In-cylinder Pressure Values Research Articles

Experimental Investigation of The Effects of Biodiesel/Methanol Mixtures on Diesel Fuel on Engine Performance and Emission Values in A Diesel Engine.

In internal combustion engines, operating conditions, engine design and fuel properties are closely related to efficiency. The alternative fuel used in diesel engines is expected to improve performance and emission values. Biodiesel is widely used to improve the fuel properties of alcohol and diesel. In this study, the effects of diesel, diesel-methanol, diesel-biodiesel, diesel-biodiesel-methanol mixtures are examined. Engine performance and exhaust emission tests were carried out on a three-cylinder, four-stroke diesel engine at a constant speed of 1500 rpm and five different loads: no load, 25%, 50%, 75% and 90%. Since constant speed and torque values could not be obtained in the no-load condition (T0) in the studies, the values at T0 were not used in the comparisons. As experimental data, thermal efficiency, CO, HC, CO2, NO emission values, in-cylinder pressure values and heat release rate values were examined. In experimental studies, the effects of adding different amounts of biodiesel and methanol on engine performance and emission values were compared with diesel.

Numerical Analysis of the Effects of Fuel Injection Duration and Spray Angle on the Combustion Process in a Compression Ignition Engine

The changes in injection strategies for diesel engines have a major impact on the performance and pollutant emission characteristics of diesel engines. If injection strategies like injection duration, injection timing, injection pressure and spray angle are properly adjusted, combustion can be improved. The engine performance will increase and emissions will decrease with the combustion improvement. In this work, the influences of injection duration and spray angle on the combustion characteristics of single cylinder, natural aspirated, electronically controlled injection, compression ignition engine were investigated. In the first stage of the work, experiments were executed on a single cylinder CI engine using a Cussons P8160 DC dynamometer. After the experiments, the piston bowl geometry of the engine was modeled and numerical simulation studies were achieved at 7 different injection durations and 7 different spray angles using Converge CFD software. As a result of this study, it was observed that there is a good match between experimental and simulation data of heat release rate (HRR) and in-cylinder pressure. In-cylinder pressure decreased with longer injection duration. The highest max. in-cylinder pressure was roughly 101.0 bar at 4°CA injection duration and the lowest max. in-cylinder pressure was roughly 82.0 bar at 10°CA injection duration. When the HRR data were analyzed, it was seen that as the injection duration increased, the amount of heat released by combustion decreased. When examining the results of the spray angle analysis, it was concluded that there were not very large differences in-cylinder pressure and HRR data, and there was a difference of 1.4 bar between the highest and lowest max. in-cylinder pressure values. In addition, the highest in-cylinder pressure of approximately 86.7 bar was obtained at a spray angle of 77°. It was observed that the CA50 value was obtained at angles closer to the top dead center by increasing the spray angle and decreasing the injection duration. Moreover, the longest combustion durations were realized at 60° spray angle and 10°CA injection duration.

Artificial intelligence based-prediction of energy efficiency and tailpipe emissions of soybean methyl ester fuelled CI engine under variable compression ratios

Biodiesel, a widely adopted substitute for conventional mineral diesel, is often derived from raw vegetable oils. The use of non-edible oils for the production of biodiesel has been favored for an extended period of time due to the potential impact on the availability of edible oil as a food source. The generation of soybean methyl ester biodiesel using the transesterification process. The primary objective of this study is to examine the potential use of soybean methyl ester biodiesel (referred to as "S") as a substitute for conventional diesel fuel in a standard light-duty compression ignition four-stroke, single-cylinder, water-cooled engine. The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of increased compression ratio (ranging from 14 to 18) on several combustion, performance, and emissions characteristics. This investigation was conducted using biodiesel blends consisting of 5%, 10%, 20%, and 40% soybean methyl ester, and the results were compared with those obtained using conventional diesel fuel. Additionally, in order to enhance the test results, a training process is being conducted on an artificial intelligence network (ANN). The analysis of the data indicated a positive correlation between the compression ratio (CR) and the in-cylinder pressure values at maximum load conditions. Additionally, a negative relationship was seen between the CR and the brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC), suggesting a drop in BSFC as the CR rose. Upon evaluating the discharge numbers, it was seen that there was a notable reduction in other pollutants, a fall in NOx emissions, and an elevation in haze levels. Nevertheless, surpassing a sulphur content of 20% has an adverse impact on both emissions and the overall functioning of the engine. Based on the findings of the artificial neural network (ANN), the prediction results demonstrate a commendable capacity to accurately predict the experimental data with the R-value changing from 0.81919 to 0.95028 for all engine performance, combustion, and emission metrics.

Experimental Analysis of The Impacts of Biodiesel-Diesel Fuel Mixtures on Engine Vibration, Noise and Combustion

The restricted reserves of fossil-based fuels and the regulations imposed on emission standards increase the importance of renewable fuels. Biodiesel is one of among peripherally friendly and renewable disjunctive fuels and contributes to the reduction of exhaust emissions. Biodiesel fuels have distinctive chemical frames and fuel features compared to conventional diesel fuels based on their substance and production method. Ignition delay, pressure increase rate, and combustion characteristics generate mechanical noises and vibrations in the engine. In compression-ignition engines, high noise and vibration eventuating from the explosive burning have negative effects on the environment and living beings. In this search, the impacts of various proportions of biodiesel fuel and conventional diesel fuel blends on the in-cylinder pressure, vibration, and noise of a three-cylinder water-cooled diesel engine were experimentally investigated. The peak max in-cylinder pressure values for all test fuels were obtained at 15 Nm. For all test fuels, the largest vibration value was obtained at 15 and 60 Nm and the smallest vibration value was obtained at 45 Nm. The engine noise level is reduced up to 45 Nm and increased at 60 Nm. The highest noise level was obtained with conventional diesel fuel (D) at all engine loads. The addition of biodiesel to the test fuels reduced the noise level at all loads. The average noise values of all test fuels are 90.58, 90.28, 90.35, and 90,09 dBA for 15, 30, 45, and 60 Nm loads, respectively.

Experimental investigation of the effect of hydrogen ratio on engine performance and emissions in a compression ignition single cylinder engine with electronically controlled hydrogen-diesel dual fuel system

In recent years, there has been a rapid transition from internal combustion engines to hybrid and electric vehicles. It is an inevitable fact that the dominance of internal combustion engines in the market will continue for many years due to the charging and battery problems in these vehicles. Therefore, it is an important issue to improve the performance and emissions of internal combustion engines by making them work with alternative energy sources. In this study, hydrogen-diesel dual fuel mode was used in a dual-fuel compression ignition single cylinder engine with common rail fuel injection system and electronically controlled gas fuel system. The study was carried out at constant speed (1850 rpm), different load (3-4.5-6-7.5-9 Nm) and different hydrogen injector opening amounts (1.6-1.8-2.0 ms). The effects of hydrogen energy ratios obtained with different hydrogen injector opening amount on engine performance and emissions were examined. According to the results, it was determined that the in-cylinder pressure values increased at medium and high loads, and the specific energy consumption decreased. When the emission values were examined, it was determined that there was an increase in NO emissions and a significant decrease in other emissions. However, increasing the hydrogen energy ratio above 14% adversely affected engine performance and emissions.

Prediction of In-Cylinder Pressure of Diesel Engine Based on Extreme Gradient Boosting and Sparrow Search Algorithm

In-cylinder pressure is one of the most important references in the process of diesel engine performance optimization. In order to acquire effective in-cylinder pressure value, many physical tests are required. The cost of physical testing is high; various uncertain factors will bring errors to test results, and the time of an engine test is so long that the test results cannot meet the real-time requirement. Therefore, it is necessary to develop technology with high accuracy and a fast response to predict the in-cylinder pressure of diesel engines. In this paper, the in-cylinder pressure values of a high-speed diesel engine under different conditions are used to train the extreme gradient boosting model, and the sparrow search algorithm—which belongs to the swarm intelligence optimization algorithm—is introduced to optimize the hyper parameters of the model. The research results show that the extreme gradient boosting model combined with the sparrow search algorithm can predict the in-cylinder pressure under each verification condition with high accuracy, and the proportion of the samples which prediction error is less than 10% in the validation set is 94%. In the process of model optimization, it is found that compared with the grid search method, the sparrow search algorithm has stronger hyper parameter optimization ability, which reduces the mean square error of the prediction model by 27.99%.

Effect of toluene addition to waste cooking oil on combustion characteristics of a ci engine

In recent years, significant emphasis has been placed on biodiesel as a renewable and environmentally friendly fuel. However, biodiesel production costs are still higher than commercial diesel fuel and it requires a lot of time and effort. In this study, the usability of waste cooking oils (WCO) in diesel engine without converting to biodiesel was investigated. We blended WCO with diesel fuel at 25% (in vol. 25% waste oil + 75% diesel fuel) and 50% (in vol. 50% waste oil + 50% diesel fuel) ratios. In addition, 5%, 10% and 15% toluene were added to the waste cooking oil-diesel fuel blends to improve its fuel properties. A single-cylinder, direct injection, air cooled, diesel engine was used for engine experiments. The experiments were conducted with a constant engine speed (1800 rpm) and different engine powers (2 kW and 4 kW). The results show that toluene addition is effective on density, viscosity and calorific value and in-cylinder pressure values. The toluene addition increased the maximum in-cylinder pressure values. The maximum pressure point approached the top dead center (TDC). Improvement in thermal efficiency and BSFC has occurred with the addition of toluene. With the exception of NOx emissions, other emissions were reduced by the toluene addition.

The effect of diesel fuel-tall oil/ethanol/methanol/isopropyl/n-butanol/fusel oil mixtures on engine performance and exhaust emissions

Tall oil is a waste energy source that can be called as the extract of trees that emerge in paper mills. Fusel oil is a sugar molasses process waste which is a waste alcohol combination of high molecular alcohols. In this study, tall oil acids were mixed with 20% by volume of diesel fuel and alcohol (ethanol, methanol, isopropyl, n-butanol and fusel oil) were added to the same ratio and their effects on combustion, fuel line pressure, engine performance and emissions were investigated. The mixtures were tested by using a single-cylinder engine with compression-ignition, direct injection at constant engine speed (1800 rpm) and 2 Nm, 4 Nm, 6 Nm, 8 Nm engine torques. With the use of fuel mixtures, in-cylinder pressure values decreased in all conditions compared to D100 fuel. The highest drop in in-cylinder pressure values is 7.1% with DT20M20 fuel mixture. Fuel mixtures were found to be sprayed earlier than the injector compared to diesel fuel. BSCF the highest rate of increase was seen with the DT20M20 fuel mixture at 9%. All fuel mixtures have been found to produce reduction in CO and smoke opacity emissions and an increase in HC and NOx emissions. With D100 fuel, emission values measured at (CO) 0.35 ppm and (is) 46%, respectively, decreased to (CO) 0.24 ppm and (is) 33% with the DT20I20 fuel mixture under the same conditions. The highest NOx emission was 14.8% with DT20I20. HC emission using the DT20M20 fuel mixture was determined to be 83 ppm.

Effect of n-pentanol additive on compression-ignition engine performance and particulate emission laws

Biodiesel has a high viscosity, which limits its application to engines. However, n-pentanol has low viscosity and high volatility, which is considered a promising additive. This study examined the influence of n-pentanol/biodiesel/diesel blends on the performance and particulate emissions of a diesel engine at different loads, under the condition of coupling exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) (0–30%). The three test fuels included pure diesel (D100); 80% diesel and 20% biodiesel blended fuel (BD20); 64% diesel, 16% biodiesel, and 20% n-pentanol blended fuel (BDP20). The results indicated that the influence of EGR on the NOx emissions between fuels was greater than that of the physicochemical properties of the fuels. For the same EGR rate, the heat release rate (HRR), peak in-cylinder pressure (IP), and brake thermal efficiency (BTE) increased with the engine load increased. After adding n-pentanol to BD20, the HRR increased. The peak IP and BTE values of BDP20 were similar to those of D100 and BD20. With the addition of n-pentanol, the total particulate number concentration (TPNC), soot, and total particulate mass concentration (TPMC) emissions decreased. Furthermore, the trade-off relationship between TPMC and NOx was improved, and the geometric mean diameter (GMD) of the particles decreased.

Determination of combustion characteristics of olive pomace biodiesel – Eurodiesel fuel mixtures

ABSTRACTIn this study, Olive Pomace Methyl Ester (PME) was obtained by subjecting pomace oil, obtained from olive pomace residues after olive oil production, to transesterification process. PME was mixed volumetrically at the rate of 5% (B5),7% (B7), 10% (B10) and 100% (B100); and the engine performance of these mixtures (Power, Torque, Specific fuel consumption), combustion characteristic in cylinder (in-cylinder pressure values) were detected. According to the results, the highest power values were obtained as 43.8 kW (3000 rpm), 42.1 kW (300 rpm), 40.2 kW (3000 rpm), 37.8 kW (2500 rpm), 33.5 kW (3000 rpm) respectively, in Euro Diesel, B5, B7, B10, and B100 fuels. According to the obtained results, the highest torque values were found as 184.3 Nm (2000 rpm), 173.3 Nm (2000 rpm), 169 Nm (2000 rpm), 158.32 Nm (2000 rpm) and 142.9 Nm (2000 rpm) respectively, in Eurodiesel, B5, B7, B10, and B100. According to the test results, the lowest specific fuel consumptions were detected as 220.62 gr/kWh (2000 rpm), 231 gr/kWh (2000 rpm), 252 gr/kWh (2000 rpm), 283 gr/kWh (2000 rpm) and 363 gr/kWh (2000 rpm) respectively, in Eurodiesel, B5, B7, B10 and B100.

An investigation on CRDi engine characteristic using renewable orange-peel oil

Aiming towards discovering a solution for the imminent fossil fuel crisis, the research contributes towards the utilisation of orange peel oil as a potential alternative to mineral diesel while strictly adhering to the emission norms. The study reveals the performance, combustion and emissions characteristics obtained upon operating a 20% by volume of OPO blended with diesel, in a compression ignition engine, integrated with a common rail direct injection (CRDi) system. The fuel injection pressures were varied as 400 bar, 500 bar and 600 bar. Furthermore, two stage injection strategies were employed while varying the pilot charge quantity as 10%, 20% and 30%. Subsequently, 10% EGR was employed for the test with 30% pilot injection quantity upon realising that the respective NOx emissions were the highest for the same. All the results were compared with the test results while utilising diesel at 600 bar injection pressure. For OPO20 the brake thermal efficiency at full load was observed to be 31.37% higher and the brake specific fuel consumption 5.53% lower than that for diesel. In-cylinder pressure values recorded were almost similar to diesel corresponding to brake power. Heat release rate was significantly higher in case of orange peel oil. Additionally, it was found that smoke, unburned hydrocarbons content and carbon monoxide emission decreased by 16.30%, 27.63% and 42.28% respectively in the engine exhaust. Oxides of nitrogen were recorded to be 15.46% higher than that of diesel.

Combustion, performance, and emission analysis of diesel engine fueled with water-biodiesel emulsion fuel and nanoadditive.

The present study is aimed to analyze the combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of water-emulsified soybean biodiesel fueled diesel engine with alumina nanoadditive and the results compared with conventional diesel fuel (BD). Experiments were conducted in a single-cylinder, four-stroke, variable compression ratio, and natural aspirated diesel engine with an eddy current dynamometer at a constant speed of 1500rpm. Water-soybean biodiesel emulsion fuel was prepared using a mechanical agitator, in which the water concentration was limited to 10%, whereas soybean biodiesel (SB) and surfactant concentrations were 89% and 1% by volume respectively. Alumina (Al) was chosen as a nanoadditive, and the mass fractions of 50ppm and 100ppm were blended with emulsion fuel using ultrasonicator and the physicochemical properties were measured. The physicochemical properties of water-emulsified biodiesel and nanoadditive included emulsified biodiesel are at par with EN14214 limits. The in-cylinder pressure (ICP) and net heat release rate (NHR) values of SB are 5.3% and 7.2% lower than BD respectively, whereas the water inclusion significantly increases the ICP and NHR values by 6.9% and 15.9% compared to SB. Brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of SB is higher than BD, and brake-specific energy consumption (BSEC) is lower than BD. An inclusion of 10% water in SB improves the BSFC and BSEC by 4% and 10.6% respectively compared to SB. The Al nanoparticle inclusion in water-emulsified soybean biodiesel further improves the combustion and performance parameters. The exhaust gas temperature (EGT) of sample fuels seems to be lesser than BD due to efficient combustion. As far as the emission characteristics are concerned, the SB promotes lower level of hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and smoke emissions with notable increases in oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. An inclusion of 10% water in SB reduces the NOx, HC, CO, and smoke emission by 21.2%, 16.7%, 16.9%, and 11.8% respectively under peak brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) condition. The addition of Al nanoparticle in biodiesel emulsion fuel further reduce NOx, HC, CO, and smoke emissions and marginally increases the CO2 emission.

Simulation of a multi-cylinder engine vibrational behaviour

This work analyses the vibrational behaviour of an in-line 4-cylinder, 4-stroke, internal combustion turbocharged direct injection gasoline engine. A multi-body numerical model of the engine is implemented, to simulate its dynamic response when running in a bench test. The cranktrain multi-body model is created using geometrical data extracted from engine CAD, using as excitation forces the experimentally measured in-cylinder pressure values. A flexible multi-body approach leverages on FEM modelling of crankshaft, cylinder block and head for the dynamic analysis, with remaining parts modelled as rigid. The engine mounts are modelled by flexible elements with given stiffness and damping. The importance of the explicit modelling of the rods connecting the engine with mounts is highlighted. The software Siemens-LMS Virtual Lab and ANSYS are used for the assessment.

Performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a branched higher mass, C3 alcohol (isopropanol) blends fuelled medium duty MPFI SI engine

With growing concerns about environmental pollution caused by automobiles, biofuels containing oxygen – also known as oxygenates – are being researched very rigorously. In this article, we have inspected the use of isopropanol/gasoline blends, as fuel in a 4 – cylinder Spark Ignition engine with Multi-Point Fuel Injection System. Isopropanol was mixed with Unleaded Gasoline in proportions of 10, 20 and 30% by volume (IPA10, IPA20 and IPA30). It is found that with the use of isopropanol/gasoline blends in Spark Ignition Engine, Brake Thermal Efficiency and NOx emissions increased whereas carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions decreased. When the spark timing was retarded by 2 degrees, it was found that isopropanol/gasoline blends emitted lower NOx emissions than those at original spark timing. Isopropanol blends also increased the in-cylinder pressure values and heat release rate values.

Modeling Cycle-to-Cycle Coupling in HCCI Engines Utilizing Variable Valve Actuation

In order to capture the effect of cycle-to-cycle coupling that is inherent in residual-effected homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines, a simple, control-oriented, single-zone model of HCCI combustion is presented. The inclusion of an exhaust manifold model ties the exhausted gas from one cycle to that re-inducted on the next cycle. Multi-cycle simulations are completed and shown to have the same general steady state and transient characteristics as an experimental system. Predicted combustion phasing and in-cylinder pressure values agree very well with experiment.