Group Members Research Articles

Honor Values as Identity Content: Evidence From a Three-Wave Longitudinal Study.

Reputation refers to the set of judgments a community makes about its members. In cultures of honor, reputation constitutes one of the most pressing concerns of individuals. Reputational concerns are intimately intertwined with people's social identities. However, research has yet to address the question of how honor-related reputational concerns are structured at the within-person level vis-à-vis individuals' identification with relevant group memberships. The present longitudinal study investigated the association between social identification and reputational concerns in southern Italy (N1st-wave = 1,173), a little-studied culture of honor. Specifically, using a random intercept cross-lagged panel model, we tested whether reputational concerns predict, are predicted by, or are bidirectionally linked to individuals' identification with their region, a group membership relevant for the endorsement of honor. Findings revealed a positive association at the within-person level between group identification and subsequent honor-related concerns. Longitudinal paths from reputational concerns to identification were not significant. Implications of the findings and directions for future research are discussed.

A Treatment Algorithm for High-Tone Pelvic Floor Dysfunction.

To develop evidence- and consensus-based clinical practice guidelines for management of high-tone pelvic floor dysfunction (HTPFD). High-tone pelvic floor dysfunction is a neuromuscular disorder of the pelvic floor characterized by non-relaxing pelvic floor muscles, resulting in lower urinary tract and defecatory symptoms, sexual dysfunction, and pelvic pain. Despite affecting 80% of women with chronic pelvic pain, there are no uniformly accepted guidelines to direct the management of these patients. A Delphi method of consensus development was used, comprising three survey rounds administered anonymously via web-based platform (Qualtrics XM) to national experts in the field of HTPFD recruited through targeted invitation between September and December 2021. Eleven experts participated with backgrounds in urology, urogynecology, minimally invasive gynecology, and pelvic floor physical therapy (PFPT) participated. Panelists were asked to rate their agreement with rated evidence-based statements regarding HTPFD treatment. Statements reaching consensus were used to generate a consensus treatment algorithm. A total of 31 statements were reviewed by group members at the first Delphi round with 10 statements reaching consensus. 28 statements were reposed in the second round with 17 reaching consensus. The putative algorithm met clinical consensus in the third round. There was universal agreement for PFPT as first-line treatment for HTPFD. If satisfactory symptom improvement is reached with PFPT, the patient can be discharged with a home exercise program. If no improvement after PFPT, second-line options include trigger or tender point injections, vaginal muscle relaxants, and cognitive behavioral therapy, all of which can also be used in conjunction with PFPT. Onabotulinumtoxin A injections should be used as third line with symptom assessment after 2-4 weeks. There was universal agreement that sacral neuromodulation is fourth-line intervention. The largest identified barrier to care for these patients is access to PFPT. For patients who cannot access PFPT, experts recommend at-home, guided pelvic floor relaxation, self-massage with vaginal wands, and virtual PFPT visits. A stepwise approach to the treatment of HTPFD is recommended, with patients often necessitating multiple lines of treatment either sequentially or in conjunction. However, PFPT should be offered first line.

Dynamic Screening Strategy Based on Feature Graphs for UAV Object and Group Re-Identification

In contemporary times, owing to the swift advancement of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), there is enormous potential for the use of UAVs to ensure public safety. Most research on capturing images by UAVs mainly focuses on object detection and tracking tasks, but few studies have focused on the UAV object re-identification task. In addition, in the real-world scenarios, objects frequently get together in groups. Therefore, re-identifying UAV objects and groups poses a significant challenge. In this paper, a novel dynamic screening strategy based on feature graphs framework is proposed for UAV object and group re-identification. Specifically, the graph-based feature matching module presented aims to enhance the transmission of group contextual information by using adjacent feature nodes. Additionally, a dynamic screening strategy designed attempts to prune the feature nodes that are not identified as the same group to reduce the impact of noise (other group members but not belonging to this group). Extensive experiments have been conducted on the Road Group, DukeMTMC Group and CUHK-SYSU-Group datasets to validate our framework, revealing superior performance compared to most methods. The Rank-1 on CUHK-SYSU-Group, Road Group and DukeMTMC Group datasets reaches 71.8%, 86.4% and 57.8%, respectively. Meanwhile, our method performance is explored on the UAV datasets of PRAI-1581 and Aerial Image, the infrared datasets of SYSU-MM01 and CM-Group and the NIR dataset of RBG-NIR Scene dataset; the unexpected findings demonstrate the robustness and wide applicability of our method.

Effects of single and combined exposure of virgin or aged polyethylene microplastics and penthiopyrad on zebrafish (Danio rerio)

The interaction between pesticides and microplastics (MPs) can lead to changes in their mode of action and biological toxicity, creating substantial uncertainty in risk assessments. Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicides, a common fungicide type, are widely used. However, little is known about how penthiopyrad (PTH), a member of the SDHI fungicide group, interacts with polyethylene microplastics (PE-MPs). This study primarily investigates the individual and combined effects of virgin or aged PE-MPs and penthiopyrad on zebrafish (Danio rerio), including acute toxicity, bioaccumulation, tissue pathology, enzyme activities, gut microbiota, and gene expression. Short-term exposure revealed that PE-MPs enhance the acute toxicity of penthiopyrad. Long-term exposure demonstrated that PE-MPs, to some extent, enhance the accumulation of penthiopyrad in zebrafish, leading to increased oxidative stress injury in their intestines by the 7th day. Furthermore, exposure to penthiopyrad and/or PE-MPs did not result in histopathological damage to intestinal tissue but altered the gut flora at the phylum level. Regarding gene transcription, penthiopyrad exposure significantly modified the expression of pro-inflammatory genes in the zebrafish gut, with these effects being mitigated when VPE or APE was introduced. These findings offer a novel perspective on environmental behavior and underscore the importance of assessing the combined toxicity of PE-MPs and fungicides on organisms.

Sustainability Analysis of Community Based Agrotourism in Waturaka Village, Kelimutu District, Ende Regency

This study was conducted with the aim of measuring the sustainability status of community based agro tourism management activities in Waturaka Village, Kelimutu District, Ende Regency. The dimensions of sustainability measured in this study are the ecological dimension, the economic dimension, and the socio-cultural dimension. This research was conducted using a quantitative method, and used a questionnaire as the instrument to collect data. The sample in this study were 95 farmers representing the overall population of 126 members of farmer groups who play a direct role in farming activities around the Waturaka agrotourism area. Sample size was determined using the Slovin technique. Research data were analyzed using the Multi Dimensional Scaling (MDS) analysis technique with RAPFISH program. The results of the MDS analysis show that the status of community based agrotourism management activities in Waturaka village is highly sustainable from the ecological and socio-cultural dimensions. While the economic dimensions it obtains quite sustainable status.

The Nation-State and the (Re)Construction of Religious, Ethnic and Gender Relations

Nationalism, nationhood, and ethnicity, as Eric Hobsbawm argued, are social processes constructed essentially from above, yet cannot be understood unless also analyzed from below.1 Inspired by European Orientalism, the intellectual advocates of Western-oriented nationalism attempted to establish a new Iranian identity based on Persian language and Iran's pre-Islamic past.2 This made Iranian nationalism an attractive ideology for some political elites, and was later endorsed by the Pahlavi dynasty (1925–79) when nationalist ideology replaced Iranianness with Persianity. In this conception, there was no room for the ethnic diversity of a nation-state that is the heir of an ancient empire. The elites’ aspirations to uniformity put pressure on members of ethnic groups to conform their way of life to a new model of Iranianness, Persianized and pro-Western. Every nonconforming element was regarded as a sign of backwardness and possible threat to the modern nation and its territorial integrity.

Assessment of ownership of smart devices and the acceptability of digital health data sharing

Smart portable devices- smartphones and smartwatches- are rapidly being adopted by the general population, which has brought forward an opportunity to use the large volumes of physiological, behavioral, and activity data continuously being collected by these devices in naturalistic settings to perform research, monitor health, and track disease. While these data can serve to revolutionize health monitoring in research and clinical care, minimal research has been conducted to understand what motivates people to use these devices and their interest and comfort in sharing the data. In this study, we aimed to characterize the ownership and usage of smart devices among patients from an expansive academic health system in the southeastern US and understand their willingness to share data collected by the smart devices. We conducted an electronic survey of participants from an online patient advisory group around smart device ownership, usage, and data sharing. Out of the 3021 members of the online patient advisory group, 1368 (45%) responded to the survey, with 871 female (64%), 826 and 390 White (60%) and Black (29%) participants, respectively, and a slight majority (52%) age 58 and older. Most of the respondents (98%) owned a smartphone and the majority (59%) owned a wearable. In this population, people who identify as female, Hispanic, and Generation Z (age 18–25), and those completing higher education and having full-time employment, were most likely to own a wearable device compared to their demographic counterparts. 50% of smart device owners were willing to share and 32% would consider sharing their smart device data for research purposes. The type of activity data they are willing to share varies by gender, age, education, and employment. Findings from this study can be used to design both equitable and cost-effective digital health studies, leveraging personally-owned smartphones and wearables in representative populations, ultimately enabling the development of equitable digital health technologies.

The Social Cure Properties of Groups Across Cultures: Groups Provide More Support but Have Stronger Norms and Are Less Curative in Relationally Immobile Societies

We investigate whether the social cure properties of groups vary across cultures, testing hypotheses that the associations between multiple group memberships (MGM) and depressive symptoms will (a) be mediated by social support and uncomfortable normative pressures, and (b) vary systematically with sample-level relational mobility. Analyses of data from a survey ( N = 5,174) conducted within k = 29 samples show that MGM is negatively associated with depressive symptoms, an association fully mediated by social support and uncomfortable normative pressures. In line with our theorizing, in samples with higher levels of relational mobility constraints, the association between MGM and depressive symptoms is weaker, the associations between MGM and social support and between MGM and normative pressures are stronger, and the association between social support and depressive symptoms weaker. The indirect link between MGM and depressive symptoms via social support is significant at both low and high levels of relational mobility constraints.

Corporate interest groups and their implications for global food governance: mapping and analysing the global corporate influence network of the transnational ultra-processed food industry.

A major challenge to transforming food systems to promote human health and sustainable development is the global rise in the manufacture and consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs). A key driver of this dietary transition is the globalization of UPF corporations, and their organized corporate political activity (CPA) intended to counter opposition and block government regulation. UPF industry CPA and the corporate interest groups who lobby on their behalf have been well described at the national level, however, at the global level, this network has not been systematically characterized. This study aims to map, analyse, and describe this network, and discuss the implications for global food policy action on UPFs, global food governance (GFG), and food systems transformation. We conducted a network analysis of the declared interest group memberships of the world's leading UPF corporations, extracted from web sources, company reports, and relevant academic and grey literature. Data on the characteristics of these interest groups were further extracted for analysis, including year founded, level, type, and headquarter location. We identified 268 interest groups affiliated with the UPF industry. The UPF manufacturers Nestlé (n = 171), The Coca-Cola Company (n = 147), Unilever (n = 142), PepsiCo (n = 138), and Danone (n = 113) had the greatest number of memberships, indicating strong centrality in coordinating the network. We found that this network operates at all levels, yet key actors now predominantly coordinate globally through multistakeholder channels in GFG. The most common interest group types were sustainability/corporate social responsibility/multistakeholder initiatives, followed by branding and advertising, and food manufacturing and retail. Most corporate interest groups are headquartered where they can access powerful government and GFG decision-makers, nearly one-third in Washington DC and Brussels, and the rest in capital cities of major national markets for UPFs. The UPF industry, and especially its leading corporations, coordinate a global network of interest groups spanning multiple levels, jurisdictions, and governance spaces. This represents a major structural feature of global food and health governance systems, which arguably poses major challenges for actions to attenuate the harms of UPFs, and to realising of healthy and sustainable food systems.

Effort complementarity and role assignments in group contests

AbstractThis study characterizes role assignments in maximizing a group's winning probability under the influence of the complementarity of group members' efforts in a group contest, in contrast to prize and multiple resource allocations. We use a constant elasticity of substitution effort aggregator function to parameterize the complementarity. While the prize and resource allocation rules depend on the complementarity, the assignment rule does not when multiple roles are assignable to a single group member: All roles are assigned only to the most productive group member. However, when only a single role per group member is assignable, the assignment rule depends on the complementarity: Roles from greater to less importance are assigned to group members in descending order of their productivity under strong complementarity; only the most important role is assigned to the most productive group member and the others have no effect under weak complementarity.

The role of estrogen receptor gene polymorphisms in menopausal symptoms and estradiol levels in perimenopausal women – Findings from the Swiss Perimenopause Study

ObjectivesFluctuating estradiol (E2) levels seem to be associated with menopausal symptoms, though not all women suffer from these symptoms to the same extent despite experiencing these hormonal changes. This suggests underlying, interindividual mechanisms, such as single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) influencing estrogen receptors α and β, and the g-protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER). As research is scarce, we aimed to address this research gap by assessing genetic traits, E2 levels, and menopausal symptoms longitudinally. Study design129 perimenopausal women (aged 40–56 years) participated in the 13-month longitudinal Swiss Perimenopause Study. Main outcome measuresMenopausal symptoms were assessed fortnightly using the Menopause Rating Scale (MRS II). Salivary E2 levels were assessed 14 times over two non-consecutive months. Blood samples were collected using the dried blood spot (DBS) technique to analyze ESR1 rs2234693, ESR1 rs9340799, ESR2 rs1256049, ESR2 rs4906938, and GPER rs3808350. Group-based trajectory modeling was performed to identify interindividual trajectories of menopausal symptoms. Multinomial logistic regression models were employed to identify factors associated with these trajectories. ResultsFour distinct trajectory groups of menopausal symptoms were identified (increase, moderate, rebound, decrease). ER gene polymorphisms and E2 fluctuation were significantly associated with group membership. Furthermore, ER gene polymorphisms modulated the effect of E2 fluctuations on menopausal symptom trajectory. ConclusionsThis study illuminates the multifaceted factors contributing to the individuality of the perimenopausal experience. ER gene polymorphisms emerged as integral factors by modulating the effect of E2 fluctuations on menopausal symptom trajectory. This underscores the intricate interplay of genetic factors, E2 fluctuations, and menopausal symptoms during perimenopause.

Individual Radiologist Productivity Metrics: Point-Transparency Among Group Members Is Necessary to Optimize Long-Term Practice Success.

Individual Radiologist Productivity Metrics: Point-Transparency Among Group Members Is Necessary to Optimize Long-Term Practice Success.

Application of the PANELVIEW instrument to evaluate the guideline development process of the German polytrauma guideline.

PANELVIEW is an instrument for evaluating the appropriateness of the process, methods, and outcome of guideline development and the satisfaction of the guideline group with these steps. To evaluate the guideline development process of the German guideline on the treatment of patients with severe/multiple injuries ('German polytrauma guideline') from the perspective of the guideline group, and to identify areas where this process may be improved in the future. We administered PANELVIEW to the participants of the 2022 update of the German polytrauma guideline. All guideline group members, including delegates of participating medical societies, steering group members, authors of guideline chapters, the chair, and methodological lead, were invited to participate. Responses were analysed using descriptive statistics. Comments received were categorised by domains/items of the tool. After the first, second, and last consensus conference, the guideline group was invited via email to participate in a web-based survey. Response rates were 36% (n/N = 13/36), 40% (12/30), and 37% (20/54), respectively. The mean scores for items ranged between 5.1 and 6.9 on a scale from 1 (fully disagree) to 7 (fully agree). Items with mean scores below 6.0 were related to (1) administration, (2) consideration of patients' views, perspectives, values, and preferences, and (3) the discussion of research gaps and needs for future research. The PANELVIEW tool showed that the guideline group was satisfied with most aspects of the guideline development process. Areas for improvement of the process were identified. Strategies to improve response rates should be explored.

Trajectories and predictors of response to social cognition training in people with schizophrenia: A proof-of-concept machine learning study

BackgroundSocial cognition training (SCT) can improve social cognition deficits in schizophrenia. However, little is known about patterns of response to SCT or individual characteristics that predict response. Methods76 adults with schizophrenia randomized to receive 8–12 weeks of remotely-delivered SCT were included in this analysis. Social cognition was measured with a composite of six assessments. Latent class growth analyses identified trajectories of social cognitive response to SCT. Random forest and logistic regression models were trained to predict membership in the trajectory group that showed improvement from baseline measures including symptoms, functioning, motivation, and cognition. ResultsFive trajectory groups were identified: Group 1 (29 %) began with slightly above average social cognition, and this ability significantly improved with SCT. Group 2 (9 %) had baseline social cognition approximately one standard deviation above the sample mean and did not improve with training. Groups 3 (18 %) and 4 (36 %) began with average to slightly below-average social cognition and showed non-significant trends toward improvement. Group 5 (8 %) began with social cognition approximately one standard deviation below the sample mean, and experienced significant deterioration in social cognition. The random forest model had the best performance, predicting Group 1 membership with an area under the curve of 0.73 (SD 0.24; 95 % CI [0.51–0.87]). ConclusionsFindings suggest that there are distinct patterns of response to SCT in schizophrenia and that those with slightly above average social cognition at baseline may be most likely to experience gains. Results may inform future research seeking to individualize SCT treatment for schizophrenia.

PSHA: Does It Deal with What It Is or What We Want It to Be?

Abstract In a recent opinion piece Albarello and Paolucci (2023; hereafter, AP23) provide their view as members of the past Seismic Group of the Commissione Grandi Rischi (CGR-SRS) in Italy, which represents the main scientific consultant for Italian Civil Protection, about the difficulty using probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) models for building code purposes. Here, we refer to this specific kind of PSHA modeling as National Seismic Hazard Model (NSHM). We agree with AP23 that the topic is of great and general importance, and here we aim at contributing to this discussion by offering our perspective on two points that are at the heart of the matter, concluding that AP23 is misguided in how to deal with them. First, we assert that the credibility of an NSHM has to be rooted only in the use of the best available science, which includes a rigorous testing phase with observations, independent from the consequences in terms of risk. (PSHA deals with what it is.) Second, we claim that the difficulties in accepting a new NSHM with some major changes with respect to the previous model are mostly due to too rigid building code procedures that do not account for the epistemic uncertainty in the hazard estimates.

From contributors to boundary spanners: Evolving roles of government agencies in China’s innovation policy network (1980–2019)

The complexity of innovation governance has led to increasing participation of relevant government agencies and a clear division of their roles within policy networks, where they function not only as contributors but also as boundary spanners. This study investigates the evolving roles of government agencies as contributors and boundary spanners (i.e., brokers) within the innovation policy network. We perform a social network analysis (SNA) of China's innovation policy network, consisting of 536 policy documents formulated and co-sponsored by central government agencies between 1980 and 2019. Our findings reveal several key insights: First, since 1980, there has been a gradual increase in the number and share of agencies acting as brokers, with most agencies becoming contributors. Second, in considering boundary spanners, China's innovation policy network has mainly consisted of a small number of key players and a large number of supporters, with dedicators and harmonizers being in minority. Finanlly, science and technology (S&T) agencies' primary brokerage roles have undergone significant changes, shifting from solely representatives and liaisons to now encompassing the roles of liaisons, representatives, and consultants; economic agencies have transitioned from being merely representatives and liaisons to primarily serving as liaisons, consultants, and representatives. The primary brokerage roles of both S&T agencies and economic agencies have changed from representatives to liaisons, signaling a shift in their broker function from connecting members both inside and outside the group to facilitating interactions with members of outside groups.

Educational competencies for telehealth physical therapy: Results of a modified Delphi process.

Telehealth is becoming more prevalent in physical therapy, involving a whole host of clinical services. These services are often provided without structured training in telehealth, and no formal curricula currently exist for this purpose. To develop a set of educational competencies (ECs) to guide instruction of telehealth-related skills in entry-level programs (i.e., Doctor of Physical Therapy), existing programs (i.e., residencies and fellowships), and potential future post-graduate programs specific to telehealth physical therapy. Physical therapists and physical therapist assistants from diverse geographic locations and practice areas were invited to participate on an expert panel. A modified Delphi process was then used to evaluate the acceptability of draft ECs gathered from the extant literature by a steering group. Draft ECs were presented to the expert panel on a questionnaire, which asked expert participants to rate each draft EC according to applicability and clarity. Draft ECs were accepted if they met a priori established criteria for acceptability and clarity. Unendorsed ECs were revised by the steering group according to open-ended comments from respondents and presented during a subsequent round. Three rounds of surveys were undertaken. Thirty-eight participants formed the expert panel; 38 participants completed the Round 1 survey, 28 participants completed the Round 2 survey, and 24 participants completed the Round 3 survey. Delphi group members approved 48 ECs in the first round, 23 ECs in the second round, and 2 ECs in the third round. There were 4 ECs that remained unendorsed after the modified Delphi process. Endorsed ECs spanned 7 conceptual areas. Distinct sets of ECs characterized expected end points of first professional degree, existing residency and fellowship, and potential future telehealth physical therapy post-graduate program. Consensus-based ECs identified in this study may guide instruction in knowledge and skills relevant to physical therapy telehealth.

Self‐awareness, empathy, and inclusion: A powerful trio

Leading with empathy is a hallmark of many leadership strategies. As members of the 2021–2022 cohort of the Senior Leadership Academy (SLA) run by the Council of Independent Colleges (CIC) and the American Academic Leadership Institute (AALI), we set out to understand what leading with empathy should look like. Simultaneously, as part of our introversion and leadership group project, we conducted both secondary research and primary research interviews with introverted leaders on our group members’ campuses. Our examination happened during a time in which colleges and universities were just beginning to sort out what postpandemic higher education would look like. Events such as the murder of George Floyd were also putting a spotlight in higher education on diversity, equity, and inclusion. This context only served to highlight for us the need to center empathy in leadership conversations and reinforced lessons we were learning from our personal experiences, from our institutions, from our SLA colleagues, and from each other. Here we present some of the lessons we have learned about understanding ourselves as leaders and how that understanding can inform the way we respond to those we lead with empathy.

Schrödinger's turn: An interactional examination of willingness to communicate and talk in codependent and competitive group talk

AbstractLanguage learners are often required to negotiate classroom participation in pair and group work; therefore, willingness to communicate (WTC) could be a key determiner of second language (L2) success. Classroom WTC is volatile and influenced by interlocutor‐related variables, such as reciprocal identities, group membership and atmosphere, and peer support; however, these antecedents are often studied from a psychological or ecological standpoint, in which learners’ cognitive and affective reactions to environmental factors are examined. These examinations rarely measure talk itself; however, it has been suggested that a key WTC factor is conversational behaviors. Talk and WTC arise in a communicative space negotiated between all interlocutors; therefore, this article positions conversational maneuvers, such as turn‐taking and floor sharing, as key determiners of WTC. Idiodynamic data from 16 English‐as‐a‐foreign‐language (EFL) classroom conversations showed that (a) dependent on learner reactions, conversational floortime could manifest codependent and competitive facets, (b) EFL learners’ WTC and participation was highly dependent on experienced English users’ facilitating maneuvers, and (c) more voluble EFL students took better advantage of the affordances their experienced counterparts provided than taciturn students. Given the ultimate goal of out‐of‐class WTC and L2 contact, the findings have important implications for training EFL learners in communicative maneuvers to control conversational floortime.

Morpho-cytological studies and DNA barcoding in genus Senna (Fabaceae, Caesalpinoideae)

Senna Mill. is a complex plant group known to have underlying biological ambiguity, due to the high similarity that exists among its morphological attributes consequently making identification of closely related species very difficult. Considering the medicinal and nutritional values of some members of this genus, it is therefore important to employ a reliable and robust technique to delimit the members of this plant group. The present study employed morphological characters, chromosome counts and matK and rbcL primer markers to delimit and elucidate the phylogenetic relationship that exists among the seven Senna species from Ile-Ife, Nigeria. The cluster analysis of the studied morphological traits grouped S. podocarpa, S. alata and S. siamea on one hand. At the same time, the result showed that S. occidentalis, S. hirsuta, S. obstusifolia and S. sophera were closely related on the other hand. A chromosome count of x=18 was recorded in S. podocarpa and S. obstusifolia, x=20 in S. occidentalis x=22 in S. alata and S. hirsuta, and x=24 in S. siamea and S. sophera. There was a 100% yield in PCR amplification of the Senna species studied. The DNA sequences ranged from 546 to 843 base pairs and the phylogenetic tree revealed that S. podocarpa was genetically distant from the other species. Moreover, the phylogenetic tree resolution showed similarities among the Senna species studied, the Nigerian Senna and other Senna species referenced sequences obtained from NCBI. Despite similarities among these seven Senna species, they could be distinguished by the morphological attributes employed for their characterization. There is an addition of x=10 to the already known basic chromosome numbers in Senna. The chromosome numbers were greatly varied from previous counts and therefore have limitations as taxonomic tools.