In-ovo Injection Research Articles

The Effects of In-Ovo Injected D-Glucose Monohydrate and Ascorbic Acid on Hatchability, Body Weight and Early Post-Hatch Performance of Geese

The aim of the current study was to determine the impact of in-ovo injected D-Glucose monohydrate and ascorbic acid on hatchability, body weight and early post-hatch performance of geese. The 360 eggs from a 50-wk-old Embden crossbred breeder flock were set in a single-stage incubator with 4 treatments. The experimental treatments were: (1) non-injected Control, (2) Dextrose 24 mg / 0.5 mL, (3) Vitamin C 10 mg / 0.1 mL (4) Dextrose 24 mg / 0.5 mL + Vitamin C 10 mg / 0.1 mL. At 11 and 18 d of incubation, the eggs were injected into the albumen manually under sterile conditions. At 25 d of incubation, the same amount of the agents was injected into the yolk sac of the fertile eggs with the same procedure. The hatchability of the Control and Dextrose + Vitamin C groups were statistically different (P < 0.05). Although there was a statistically insignificant difference, the highest value was recorded in the Dextrose + Vitamin C group on the 25th-day. The hatchling weights were only influenced by the agents. The 25th-day Dextrose + Vitamin C treatment had the greatest values at body weights at hatch. There were no statistical differences by the injection days, agents and interactions regarding body weights at 7th-day post-hatch. In addition, there was no significant impact of different injection sites on both hatchling weight and, body weights of post-hatch 7th-day. It is suggested that the in-ovo injection should administrate on the 25th day of incubation into the yolk sac in goose eggs with a mixture of D-Glucose monohydrate and ascorbic acid.

THE EFFECT OF IN-OVO INJECTION OF BEE VENOM ON HATCHABILITY AND SOME IMMUNOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF ALEXANDRIA CHICKS’ STRAIN AT HATCH

Researchers are trying to boost the immune system of poultry birds through the use of natural immune-stimulants including bee venom. There is a scarcity in literature about the use of bee venom for in ovo injection studies. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of in ovo injection of two levels of freeze-dried bee venom (BV) (10 and 20 µg/egg) into eggs of Alexandria breeder hens at 18-day of incubation on the hatchability percentage, hatching weight per egg weight, and immune response of the young chickens. The doses of BV used in the current work were based on a pilot trial obtained directly before the main experiment of this work. A total number of 900 fertile eggs at day 18 of incubation were used in this study. Eggs were weighed and randomly allocated into three experimental groups as: control (C), low dose of BV and high dose of BV with 300 eggs each. Results showed that in-ovo injection with 10 µg/egg BV significantly increased hatchability percentage (89.45%) over the control (87.5%) and 20 µg/egg BV (77.73%). The highest relative chick weight was observed with eggs of control group followed by lower and higher dose of BV groups. The increase of dose has reduction effect on the relative chick weight. The total protein and albumin values decrease significantly (P≤0.001) in 10 and 20 µg BV/egg groups compared to control group. Results for triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4) concentrations of chick's blood at hatch showed that in-ovo injection of BV decrease significantly both of T3 and T4 concentrations in Alexandria chick serum at hatch. In addition, results of showed that the spleenrelative weight increased significantly in 20 BV dose in-ovo group compared to control group. Also, the same trend was observed with bursa relative weight compared to the control group. In conclusion, the in-ovo injection with 10 µg BV/egg resulted in better hatchability percentage with Alexandria breeder eggs.

Impact of In-Ovo Injection of Folic Acid and Glucose on Hatchability and Post-Hatching Performance of Broiler Chicken

The present study was designed to investigate the impact of in-ovo injection of folic acid and glucose on hatching eggs from 55 weeks old broiler breeders. A total number of 900 hatching eggs were collected from Arbor Acres broiler breeders, then, eggs were divided into 6 groups including 1) Negative Control (non-injected, NC), 2) Dry Punch Control (pricked without injecting any solution, DPC), 3) Positive Control (eggs were injected with 0.5 mL normal saline, PC), 4) Folic Acid group (eggs were injected with 0.2 mg/ egg folic acid, FA), 5) Glucose group (eggs were injected with 125 mg/ egg glucose, Glu), and 6) Folic Acid with Glucose group (eggs were injected with 0.2 mg folic acid with 125 mg/ egg glucose, FA+Glu). Each treatment was divided into five replicates of 30 eggs each. Eggs were injected into the albumen under the air sac. After in-ovo injection, the eggs were stored for four days before hatching. After hatching, the chickens were reared in groups according to the treatments. All treatments were divided into 10 replications of 9 chickens in each. In-ovo injection with folic acid decreased the albumen pH significantly to 9.19 after 4 days of injection, while the negative control was 9.43. Hatching quality was severely affected by all in-ovo injection treatments, but no significant differences were found between the treatment groups concerning the hatchability of fertile eggs. Injection treatments had no significant effect on the growth rate or the production number in any of the weeks. Injection of folic acid and (FA+Glu) significantly increased chickens’ body weight at two and four weeks of age. Also, the dressing percentage when using folic acid and (FA+Glu) was significantly increased to 72.1% and 72.5%, respectively, compared to the positive control group (68.3%). In conclusion, our data suggested that in-ovo injection with a mixture of folic acid and glucose (0.2 mg folic acid+ 125 mg/ egg glucose) could be used to enhance carcass characteristics. Further studies should be conducted to find the effects of in-ovo injection folic acid and glucose on different incubation days and at different sites of injection.

Effect of in-ovo injection of some natural oils on the hatchability and subsequent physiological responses of post hatch broilers

This study was performed to determine the percentage of hatchability, post-hatch growth performance, and immune response of broiler subjected to in-ovo injection of some natural oils. A total of 360 eggs of ross broiler strain were obtained. Eggs were distributed into six groups: T1,Negative Control (No injection), T2, positive control (injected with 0.1 ml distilled water; T3 injected with 0.1ml of rosemary oil ; T4, injected with 0.1ml of black seed oil; T5 injected with 0.1 ml of olive oil, and T6, injected with 0.1 ml of almond oil. The newly hatched chicks were distributed into 6 groups of 4 replicates of 10 chick. Higher hatchability percentage was found in rosemary oil, followed by almond oil and olive oil –injected eggs. The final weights of birds that were hatched from rosemary oil, and black seed oil -injected groups were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than other experimental groups. Feed intake and feed conversion ratio were improved with in -ovo administration of rosemary oil and black seed oil. In addition, the level of blood cholesterol and blood glucose were decreased (p<0.05) in birds from all-natural oils-injected eggs. The level of IgM and IgG was significantly (p<0.05) increased in the serum of birds that were hatched from natural oils injected eggs. It could be concluded that in-ove injection of natural oils used in this study was promising to increase the hatchability percentage and improve the subsequent growth and immune responses of post hatched birds.

EFFECT OF IN-OVO-INJECTION OF POTASSIUM IODIDE ON THYROID ACTIVITY AND SOME HEMATOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL INDICES OF BROILER CHICKS

The current study aimed to evaluate the effects of potassium iodide in-ovo injection on thyroid gland activity and some hematological and biochemical indices of broiler chicks. A total of four hundred seventy-seven fertilized broiler eggs (Ross 308) were randomly distributed into 3 groups (159 eggs/group), with 3 replicates (53 eggs/replicate). Eggs of 1st group were considered as a negative control (not injected), the 2nd group eggs were injected with 0.2 mL deionized water (positive control), whereas the 3rd group eggs were injected into the allantois sac, with 2 mg potassium iodide/ egg in 0.2 mL volume, on the 10th day of incubation. At the hatch day, hatchability%, embryonic mortality%, chicks weight were measured, and the hematological and biochemical tests were conducted. The weight of the hatched chicks from injected eggs with potassium iodide was significantly lower than that in negative control group (P≤0.05), moreover, a significant increase was recorded for hemoglobin, packed cell volume%, lymphocytes%, and thyroxin concentration as compared with the control group, meanwhile a significant decrease was recorded for the heterophils%, H/L ratio, cholesterol, triglycerides and triiodothyronine concentration as compared with the control group (P≤0.05). In conclusion, potassium iodide has an important impact on thyroid activity and reduce stress on the incubated eggs, as well as on some hematological indices of hatched chicks.

Effect of in ovo - injection with Nano-Selenium on hatchability and post-hatch biological parameters in quail

The selenium considered main element for animals and humans and inter in many biological functions that play important rule in maintenance metabolism in thyroid gland and cell growth and antioxidant, also considered of most important element to immune system by activation of the body immune system. The aim of the present study is investigating effects of nano-selenium in-ovo injection on some hatchability indicators, chick quality and its biological parameters for quail egg . One thousand and fifty fertile quail eggs from flock of department of Tikrit Agriculture Research randomly divided into five treatments (210 eggs each). First was normally without injection (negative control), second was injected with demineralized water (positive control) third, fourth and fifth treatments were injection by 10, 20 and 30 µg Nano-Selenium / egg respectively. The result show significantly improvement in hatchability percentage redaction in early and middle embryonic mortality percentage in addition to this significantly amelioration in hatched Chick quality for third treatment that in-ovo injection with (10 µg Nano-Selenium / egg). While showed fifth treatment in-ovo injection with (30 µg Nano-Selenium / egg) redaction in incubation duration accompany with significant increasing in hatched body weight. It is summarized that, in-ovo injection of different levels of nano-selenium can improve hatchability and chick quality

Effects of in ovo injection of vitamin C on heat shock protein and metabolic genes expression

Some studies have shown that the excessive metabolic heat production is the primary cause for dead chicken embryos during late embryonic development. Increasing heat shock protein (HSP) expression and adjusting metabolism are important ways to maintain body homeostasis under heat stress. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of in ovo injection (IOI) of vitamin C (VC) at embryonic age 11th day (E11) on HSP and metabolic genes expression. A total of 320 breeder eggs were randomly divided into normal saline and VC injection groups. We detected plasma VC content and rectal temperature at chick’s age 1st day, and the mRNA levels of HSP and metabolic genes in embryonic livers at E14, 16 and 18, analysed the promoter methylation levels of differentially expressed genes and predicted transcription factors at the promoter regions. The results showed that IOI of VC significantly increased plasma VC content and decreased rectal temperature (P < 0.05). In ovo injection of VC significantly increased heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) genes expression at E16 and PDK4 and secreted frizzled related protein 1 (SFRP1) at E18 (P < 0.05). At E16, IOI of VC significantly decreased the methylation levels of total CpG sites and −336 CpG site in HSP60 promoter and −1137 CpG site in PDK4 promoter (P < 0.05). Potential binding sites for nuclear factor-1 were found around −389 and −336 CpG sites in HSP60 promoter and potential binding site for specificity protein 1 was found around −1137 CpG site in PDK4 promoter. Our results suggested that IOI of VC increased HSP60, PDK4 and SFRP1 genes expression at E16 and 18, which may be associated with the demethylation in gene promoters. Whether IOI of VC could improve hatchability needs to be further verified by setting uninjection group.

Effects of in-ovo injection of glutamine on late-term embryo development, hatchability, one-day old chick quality and small intestine morphological traits in broilers

Effects of in-ovo injection of glutamine on late-term embryo development, hatchability, one-day old chick quality and small intestine morphological traits in broilers

EFFECT OF IN-OVO INJECTION WITH IRON–METHIONINE CHELATES OR IRON NANO-PARTICLES AND POST HATCH DIETARY FOLIC ACID ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF BROILER CHICKENS

A study was carried out to evaluate the effect of in-ovo injection of iron–methionine chelates (Fe-Meth) or iron nano-particles (FeNPs) and post hatch feeding with diets fortified with folic acid on productive performance and some physiological responses of Ross broiler chickens. A total of 450 fertile eggs were allocated to 5 treatment groups in the incubator, each of which included 3 replicates (30 eggs each). Experimental treatments consisted of a 5 × 2 factorial arrangement design with 5 levels of in-ovo injection solutions at day seven of incubation and two dietary levels of folic acid (FA) (0.0 or 0.5g/kg, diet) after hatching. In-ovo injection treatments were divided into 5 groups: control non- injected (T1), injected with 0.1 ml physiological saline (T2), sham-injected control (T3),injected with 0.1 ml of 75 ppb of iron nano-particles (T4, FeNPs), while the last group (T5) was injected with 0.1 ml of 75 ppb organic iron (Fe- meth). Results showed that in-ovo injection of different iron sources significantly improved live body weight and weight gain of broiler chicks, and enhanced FCR at 3 and 5 weeks of age compared to other groups. Broilers fed folic acid fortified diets displayed significantly heavier Live body weight (LBW) and body weight gain (BWG) than the those fed the control un-supplemented diet. The combined interaction effect of in-ovo iron injection and dietary folic acid supplementation showed the best productive performance figures during the whole experimental period. Different iron sources had no significant effect on all plasma protein fraction, Lipids profile except a higher concentration of high density lipoprotein (HDL) in plasma recorded in-ovo injection of different iron sources compared with different controls. Plasma hemoglobin, globulin fractions(α, β, and γ-globulin), transferrin and Tri-iodothyronine concentration were significantly higher in both injected groups compared to the different control groups. Birds fed FA treatment recorded the lower significant values of plasma cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL, but, the birds fed FA recorded the higher significant value of plasma HDL, plasma hemoglobin, globulin fractions(α, β, and γ-globulin), transferrin and tri-iodothyronine concentration levels compared with birds fed with or without FA. In conclusion, in-ovo injection of Fe-Meth. or FeNPs and fed the diet fortified with FA were sufficient to improve broiler performance or physiological response in broiler chickens.

The Effect of In-ovo Injection of Tomato Extract on Sex Differentiation and Gonadal Structure of Broiler Chicks and Their Performance

The Effect of In-ovo Injection of Tomato Extract on Sex Differentiation and Gonadal Structure of Broiler Chicks and Their Performance

Effect of In-Ovo Injection of Ascorbic, Folic Acids and their Combination on Hachability and Subsequent Growth Performance of Broiler Chicks

Effect of In-Ovo Injection of Ascorbic, Folic Acids and their Combination on Hachability and Subsequent Growth Performance of Broiler Chicks

Effect of Spirulina and Canthaxanthin Injection into Hatching Eggs on Hatchability Traits and Subsequent Growth Performance of Chicks

This work aimed to analyze the result of in-ovo injection at the 14th day of hatching period on hatchability, embryonic mortality (%) and subsequent growth performance additionally physiological status for hatched chicks. A 540 hatching Sinai eggs were collected, weighted (52 ± 1 g), distributed into 6 groups and incubated. At the 14th day of incubation, all eggs were candled then total fertile eggs of each group spliced into equal 3 replicates. Experimental groups were organized as follow: negative control (NC) without injection while the other groups were injected with sterile distilled water alone as a positive control (PC), spirulina (SP) with 2.5 and 5.0 mg/egg, canthaxanthin (CX) with 0.025 and 0.050 mg/egg, respectively. Results indicated that the highest value of hatchability (%) of fertile eggs was achieved by injected eggs with 0.050 mg CX/egg followed by in-ovo injection with 2.5 mg SP/egg in comparison with the PC and NC groups. In-ovo injection with 0.050 mg CX/egg resulted in a heavier chick body weight at 8 days after hatch and relative heart weight than other treatments and the control groups. Chicks produced from the eggs injected with 0.050 mg CX / egg recorded a significant improvement in BW at 28 days of age and subsequent BWG than other injected groups and NC during 0-28 days of age. The highest value of the survival ratio percentage was recorded for chicks produced from injected eggs with 2.5 mg SP/ egg. Total protein, globulin and HDL recorded higher (P≤0.01) values in chick's serum by injected hatching eggs with 0.025 and 0.050 mg CX/egg in comparison with NC group, however, total cholesterol and LDL recorded the lower value. It was concluded that, in-ovo injection Sinai hen's eggs with spirulina and canthaxanthin could be used to improve hatchability and decrease embryonic mortality (%) and enhance subsequent growth performance additionally physiological situation of hatched chicks.

Carcass Percentage of Laying Ducks (Anas platyrhyncos) Supplemented by L-Arginine in Ration and Treated by L-Arginine In-Ovo Injection

This study aimed to measure the effect of L-Arginine supplementation in the ration of laying duck and in-ovo injection of L-Arginine during egg incubation on breast muscle dimensions and carcass percentage of local duck. A total of 500 fertile eggs were obtained from laying ducks fed ration without supplementation of L-Arginine containing 1.04% digestible Arginine and 500 other fertile eggs were obtained from laying ducks fed ration supplemented with 0.25% L-Arginine containing 1.29% digestible Arginine. The eggs were subjected to 4 treatments with 5 replications. The treatments were: 1) eggs collected from laying ducks fed ration supplemented with 0% L-Arginine and in ovo injected with 0% L-Arginine during egg incubation as a control (P0); 2) eggs collected from laying ducks fed ration supplemented with 0% L-Arginine and in ovo injected with 1.5% L-Arginine during egg incubation (P1); 3) eggs collected from laying ducks fed ration supplemented with 0.25% L-Arginine and in ovo injected with 0% L-Arginine during egg incubation (P2); and 4) eggs collected from laying ducks fed ration supplemented with 0.25% L-Arginine and in ovo injected with 1.5% L-Arginine during egg incubation (P3). In-ovo injection of L-Arginine was performed on day 8th of incubation by injection of 1.5% L-Arginine into albumen using automatic syringe with a depth of 10 mm. The 180 day-olds hatched unsexed ducks were divided and moved into the pens according to the treatment groups. At the aged of 8 weeks, a male duck and a female duck from each experimental unit were measured for live weight and carcass weight, then the right Pectoralis major muscle sample was taken for histological analysis of myofibril. The results showed that supplementation of L-Arg in the ration of laying ducks and in-ovo injection of L-Arginine during egg incubation could increase muscle mass (number, diameter, and surface area) of the myofibril, live weight, and carcass percentage of offspring ducks compared to control offspring ducks. In conclusion, L-Arginine supplementation in the ration of laying ducks and in-ovo injections of L-Arginine into the eggs during incubation could increase breast muscle dimensions and carcass percentage of offspring local ducks.

EFFECT OF IN-OVO INJECTION OF TESTOSTERONE ON HATCHABILITY AND PLASMA CONSTITUENTS IN DOKKI-4 CHICKENS

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of testosterone propionate (TP) on hatchability, chick measurements and some plasma metabolites in Dokki- 4 strain of chickens during embryogenesis stage. A total of 350 fertile eggs (45-55 g. in average) were individually weighed and incubated .At the 5th day of incubation, eggs were divided into 3 experimental groups as follow; control(C) non-injected groups ,while the other groups T1 and T2 eggs were injected in albumin with 25 and 100µg TP solvated in 50µl plant oil. Results showed that hatchability % was significantly decreased in-ovo injected groups by 1214%than control groups, while embryonic mortality rate was increased by in-ovo injection with TP. Chick weight, total protein, albumin, calcium and phosphorus levels were significantly increased in TP injection than control .Also, male chicks % based on the visual examination was increased by TP in –ovo injection than control. In conclusion: in-ovo injection of TP at the 5th day of incubation with 25 and 100µg TP/50µl plant oil had decreased the hatchability %, but increased embryonic mortality, some plasma constituents, male% ,chick weight and chick length in Dokki-4 strain of chickens.

Oxidative Stress of in-Ovo Ochratoxin A Administered during Chick Embryonic Development

ABSTRACT The present work was carried out to study the effect of in-ovo injection of ochratoxin A (OTA) as an oxidative stress and its consequences on hepatic and kidney functions, thyroid activity, and histological examination of brain and liver in chicken embryos and subsequently in the hatching chicks. On the 10th day of incubation, one hundred and sixty-two fertile eggs were randomly divided into two equal treatments. Control treatment, (injected by 50 µl sodium carbonate) and OTA treatment (injected by 12.5 ng OTA dissolved in 50 µl sodium carbonate). OTA treatement group significantly reduced glutathione (GSH) and significantly increased thiobarbituric acid reactive substances production (TBARS) in embryonic and hatched chicks regarding livers, spleen, bursa of Fabricius, heart, and brain as an indicator of oxidative stress. OTA injection increased TBARS and decreased GSH levels in both allantoic and amniotic fluids. On the 14th and 16th days of incubation and at the hatch, a significant lower concentration in cholesterol and higher concentrations of alanine amino transferase, aspartate amino transferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma glutamyl transferase, acid phosphatase enzymes activities and triglycerides in the hepatic tissues of the OTA group were observed. Histological examination of OTA group of brain and liver tissues showed some degenerative changes through the experimental period. In conclusion, in-ovo OTA treated had teratogenic and embryotoxic effects.

Effects of In-Ovo Rutin Injection to Fertile Japanese Quail (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica) Egg on Hatchability, Embryonic Death, Hatchling Weight, and Hatchling Liver Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress

ABSTRACT This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effects of the antioxidant rutin injected in fertilized quail eggs on incubation parameters and some hatchling liver biochemical parameters. The study was carried out with 6 groups including a control group and 5 different doses of rutin, and it involved 720 fresh Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) eggs. It was observed that rutin dose did not affect the early embryo mortality, whereas intermediate and late embryo mortality rates were higher in all groups given rutin in comparison to the control group. The mean hatchability of fertile eggs and total eggs for the control, 0.25 mg, 0.50 mg, 0.75 mg, 1 mg and 1.5 mg groups were calculated as 82.06, 82.23, 64.43, 68.84, 44.08, 22.95 % and 48.10, 55.49, 34.33, 33.00, 18.03, 8.45% respectively. Compared with the control group, hatchling mortality rate was higher only in the 0.25 rutin group, and lower in all other groups receiving rutin in-ovo. The highest hatchling weight was found in the 0.25 mg rutin group, and hatchling weight decreased as rutin dose increased. Consequently, considering the mortality rates, hatchling weights, and liver antioxidant/oxidant capacities of the hatchlings, it is believed that the in-ovo injection of 0.25 mg rutin may be useful for Japanese quail production.

Effects of In-Ovo Injection of Manganese on Some Organ Weights and Lengths in Quail Hatching Eggs

This study investigated the effects of in-ovo injection of manganese on some organ weights and length in quail hatching ( Coturnix coturnix japonica ) eggs. In total, 400 quail hatching eggs were randomly divided into four treatment groups of 100 eggs per treatment with four replicates of 25 eggs each. On the 14th day of incubation, eggs from group 1 were not injected (control(C)), group 2 was injected with Mn-bioplex at 20 µg per egg (Mn20), group 3 was injected with Mn-bioplex at 40 µg per egg (Mn40), and group 4 was injected with Mn-bioplex at 80 µg per egg (Mn80). There were no significant differences among treatments for chick weight, yolk sac weight, liver weight, and heart weight. The highest chick length was obtained from the C treatment. No significant differences were found in chick length among Mn treatment groups. The beak length of C treatment were lower compares with that of the Mn80 treatment group (P&lt;0.05). But no significant differences were observed in beak length among Mn treatments groups. The leg length in C group was significantly lower than Mn40 and Mn80 treatments groups, except Mn20 treatment group (P&lt;0.01). As a result, it can be said that injection of Mn into the hatching quail eggs causes the chick and leg lengths to decrease, and beak length to increase without affecting the weight parameters examined.

Embryotoxic effects of in-ovo triclosan injection to the yellow-legged gull

Triclosan (TCS) is an antimicrobial agent used in diverse personal care products that is considered as an emerging contaminant of both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Although TCS aquatic ecotoxicity is well known, information on the presence and effects on terrestrial organisms is still scarce. This study was aimed at exploring the embryotoxicity of TCS to the yellow-legged gull (Larus michahellis) induced by the in-ovo injection of 150 ng TCS/g egg weight. Effects of TCS on embryo morphological traits (i.e. body mass, tarsus length and head size). Moreover, oxidative and genetic effects were assessed in the embryo liver, by measuring the amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the activity of antioxidant (superoxide dismutase and catalase) and detoxifying (glutathione S-transferase - GST) enzymes, the levels of lipid peroxidation and DNA fragmentation. After the injection, the concentration of TCS measured in the yolk of unincubated eggs (159 ± 35 ng/g wet weight, ww) was close to the expected concentration. Triclosan was found in residual yolk (2.9 ± 1.1 ng/g ww), liver (2.3 ± 1.1 ng/g ww) and brain (0.2 ± 0.1 ng/g ww) of embryos soon before hatching. Triclosan did not significantly affect embryo morphological traits, while it increased ROS levels and promoted GST activity, inducing the onset of both oxidative and genetic damage. This study demonstrated, for the first time in a wild euriecious bird species with mixed habits, that TCS can be maternally transferred to developing embryos, representing a potential threat for offspring.

The effect of in-ovo injection of Lactobacilla Rhamnosus on hatching traits and growth parameters of quails

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of in-ovo injection of Lactobacilla Rhamnosus (0, 16x103, 32x10 and 48x103 CFU) as probiotic source on hatching parameters and growth performance of quails. In this, a total of 400 quail breeder eggs, were randomly distributed among 4 experimental groups. Each experimental group contained 4 replicates of 25 eggs each. In-ovo injections of Lactobacilla Rhamnosus into quail eggs did not statistically affect incubation characteristics and some tissue weights. A high amount of Lactobacilla Rhamnosus injection into the breeder quail eggs negatively affected live weight and live weight gain. As a result, it can be said that low or medium levels Lactobacilla Rhamnosus injection into quail eggs have no effect on incubation and growth parameters of quails.

Effect of in-ovo injection of glucose and egg white protein on the production performance and gut histomorphometry of broiler chicken

A biological trial was carried out to investigate the effect of in ovo injection of glucose and egg white protein on the production performance and gut histomorphometry of broilers. 500 hatching eggs with uniform weight (68±1g) were randomly allotted to five treatment groups each with five replicates of 20 eggs each and incubated. The eggs were injected with one of the following nutrient solutions on 18th day of incubation viz. 0.5 ml of 25 % glucose (T3), 0.5 ml of 12% egg white protein (T4), 0.5 ml of 25 % glucose + egg white protein 12% (T5) into the amnion along this100 eggs served as non injected control (T1) and 100 eggs injected with normal saline (T2) which also served as sham control. The hole was sealed and the period of incubation was continued till 21st day. After hatching, 400 chicks were randomized in to five treatments of five replicates each with 16 chicks. Data on hatchability, hatch weight, bi-weekly body weight, weight gain, feed consumption, FCR and villi height, width, crypt depth of duodenum, jejunum and ileum were recorded and analysed statistically for significant difference. Results revealed that in ovo injection of glucose, egg white protein and their combination significantly (P less than 0.05) increased hatchability, chick weight, body weight and livability. However, the feed consumption was significantly (P less than 0.01) higher in glucose, egg white protein and glucose + egg white protein injected birds compared to non injected control and sham groups. The FCR was significantly (P less than 0.05) improved in all in ovo injected groups compared to control and sham. In ovo feeding significantly (P less than 0.05) increased the duodenal, jejuna and ileal villi height, width and crypt depth (P less than 0.01) compared to control birds. In ovo injection of glucose and EWP either alone or in combination improved the productive performance, gut histomorphology and net profit of the broilers.