In-depth Interviews Research Articles

Development of Cross-Sector Collaboration Indicators for Accelerating the Reduction of Stunting in South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Background: To reduce stunting, the government of Indonesia, which has the fifth-highest prevalence of stunting in toddlers, launched the National Strategy for the Acceleration of Stunting Prevention (StraNas Stunting). Despite involving multiple sectors, stunting rates remain high. This research aimed to develop cross-sector collaboration indicators to assess the effectiveness of cross-sector efforts in reducing stunting. Method: This qualitative study utilized a rapid assessment procedure (RAP) to generate cross-sector collaboration indicators through in-depth interviews with five key informants and four experts. The recurring themes from these interviews were identified as indicators, which were further refined. In the second phase, quantitative analysis was conducted with 50 respondents to test the developed indicators using Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) methods. Result: A total of 15 indicators and 41 sub-indicators of cross-sector collaboration were developed across five key dimensions: governance, administration, autonomy, mutuality, and norms. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was performed to validate the indicators, with the results showing that the Average Variance Extracted (AVE) for each dimension was greater than 0.5, and the Composite Reliability (CR) exceeded 0.7. These findings confirm the validity and reliability of the developed indicators. Conclusion: As recognized by experts, the theory of cross-sector collaboration has been further advanced by the cross-sector collaboration indicators generated in this study. Additionally, these indicators, which were based on five dimensions of collaboration, may be used to assess cross-sector performance for the Stunting Acceleration Program in Indonesia. The framework of this study for defining and assessing collaboration was expected to provide a foundation for further research.

An exploration of patient safety culture in NICUs: a convergent parallel mixed-method study

BackgroundSafety culture, as a component that improves the quality of safety and health care for neonates, serves as foundation for providing professional and high-quality care by creating positive insight among employees. This study aimed to explore the safety culture concept in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs).MethodsThis convergent parallel mixed-method study included Quantitative, Qualitative, and Integrated parts. In the Quantitative part, the psychometric properties of the Persian version of “Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture” were examined among physicians and nurses in NICUs. CFA was performed on the data obtained from 342 participants. The Qualitative section data were collected through in-depth and semi-structured interviews with 24 staff to understand the concept of safety culture. Data were analyzed through the Elo & Kyngäs approach. The interpretation of the results and the convergence of the data was done using the Onwuegbuzie and Teddlie method.ResultsThe initial CFA showed that the 12-dimensional model did not align well with indices. Subsequently, based on T-values, six heterogeneous items were eliminated. The revised 11-dimensional model consisting of 36 items showed an acceptable fit during the second CFA. In the qualitative part, five main categories of “Constructive interactions”, “Management’s commitment to neonatal safety”, “Organizational supportive climate”, “Professional development”, and “Planning and implementation of neonatal developmental care” were obtained. The comparison of the results showed that the dimensions of the quantitative part, except for “Overall perceptions of patient safety”, were also present in the qualitative part, but they were different in some aspects. New findings in the qualitative study such as “Striving for mutual empowerment”, “Constructive criticism in teamwork”, “Efficient supervision procedures”, “Inexperienced staff’ leading” and “Provision of care assistance equipment and facilities” were not found in the dimensions of the quantitative part. The main categories “Acquiring professional competence” and “Planning and implementation of neonatal developmental care” were not align with the dimensions identified in the quantitative study.ConclusionThe findings shed light on previously unexplored aspects of the safety culture concept within the nursing profession, leading to a better understanding and evolution of this concept in Iranian NICUs. The new definition obtained in this study can enhance nursing knowledge on safe care and improve patient safety culture in the NICUs in Iran and globally.

UNVEILING FACTORS INFLUENCING RESEARCH HESITANCY AND LIMITED RESEARCH ENGAGEMENT AMONG FILIPINO BEGINNING TEACHERS

This descriptive qualitative study explores factors contributing to research hesitancy and limited research engagement experienced by Filipino beginning teachers. By employing in-depth individual interviews and a virtual focus group discussion, the study gathered insights from 21 purposively selected beginning teachers. Participants were required to meet all inclusion criteria to be part of the study. Template analysis was used to interpret the data gathered. The participants highlighted poor research foundations, demanding work conditions, lack of mentoring, perceived lack of professional competence, and preoccupation with personal issues as factors contributing to their research hesitance and limited research engagement. A significant finding revealed that many beginning teachers are preoccupied with personal issues, which often hinder their ability to balance personal and professional responsibilities. This highlights the complex interplay between personal struggles and professional challenges that novice educators face, an underexplored area in research. Studying the topic qualitatively allowed for a deeper understanding of these various challenges, bringing to light personal and professional struggles that may not have been fully captured through quantitative methods alone, providing a more complete picture of the issue. Findings also suggest a need for targeted interventions, such as enhanced research instruction, structured mentoring systems, manageable teaching responsibilities, and in-service training, to empower and support beginning teachers in their research journey. This study has significant implications for teacher preparation programs and school administrators, aiming to foster a research-oriented culture and enhance research engagement among early-career educators. Further investigation into how personal issues affect research skills development could help design more effective support strategies.

Dimensi Budaya Hofstede dalam Komunikasi Antarkaryawan Organisasi Multinasional

The cultural differences within an organization can create various barriers in the communication process among employees. Therefore, with the increasing number of international migrants in Indonesia, employees are required to enhance their understanding of cross-cultural communication. One example is the marketing department employees of a multinational organization under the initial DO, which is led by two managers from different countries, Indonesia and Germany. Hence, this research aims to examine the communication practices of DO’s marketing department, which are influenced by two vastly contrasting cultures using Hofstede's cultural dimensions. To conduct the research, a descriptive case study method was used, employing in-depth interviews with five members of DO's marketing department. The research found that the dynamics of communication in the marketing department are greatly influenced by cultural dimensions, particularly in aspects such as decision-making and discussion processes, communication styles, task distribution patterns, freedom for innovation, employee work patterns, views on deadlines, and views on employee rights such as leave and dress code. The research also found that members of the department from Indonesia will only adopt foreign cultures brought by their expatriate leaders if they are deemed suitable or compatible with their own culture. Conversely, if they are not compatible, the German leader tends to accommodate and adjust to their other members. Understanding cultural dynamics that happens in communication among employees allows the company to detect types of communications that are happening and detect problems that might happen, for a more effective process. Keywords: employee communication, Germany, Hofstede’s cultural dimensions, Indonesia, multinational organization

Exploring the Dynamics of Communication in the Handling of Child Victims of Intrafamilial Child Sexual Abuse: A Case Study in the Women's and Children's Protection Technical Implementation Unit, Pekanbaru City Government in Indonesia

This study aims to examine the dynamics of communication in handling intrafamilial child sexual abuse, with a case study of RR, a child victim of sexual abuse by her stepfather and cousin, reported to the Technical Implementation Unit for the Protection of Women and Children (Unit Pelaksana Teknis Perlindungan Perempuan dan Anak/UPT PPA) of the Pekanbaru City Government. Data collection techniques include in-depth interviews, observations, and document studies. Using the constructivist paradigm and the social construction theory by Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann, the collected data were analyzed qualitatively to explore how communication patterns and interactions among the involved parties, including the UPT PPA team, the victim, the victim's family, the Social Services, the Police, Legal Aid, orphanages, and other informal parties, build the social reality of child protection for the victim RR. Data sources were selected using purposive sampling based on criteria until saturation was reached. The findings indicate that despite communication barriers and non-cooperation from the family, effective communication and good coordination among all involved parties are crucial to ensuring the recovery and ongoing legal process for the child victim of sexual abuse. An empathetic, sensitive, and collaborative approach can help the victim feel supported and gradually recover from the traumatic experience. Collaboration between institutions plays an essential role in providing protection and social rehabilitation for RR. The dynamics of communication in handling intrafamilial child sexual abuse involve the dialectical processes of externalization, objectification, and internalization among the various parties involved. Received: 30 July 2024 / Accepted: 28 October 2024 / Published: 05 November 2024

The Impact of Village Fund Allocation on the Economy of Lhokseumawe City

This study aims to investigate the impact of Village Fund allocation on the economy of Lhokseumawe City, Aceh Province, Indonesia. Using both quantitative and qualitative approaches, this research analyzes trends in Village Fund allocation over the past few years through secondary data, and conducts in-depth interviews with relevant stakeholders, such as local government officials, community leaders, and local entrepreneurs. The results of the study indicate that the Village Fund has made a significant contribution to local economic growth, including increasing people's purchasing power, creating new job opportunities, and stimulating investment in certain economic sectors. The Village Fund also promotes the development of basic infrastructure such as roads, irrigation systems, and healthcare facilities, which enhance accessibility and the quality of life for the community. However, this research also identifies challenges in the management and utilization of the Village Fund, such as issues of transparency, accountability, and the sustainability of fund usage. Policy recommendations are needed to improve the effectiveness of Village Fund allocation and ensure its benefits are equitably distributed among all residents of Lhokseumawe City.

The impact of COVID-19 on Health Science undergraduate students’ academic experience and mental health: A pilot study

The COVID-19 pandemic has created significant disruptions in teaching and learning at universities, predisposing university students to develop mental health issues which may impact their academic experience. This study evaluated the academic experience and mental health status of students enrolled in Health Science courses at Swinburne University of Technology via a mixed-methods cross-sectional survey conducted on 36 students (18+ years). Out of these students, 10 attended in-depth interviews. Results obtained from both quantitative and qualitative data analyses found high levels of stress, anxiety and depression, with more than 50% experiencing levels above the clinical thresholds. About 39% of the participants reported feeling able to concentrate on their learning when materials were delivered via an online mode. Students’ engagement through online learning was significantly disrupted, 97.2% of the respondents found it difficult to perform group work and 75% reported not being able to engage with their peers. Higher levels of stress, anxiety and depression were significantly associated with a compromised learning experience. Spearman’s Rank Correlation showed a significant negative association between stress and students’ engagement with online learning (Spearman’s rho=-0.49, p=0.003). Supporting the learning experiences along with monitoring the mental health of all university students should be of high priority for university authorities.

The Organisational Characteristics That Enable Successful Employment Transition for People With Intellectual Disabilities.

Social enterprises have the potential to address some of the current barriers that people with an intellectual disability experience in transitioning to open employment opportunities. However, it is unknown in detail how social enterprises are able to facilitate this transition, which limits ability to scale-up these organisational characteristics and strategies. Twenty-seven in-depth interviews were conducted with staff, supported employees and partner organisations of a social enterprise to understand the organisational characteristics that enables successful transitions. The organisational characteristics of the social enterprise that enabled transitions included offering a variety of roles and workplace environments for people with intellectual disabilities. Organisational characteristics also included having dedicated staff roles to support people with intellectual disabilities to develop skills to transition and for these support staff to network with open employers to facilitate the transition. The results provide an adaptable model for other social enterprises in how to structure their organisation to facilitate transition to open employment opportunities.

A practitioner-centered policy roadmap for ethical computational social science in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland.

Background: Computational Social Science (CSS) utilizes large digital datasets and computational methods to study human behavior, raising ethical concerns about data privacy, informed consent, and potential misuse.Methods: This study employs a constructivist grounded theory approach, analyzing 15 in-depth interviews with CSS practitioners in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. These countries share a European legal context regarding data privacy and hereby provide a comparable regulatory environment for examining ethical considerations.Results: Findings highlight key challenges in CSS research, including power imbalances with data providers, uncertainties around surveillance and data privacy (especially with longitudinal data), and limitations of current ethics frameworks. Researchers face tensions between established ethical principles and practical realities, often feeling disempowered and lacking support from ethics boards due to their limited CSS expertise. Regulatory ambiguity further discourages research due to fear of sanctions.Conclusions: To foster responsible CSS practices, this paper recommends establishing specialized ethics boards with CSS expertise. It also advocates for acknowledging CSS's unique nature in research policy by developing tailored data guidelines and providing legal certainty through clear guidelines. Grounding recommendations in practitioners' experiences, this study offers actionable steps to help enable ethical CSS research.

Health Behavior Study in Natural Disaster Vulnerability in Palu City (Case Study of Tondo Huntap, Palu City)

Background: The strengthening of health behavior intentions in disaster mitigation poses an urgent challenge to be addressed. There is a need to enhance health behavior preparedness in facing disaster threats, considering that the city of Palu is located in an earthquake-prone zone and has a history of being affected by earthquakes. This research aims to study health behavior and mental health in relation to disaster vulnerability, based on a case study of Huntap in the Tondo area, Palu City, Central Sulawesi, using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) approach. Method: The type of research used is a mixed-method approach with a sequential explanatory model. Data collection utilizes questionnaires and observation sheets, supplemented by interview methods in the qualitative approach. Result: This study shows that the chi-square test results indicate a significant relationship between attitude, subjective norms, behavioral control, and mental health (<0.05) with health behavior. Meanwhile, in-depth interviews revealed barriers to health behavior, such as respondents' attitudes towards preparedness efforts and inadequate access to information and health workers. There is a pressing need for mental health interventions to improve preparedness. Moreover, there is a need for mental health interventions to improve mental health in promoting disaster preparedness efforts. Conclusion: This study concludes that mental health related to disaster vulnerability among the Huntap Tondo community is still lacking, which will impact disaster preparedness. Mental health interventions are essential to enhance preparedness and reduce disaster-related losses. Therefore, mental health interventions are needed to enhance preparedness for disasters and take action to reduce disaster losses and damage.

Maternal and newborn health prioritization in Yobe State, Nigeria: analysis of stakeholders' perspective.

Maternal and newborn mortality and morbidity in conflict-affected northeastern areas of Nigeria, such as Yobe State, are disproportionately higher than those in the rest of the country. There is limited evidence on the factors that influence maternal and newborn health (MNH) policymaking and implementation in this region, particularly with respect to the impact of conflict and context-specific issues. This study explores the political, economic and health system factors that drive the prioritization of MNH policies in Yobe State. The aim of this study was to elucidate the conflict-related factors influencing MNH outcomes, which could inform targeted interventions to improve MNH. The study is a descriptive case study that relies on multiple data sources and is guided by the Health Policy Analysis Triangle. We reviewed national and subnational research, technical reports and policies related to reproductive health and the MNH in Nigeria since 2010. Following stakeholder mapping, we identified and invited prospective participants in the MNH policymaking space. Nineteen stakeholders from the government, civil society and nongovernmental organizations, donor agencies, and public and private sector health providers in Yobe State participated in the semistructured in-depth interviews. Data were collected from November 2022 through January 2023 and were thematically analysed via Dedoose software. MNH services in Yobe State have received considerable attention through initiatives such as the National Midwifery Service Scheme, free MNH services, training of midwives with deployment to rural areas, and health facility renovations. The effective implementation of MNH services and policies faces challenges due to insufficient funding, and sustainability is hampered by changes in governance and political transitions. The Boko Haram insurgency exacerbated the humanitarian crisis in Yobe State and disrupted MNH services due to the displacement of populations and the decline in the number of health workers. Additionally, sociocultural and religious beliefs hinder timely access to and utilization of MNH services. Although policies and guidelines for MNH services exist in the state, they are inadequately disseminated to health providers, which affects their effective implementation across facilities. Collaboration and intersectoral coordination platforms exist, but competition and rivalries among unions, political entities, and implementing agencies sometimes impede progress. Enhancing MNH services in Yobe state requires increased commitment for funding through the Northeast Development Commission rehabilitation fund; strengthening the health workforce, safety and retention plan; promoting gender inclusivity within the health sector; and addressing sociocultural barriers to women's health-seeking behaviors. Concrete, time-bound plans for policy dissemination are necessary to ensure effective service implementation.

The motives of students of Kyiv higher education institutions to serve in the defence forces after the full-scale invasion of Russia into Ukraine

The article defines students as a special category of volunteers who joined the military service despite the legislative protection from mobilization for the study period.The theoretical foundations of motivation in interdisciplinary discourse and practical experience of encouraging people to serve on the example of different countries are analyzed.The empirical part of the study consists of 15 semi-structured in-depth interviews with students of Kyiv higher education institutions. The data analysis was conducted with inductive coding using the MAXQDA24 software.Based on the analysis, the following elements of the factors shaping motivation for military service were identified and grouped, including parenting practices, degree of trust in the family, conversations on history, language, culture, and politics in the child’s field – childhood stage; active involvement in various organizations, educational programs and activities that instill leadership and civic engagement skills – adolescence stage; practices of civic and political actions and volunteering, quality of education in higher education institutions and support from the university community, social surroundings – adulthood stage.The range of motives for joining the military, which informants recorded, was classified into social (to gain or regain a social environment, to self-realize); moral and psychological (to show solidarity with those who are already at war, to overcome apathy and guilt due to lack of involvement in the fight), civic and political (to join the active struggle and take responsibility for the future of Ukraine; to participate in the development of the modern Armed Forces), and economic (to have better economic opportunities).In addition to the conclusions of the study, the article also contains recommendations aimed at increasing the volume of mobilization among students in both the long and short term.

Lived experience and lessons learned from the support of two secondary eye care units to improve cataract surgery and refractive services in two regions of Ethiopia: health system-strengthening support.

Blindness and poor eyesight are significant public health issues globally and specifically in Ethiopia. In Ethiopia, there is limited access to cataract surgery and refractive error treatment centers. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the role of health system support in improving access to eye care services, particularly cataract surgery and refractive error treatment services in two secondary eye care units (SECUs). A parallel mixed-lived experience study was conducted in two SECUs. A desk review of relevant project documents and health facility activity reports was performed for quantitative data. The study was conducted from 12 December 2022 to 30 January 2023. A total of 21 in-depth interview participants were included. Overall, 14 106 cataract surgeries were performed during the pilot project implementation period. Assela Teaching and Referral Hospital Eye Care Unit performed cataract surgery 20-30 times per week. Similarly, Debre Tabor Comprehensive Hospital performed cataract surgery 18-24 times per week. The refractive service of the two SECUs was planned to range from 15-30 to 60 per week, and the refractive services were increased from 50-60 per week in both eye care units. This project has significantly helped the existing health system achieve the 2030 global target and has improved access to eye care services in selected SECUs. The use of cataract surgery and refractive error performance markedly increased from 0 to 100%.

Attitude of human rights defenders to the phenomenon of feminization of the army

The feminization of the army is part of the objective process of feminization of society. The military realities of Ukrainian society point to the need to involve women in military service as full-fledged subjects of military activity. However, there are many obstacles and prejudices on the way to achieving gender equality and combating discrimination in the army. Therefore, the article presents the results of considering this issue from the perspective of representatives of women’s human rights organizations. Empirically, the study is based on a series of semi-structured depth interviews, which made it possible to assess the prospects and challenges on the way to feminization of the Ukrainian army from the perspective of actors.The results of the study have shown that the increase in the number and importance of the role of women in the army takes place in a context shaped by the activities of government agencies, international organizations, the public sector, business, media and socio-political events. Representatives of women’s human rights organizations note that the state should play a key role in implementing gender policies, but currently, its involvement is insufficient or, in some aspects, absent altogether. The participants of the study also highly appreciate the role of civil society organizations in combating gender inequality; as such, organizations study the experience of women in the army, promote their contribution to military affairs, conduct educational activities, promote legislative changes, engage in advocacy and even provide material support.Ukraine’s army is gradually feminizing and the situation of women in the military is improving: the number of women in the army, including in combat and leadership positions, the existence of public discourse on women in the army, the absence of restrictions for women in the army at the legislative level, and the consideration of the needs of women in the military, as exemplified by the adoption of anatomical uniforms and the development of special protection for women. However, there are also many challenges that prevent women from joining the army or complicate their service: the condemnation of women soldiers and veterans by certain members of society, sexism in various forms, paternalism, violence and discrimination in the army itself, the lack of effective mechanisms to counteract them, and the conservatism of the military leadership, which is reluctant to make changes.

Digital Labour Platforms in the Italian Domestic Sector: Approaching (In)Formalisation Processes from the Other Way Round

In this exploratory study, we investigate the effects of digital labour platforms (DLPs) on cleaning workers. The prevalence of informality in this sector leads us to suggest analysing workers’ experiences by combining the literature on DLPs with that on the informal economy. Through in-depth interviews with cleaners in Milan and Rome, as well as DLP representatives, the article highlights on one hand, how DLPs affect informal workers and their conditions, and, on the other hand, how workers represent their work and what meanings they associate with the terms formal and informal in the location-based platform economy. The study shows that DLPs seem to play a limited role in the formalisation of work, revealing new forms of hybridisation between formal and informal labour. The use of DLPs also results in increasingly confusing perceptions of what constitutes formal (or regular) and informal work.

Role of traditional healers in the management of microbial keratitis in eastern Nepal

Background Microbial Keratitis (MK) is a leading cause of corneal blindness due to infection and its consequences, with a higher incidence in resource-limited nations. Hospital-based patient records from different parts of Nepal suggest patients often use traditional eye medicine to treat MK. Traditional healers (TH) within the community are often the first point of care for MK management. Little is known of their practice, perceptions, and knowledge around MK management. We aimed to understand the role of traditional healers in the management of MK in south-eastern Nepal. Methods A cross-sectional, mixed method, descriptive study was conducted in the Siraha district of Nepal. A total of 109 traditional healers consented to participate in a survey of knowledge, attitude, and practices. Some participants were also invited to participate in in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. Interviews and focus groups were conducted and recorded in the Maithili language by a native speaking interviewer and transcribed into English. Descriptive analysis was performed for the survey. Data saturation was considered the endpoint for qualitative data collection, and a thematic was analysis applied. Results Traditional healers believe that infection of the eye can be caused by trauma, conjunctivitis, or evil spirits. They were unclear about differentiating MK from other eye conditions. They provided various types of treatment. Some were confident that they could treat severe ulcers that had not responded to medical therapy, while others thought treating larger diameter ulcers would be difficult. Although there were mixed responses in referring patients with MK, the majority of TH were willing to refer. Conclusion In a weak health system, traditional healers may help address barriers to healthcare access and reduce delays to definitive care, upon integration into the formal health system and referral pathway.

Empowering or Exhausting? COVID-19 Experiences of Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHA) in Kerala

The study aims to understand the nature and intensity of Accredited Social Health Activists’ (ASHAs) work and its gendered significance in social and healthcare contexts, specifically during the COVID-19 scenario, by critically exploring the family, community and state responses as well as the work’s impact on their personal, relational and environmental levels. Employing a qualitative survey method, in-depth interviews were carried out with 52 ASHAs shortly after the pandemic. The findings reveal that while ASHAs view the altruistic, community service aspect of their work as empowering, the state must recognise the burden of underpaid community care work on women, which is exhausting and contributes to time poverty and a lack of leisure. This study advocates for policy interventions to regularise ASHAs’ services and increase their remuneration from a gender justice perspective.

The role of the stakeholders in sustainable ecotourism management at Malela Waterfall of Indonesia’s West Bandung

The purpose of this study is to address the issue of low local participation in ecotourism management in Indonesia, specifically at the Malela Waterfall ecotourism site in Cicadas Village, Rongga District, West Bandung Regency, West Java, Indonesia. The research method is action research, which includes observation data gathering, in-depth interviews, and Focus Group Discussions. The findings of the study show that by carrying out the process of developing social infrastructure, namely development that prioritizes strengthening human resources in carrying out social service functions in ecotourism activities such as skill training of residents in the field of ecotourism, massive ecotourism outreach, and strengthening social communities—Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and youth organizations as ecotourism actors. This type of development serves to raise awareness and participation among local inhabitants in Malela Waterfall ecotourism in West Bandung Regency. This promotes harmony and mutually beneficial partnerships among all Malela Waterfall ecotourism stakeholders. Furthermore, increasing community participation benefits the well-being of residents in the tourist region.

Enhancing Public Service Delivery through Digital Transformation: A Study on the Role of E-Government in Modern Public Administration

Digital transformation has become a crucial element in improving the quality of public service delivery, particularly through the implementation of e-government. This study aims to analyze the role of e-government in enhancing the effectiveness and efficiency of modern public administration. Using a qualitative research method through literature analysis and in-depth interviews with government employees across several public service agencies in Indonesia, this study explores the benefits and challenges faced in the implementation of e-government. The findings indicate that e-government significantly contributes to expediting public service processes, increasing transparency, and minimizing potential corruption and abuse of power. Furthermore, e-government enables more effective interagency collaboration through integrated information systems, positively impacting operational efficiency. However, the study also identifies obstacles to the adoption of e-government, such as limited digital infrastructure, resistance from government officials, and the digital divide in society, which can reduce its effectiveness. This study concludes that e-government can serve as a strategic instrument for public administration reform if supported by infrastructure improvements, human resource training, and increased public digital literacy. Consequently, e-government not only enhances the quality of public services but also strengthens accountability and public trust in the government. The study’s recommendations include strategies to improve information technology capacity, formulate policies that support digital transformation, and raise awareness and public participation in utilizing digital government services.

Resilience in the Population of Cusco in Times of COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly impacted the world, leading to millions of infections, deaths, and crises. In Cusco, Peru, this complexity has altered social structures and interpersonal relationships. This study aimed to explore human adaptation strategies developed during the pandemic in Cusco. A non-probabilistic sample of 40 adults from the province's eight districts was interviewed using phenomenological and ethnomethodological methods. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and analyzed using Atlas Ti software. Results indicate that the pandemic has changed personal and social characteristics, reflected in altered moods, worries, and priorities. Participants reported increased awareness of their vulnerability, heightened solidarity with others, and shifting family roles that necessitated new forms of coexistence, often with distorted responsibilities. Interpersonal communication became limited, relying heavily on technology, and there was a rise in individual responses, including the use of natural and chemical remedies. Overall, the study concludes that Cusco's inhabitants have developed various adaptation strategies to confront the pandemic, significantly impacting their personal lives and social contexts.