resource

PurposeThe South London and Maudsley National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust Biomedical Research Centre (SLaM BRC) Case Register and its Clinical Record Interactive Search (CRIS) application were developed in 2008,...

In-situ neutron diffraction during biaxial deformation

A change in strain path may have a significant effect on the mechanical response of metals. In order to understand or even predict the macroscopic behaviour under such conditions a detailed knowledge on the microstructural evolution is crucial. Yet relatively little work has been done to quantify and understand how the inter- and intragranular strains are affected during a change in strain path. In this work we present a new multiaxial deformation rig that allows performing in situ proportional and non-proportional loading under neutron diffraction. We demonstrate the capabilities of this new setup for the case of a 316 L stainless steel. We show that the nature and magnitude of intergranular strain strongly depends on the applied stress state and demonstrate that micro yielding and internal strain recovery are responsible for the observed transient softening during a 90° strain path change. We anticipate that this new characterization method will provide previously inaccessible microstructural data that can serve as input for benchmarking current state-of-the-art crystal plasticity models.

Transient Ischemic Attack Versus Seizure: Use of Complete Blood Count Parameters for Differential Diagnosis.

Seizures are an important group of diagnoses in the differential evaluation of Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)because of their variable and temporary signs and symptoms. Physicians must frequently rule out TIA in asymptomatic patients with normal diagnostic neuroimaging. The current study aimed to investigate the efficacy of Complete Blood Count (CBC) components in the differential diagnosis of TIA and seizures. Our study was a retrospective case-control study. Patients admitted to the Emergency Department (ED) and hospitalized with an initial diagnosis of TIA or seizure at the neurology clinic of Erzurum Ataturk University Training Hospital between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2014, were recruited for the study. Patients with inaccessible or missing data were excluded. We identified 1,459 ED admissions that resulted in neurology clinic hospitalizations of patients with initial diagnoses of TIA (n=911) and seizure (n=420) over a 24-month time period. A total of 128 patients were excluded from the study. We conclude that CBC may have a diagnostic value on TIA and seizure differentiation, but this is limited because of statistical and clinical incompatibility. Elevated White Blood Cells (WBC) values of seizure patients compared with TIA patients' may help clinicians at the preliminary phase of diagnostic studies. We conclude that age is a remarkable and valuable demographic parameter in addition to physical examination, laboratory and imaging studies.

Cytogenetics in Hairy Cell Leukemia at Diagnosis and Relapse: The Rate of Therapy-Related Myeloid Malignancies Is Low

Cytogenetic analysis of a large cohort of hairy cell leukemia (HCL) patients (pts) has never been reported. The influence on outcome of cytogenetic abnormalities is unknown.We retrospectively reviewed records of pts with HCL treated at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center between January 1973 and December 2013. 501 pts were identified and 331 were confirmed to have a diagnosis of HCL by histopathology or immunophenotyping. 170 patients were excluded, either because their final diagnosis was an alternate disease or there was inaccessible clinical data. Descriptive statistics were used to evaluate the cohort.260/331 (79%) were men, overall median age at diagnosis was 53 years (range 20-84 years) and median follow-up was 61 months. 241 had classical HCL and 18 had variant disease based on absent expression of CD25 by immunophenotyping or immunohistochemistry with median diagnostic WBC of 3.2x10^9/L and 8.4x10^9/L respectively. BRAF mutation testing was performed infrequently (<10% pts). In 72 pts we were unable to review immunophenotyping data to confirm disease type. 64 pts never received treatment, 156 received one line and 111 received at least 2 lines of therapy during follow up. The most common initial treatment was cladribine (n=215, 80%). Assessment of bone marrow cytogenetics was available in 105 of 331 patients (32%) at diagnosis with 92 cases of classical HCL, 8 variant HCL and 5 with unconfirmed disease type. Karyotype was normal in 95 patients (90.5%) and abnormal in 10 (9.5%). Abnormal karyotype was more common in patients with variant than classical disease, seen in 3/8 versus 7/92 respectively (p=0.007). 9/10 with abnormal karyotype had multiple clones identified including at least one cytogenetically normal metaphase. Sex chromosome loss was present in 4/10 pts (3 with loss of Y and 1 female with loss of X) while loss of genetic material from chromosome 7 was the most common autosomal abnormality (3/10 patients). The presence of an abnormal karyotype at diagnosis did not worsen survival compared to patients with a normal karyotype with an estimated 5 year OS of 100% and 97%, respectively.30/111 pts (24 classical and 6 variant HCL) who received two or more lines of therapy had cytogenetics evaluated at some point during disease relapse and 17/30 had cytogenetic abnormalities. 6 of these had cytogenetics at diagnosis and 4/6 were normal. Pts with an abnormal karyotype received more lines of therapy prior to identification of a cytogenetic abnormality than those with normal cytogenetics with a median of 3 and 1 lines respectively (p=0.008). Pts with variant HCL were more likely to have abnormal cytogenetics at relapse (6/6) than those with classical disease (11/24) (p=0.017).Cytogenetic abnormalities of all evaluable pts with relapsed HCL were reviewed. The most common abnormalities seen at relapse were monosomies or partial chromosome deletions seen in 14/17 cases. The most common abnormalities were loss of material from chromosome 7 (6/17 pts) and chromosomes 13 and 17 (4/17 pts each). Multiple abnormalities were present in 11/17 pts. No abnormality appeared to be specific for classical or variant disease. In particular loss of material from chromosome 7 was seen in both disease types. Only 2 of the 331 pts developed a therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia (t-AML) both had classical HCL. The first developed t-AML with a complex monosomal karyotype after prior treatment with cladribine, pentostatin, fludarabine and rituximab. The second had t-AML with monosomy 7 following 4 treatments with cladribine. There were no cases of myelodysplasia.In summary we identified cytogenetic abnormalities in 10% of newly diagnosed HCL pts and found that this did not adversely affect survival. Pts with variant HCL are more likely to have abnormal cytogenetics at diagnosis and at disease relapse compared to those with classical disease. Cytogenetic changes appear to be more common in those who received more lines of cytotoxic chemotherapy. Loss of material from chromosome 7 is the most common cytogenetic change seen at diagnosis and at disease progression. The rate of therapy-related myeloid malignancies is low and is not increased in HCL variant. Identification of new molecular mutations arising during disease relapse may be insightful. DisclosuresPark:Actinium Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: Research Funding; Juno Therapeutics: Consultancy.