In-between Phase Research Articles

A Study of Cultural Hybridity and Liminality in the Works of Hala Alyan

The concept of Liminality emerged from the anthropological works of Arnold Van Gennep and Victor Turner. Liminality refers to the "threshold". The liminal stage is a transitional or in-between phase of different characters and situations. In the era of postcolonialism, liminality has been applied in the context of culture. Concept of hybridity was at first used in the field of science and later in postcolonial scenario, it got associated with the mixing of cultures. Liminality theory has put a significant impact on postcolonial studies because it provides a framework for understanding the complex experiences of people who have been displaced and dislocated. In the postcolonial context, liminality and cultural hybridity are often experienced by people who have migrated from one place to another. The migrants face the challenge of adapting to a new culture while also maintaining their own cultural identity. They may also find themselves caught in a liminal state, in between two cultures, feeling like they don't fully belong to either one. On the other hand, they may feel that they belong to both cultures in equal measure and form a new hybrid culture which is mixture of the culture of their homeland and native state. The Palestinian American writer Hala Alyan’s novels and poems are full of such characters and situations which explore the themes of liminality and cultural hybridity.

Evidence of biotic interactions through shell repair on Early Cretaceous gastropods from west-central Argentina

Evidence of durophagous predatory behavior on benthic invertebrates in the Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous of the Neuquén Basin is scarce, despite the abundant record of potential predators. Herein, we document shell repair in one gastropod from lower Barremian marginal-marine deposits in northern Neuquén Basin, Argentina. This is the first report of shell repair on Early Cretaceous gastropods from Argentina and of shell repair frequencies from the Lower Cretaceous. Paleoanculosa macrochilinoides shells from three sections of the La Tosca Member (Huitrín Formation) in Mendoza province were studied. We described and interpreted the repaired breakage, calculated repair frequencies which were compared among localities, tested for geographic differences in size distribution of total samples and of repaired vs. undamaged shells, and assessed whether this species reached a size refuge. Studied shell repair consists of fractures cutting through growth lines roughly diagonally, from suture to suture, and near the aperture, thus representing apertural damage. Given its stereotypical nature, the damage represents the record of a biotic interaction, likely sublethal predation, instead of diagenetic compaction or damage by physical disturbance. Repair frequencies are low, indicating that shell architecture made P. macrochilinoides susceptible to lethal predatory attacks, or else that there were few predator-prey encounters. There are no major geographic differences regarding repair frequency, size distribution, and preservation. Likely, P. macrochilinoides did not reach a size refuge. This study provides evidence from both a time slice and geographic area with scarce data on crushing predation and from an in-between phase within the Mesozoic Marine Revolution.

Modelling hydrological strength and alteration in moribund deltaic India.

The Ganga-Brahmaputra moribund deltaic floodplain region hosted many socio-ecologically precious freshwater wetland ecosystems experiencing hydrological alteration. The present study aimed to model hydrological strength (HS) to show the spatial difference and account for the degree and direction of hydrological alteration of Indian moribund deltaic wetland in three phases e.g. (1) phase I (1988-1997), (2) phase II (1998-2007) and phase III (2008-2017). Three key hydrological parameters, such as Water Presence Frequency (WPF), water depth, and hydro-period were considered for hydrological strength modelling using two ensemble Machine Learning (ML) techniques (Random Forest (RF) and XGBoost). Image algebra was employed for phasal change detection. Hydrological strength models show that around 75% of the wetland area was lost in-between phases I to III and the loss was found more intensive in moderate and weak HS zones. Existing wetland shows a clear spatial difference of HS between wetland core and periphery and river linked and delinked or not linked wetlands. Regarding the suitability of the ML models, both are acceptable, however, the XGBoost outperformed in reference to applied 15 statistical validation techniques and field evidence. HS models based on change detection clarified that more than 22% and 55% of the weak HS zone in phases II and III respectively were turned into non-wetland. The degree of alteration revealed that about 40% of wetland areas experienced a negative alteration during phases I to II, and this proportion increased to 63% in between phases II to III. Since the study figured out the spatial nature of HS, degree and direction of alteration at a spatial scale, these findings would be instrumental for adopting rational planning towards wetland conservation and restoration.

Characterization of the Crystallographic Preferred Orientation Relationships of the Magnetite-Hematite-Goethite Phase Transformation during Martitization

The most frequent crystallographic preferred orientations developed during the progressive phase transformation of magnetite-hematite-goethite are described and analyzed in two natural samples of banded iron formations from Carajás Mineral Province. Microtextures of martitized grains containing the three phases and the microplaty matrix were analyzed in a scanning electron microscope equipped with a detector for electron backscatter diffraction. For identifying the correlation between magnetite, hematite and goethite lattice and topotaxity during transformation, multiple orientation relationships between the three phases were tested and verified using three-dimensional misorientation analysis. The results show that basal planes of goethite coincide with basal planes of hematite, which coincide with octahedral planes of magnetite. This indicates that transformation between the three minerals happens topotactically, and the oxygen lattice framework is preserved in all members of the reaction as a form of crystallographic memory. As a result of progressive and cyclical changes in oxidation/reduction conditions, an assemblage of high-order orientation relationships is observed and assigned to a complex process of transformation twinning in-between phase transformation of magnetite, hematite and goethite. In the N4WS iron ore deposit, iron oxides/hydroxides from martitized grains work as susceptible markers of environmental changes still in solid state during the diagenetic process.

Modelling water richness in riparian flood plain wetland using bivariate statistics and machine learning algorithms and figuring out the role of damming

The present work tried to develop multiparametric statistical and machine learning models of wetland water richness at two phases in the pre-dam period and at one phase in the post-dam period. Eight models four each in statistical and machine learning approaches including six relevant parameters have been developed. The performance of the EBF among statistical models and REPtree among machine learning models are found as the best representative. REPtree model has identified 212.58 km2, 136.51 km2, and 34.02 km2 areas as very high water richness at phase I, II, and III respectively in the core wetland stretches. The decreasing rate has almost doubled after damming (35% to 75%). The Reduction rate of water richness area in-between phase I and II in the pre-dam period is not statistically significant (p < 0.98), but this is significant between pre- and post-dam period figuring out the crucial role of damming on wetland water richness.

Special issue in honour of Prof. Reto J. Strasser - Revisiting JIP-test: An educative review on concepts, assumptions, approximations, definitions and terminology

The aim of this educative review is, by revisiting the JIP-test as introduced and further elaborated and extended by Professor Reto J. Strasser and his research group, to clarify concepts, assumptions, and approximations on which it is based, as well as definitions and terms it uses, reminding that it is meant to evaluate impacts of environmental stresses -factors and/or perturbations - on the photosynthetic structure and function. It analyses how the JIP-test, based on the Theory of Energy Fluxes and adopting Duysens' concept, translates the OJIP polyphasic chlorophyll a fluorescence rise kinetics, emitted by PSII, into biophysical parameters to be compared. The interpretation of the OJIP sequential steps and in-between phases, the definitions/meanings and formulae derivations of quantum yields, probabilities, efficiencies, specific energy fluxes, inactive PSII reaction centres, and performance indexes (PIABS, PItotal) is addressed in detail. OJIP normalizations and subtractions providing semiquantitative information are also discussed.

Post break-up housing pathways of young adults in England in light of family and friendship-based support

ABSTRACT This paper explores the housing pathways of young adults following the breakdown of a first intimate relationship based on co-residence. In particular it explores the frequent recourse to shared housing and returns to the parental home, and how these options may be seen as steps backward, yet also offer opportunities for support. Findings are discussed in the context of the de-standardisation of transitions to adulthood characterised by uncertainties related to early years of employment and the shortage of affordable housing. Although often not as consequential as mid-life relationship breakdowns for future housing prospects, intimate relationship breakdowns linked to initial co-residence are nonetheless critical life events for young adults, leading to a re-evaluation of their existing relationships and of their plans in relation to housing and family formation. Our findings also indicate that the backwards and forwards movements associated with intermediary housing arrangements and in-between phases are deserving of greater attention.

How to Reach the Summit Without Falling Off

How does MCS grow from a small business to a mid-size business? MCS is currently in an in-between phase, too big to be considered small in some industries categories and too small to be considered mid-size in others.

Infants’ transition from milk to solid foods - the lived experiences of first-time parents

ABSTRACT Purpose: During the transition from ingesting milk to ingesting solid food, infants substantiate their eating habits. The present study focuses on this transition. Specifically, it aimed to explore first-time parents’ lived experiences of their infants’ transition from milk to solid foods. Method: The study is based on the descriptive phenomenological approach Reflective Lifeworld Research (RLR). Ten mothers and ten fathers were interviewed twice; when the infants were aged four to five months and again at seven to eight months of age. Data were analysed according to RLR principles. Results: The findings show that the transition from milk to solid food is a demanding in-between phase. The physically intimate feeding situation is replaced by unfamiliar situations in which parents and infant are physically separated and new types of food are introduced. The process of feeding requires parents’ full attention and sensitivity towards the infant’s reactions. Conclusion: The study highlights how shared parental experiences were reflected in frames for how a meal should normally proceed, including parents’ desire to create healthy eating habits and uphold harmony duringfamily meals We suggest for health professionals to present parents with a wider frame of normality, especially as concerns the concept of what constitutes “normal” eating patterns.

The multiplicity of transit: the waiting and onward mobility of African migrants in the European Union

Many African would-be immigrants perceive 'Destination Europe' as one integrated space in which they can easily move to places that meet their aspirations. However, for those who have managed to enter the European Union (EU), reality often appears to be harsher than expected. Using a 'trajectory ethnography' that aims to follow migrants through time-space, this research explores the interplay between the diverse mobility processes of African migrants and EU's mobility regimes that produce what I call the 'multiplicity of transit'. This notion moves away from the idea that migrants may have well-weighted plans and concrete destinations in their mind as they travel. It questions the linearity of so-called transit migration, as the in-between phase between departure and arrival. By following their aspirations and im/mobilities, we notice that African migrants truly 'live Europe', looking beyond state borders to improve their socio-economic position.

De januskop van de zzp’er

The janus face of own-account workers. Are own account workers entrepeneurs of, in fact, employees? The janus face of own-account workers. Are own account workers entrepeneurs of, in fact, employees? Much has been written about own-account workers, however, a corresponding definition of own-account working is lacking. The result of this is that the knowledge about and the policy discussion on this group is confused. The discussion on own-account workers still centres on the question whether own-account workers are entrepreneurs or employees. According to us, the advice of the Social and Economic Council of the Netherlands (SER) including the definition stated in this document has not provided much improvement with regard to this. We think there is not just one type of own-account worker. Own-account working is not a choice for life. For many own-account workers this kind of entrepreneurship is an in-between phase from one job to another or the first step to entrepreneurship with employees. However, the consequences and risks of this choice demand our attention. On the basis of our study, we have arrived at the conclusion that specific national and regional policies aimed at own-account workers would be advisable, in order to: protect own-account workers against the risks of entrepreneurship, save costs for municipalities, encourage later retirement, and support the creation of new jobs.

Drawing Theory. An Introduction

Nowadays, drawing practices seem to operate in a rather uncertain field that is typical of an in-between phase of disciplinary development and that needs to be addressed, if an ‘anticipated projection’ of the development of drawing is to be attempted. The field of drawing, as practice and discourse, seems to have entered an end-condition, where the celebration of the extensive production of drawings is combined with a certain fatigue in both its understanding and reflection. Even though the role of drawing is nowadays still regarded as the most common act of architecture, this understanding of drawing is hardly subject to critical inquiries, and, unfortunately, mostly limited to its instrumental role within the representation of the project. A common characteristic in all of the papers in this issue of Footprint is that a specific character of the theoretical field generated by drawing is the elaboration of the correlation between two epistemic regions. This singular character probably belongs to drawing’s structural duality of being simultaneously a simulacrum of a reality and reality itself, memory and anticipation, subject and object, by being in essence the measure of two different facets inherent to architectural thinking. Drawing not only gives consistency to the poles, rendering them architectural matter, but also literally (re)constructs them. At the same time, drawing formalizes the theoretical distance between the two.

Drawing Theory. An Introduction

Nowadays, drawing practices seem to operate in a rather uncertain field that is typical of an in-between phase of disciplinary development and that needs to be addressed, if an ‘anticipated projection’ of the development of drawing is to be attempted. The field of drawing, as practice and discourse, seems to have entered an end-condition, where the celebration of the extensive production of drawings is combined with a certain fatigue in both its understanding and reflection. Even though the role of drawing is nowadays still regarded as the most common act of architecture, this understanding of drawing is hardly subject to critical inquiries, and, unfortunately, mostly limited to its instrumental role within the representation of the project.A common characteristic in all of the papers in this issue of Footprint is that a specific character of the theoretical field generated by drawing is the elaboration of the correlation between two epistemic regions. This singular character probably belongs to drawing’s structural duality of being simultaneously a simulacrum of a reality and reality itself, memory and anticipation, subject and object, by being in essence the measure of two different facets inherent to architectural thinking. Drawing not only gives consistency to the poles, rendering them architectural matter, but also literally (re)constructs them. At the same time, drawing formalizes the theoretical distance between the two.

Mixed Communities as a Means of Achieving Sustainable Communities: A Comparison Between US Experiences and UK Policy Intentions

Current British urban policy reflects the importance of the concept of mixed communities as a means of achieving sustainable communities. This paper will argue that the relationship expressed in UK policies between ‘mixed’ and ‘sustainable’ communities tends to refer to the final stage of the (re)development process of a community (the product), with far less consideration of all the in-between phases (the process). By comparing actual experiences in two US cities with the UK's policy intentions, this paper suggests that one of the implications of the emphasis on ‘product’ rather than ‘process’ is that the aims of sustainable communities may not be realised because they may be diverted during the process and because the in-between phases themselves could be intrinsically unsustainable.

Influence of boron content on the microstructure of sintered Al62.5−xCu25.3Fe12.2Bx alloys (x = 0, 3, 5)

Microstructures and morphological features of a series of sintered quasicrystalline Al62.5−xCu25.3Fe12.2Bx alloys, with x ranging from 0 to 5 at.% were studied using x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, x-ray mapping, and electron probe microanalysis. Electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD) was also used to get information about the structures of some phases and identify the crystalline relationship in-between phases. Increasing x results in the change of the nature of extra phases. These secondary phases are all less than 1% in volume of the total matter except for the β phase at 5% of boron. Whatever the percentage of boron considered, boron seems to concentrate essentially in the parasite phases confirming doubts found in literature about the solubility of boron inside the face-centered-icosahedral Al–Cu–Fe phase. No special crystallographic relationship in between the tested phases could be spotted. EBSD is thus also confirmed as an excellent technique to get quasicrystalline grains orientations.

Negative Hall plateaus and quantum Hall effect in(TMTSF)2PF6

We present our study of negative Hall plateaus associated with the magnetic-field-induced spin-density waves (FISDW). Slightly above the the pressure necessary to stabilize superconductivity, the quantum Hall effect associated with the field-induced spin density waves is interrupted by several negative Hall plateaus and an in-between phase. Quantizations of the negative Hall plateaus suggests that these states may be identified as FISDW states with negative quantum numbers. The in-between phase occurs from splitting of a phase boundary deep inside the FISDW diagram and is reminiscent of the previously suggested arborescence.

Computer-generated holograms with error compensation for recording phase-shifted DFB laser corrugations

In a recent publication by Freude et al. it was shown that computer-generated holograms (CGH) of Lohmann type III with expansion of the amplitude dynamic (D), circular overflow correction (OFC), and one-step overall error compensation (EC) are useful for reconstructing and analyzing very complicated optical fields. Likewise, formerly we presented an example of a sinelike line grating with an in-between phase shift of 180 degrees ; such a structure is interesting as a simple illuminator for the photoresist masking of lambda/4-shifted semiconductor DFB lasers. This sixth-order grating was dimensioned to have P = 25.5 spatial periods of length Lambda = 6 xLambda(B), Lambda(B) = 0.223 microm for a total extension of y(K) = 33 microm when reconstructing the CGH at the encoding wavelength of 0.2578 microm. Now, after a change of the CGH program structure, we are able to generate and to reconstruct fourth-order gratings with P = 250, Lambda = 4 x Lambda(B), and y(K) = 224 microm reaching our present technological limit. We describe our production process and discuss the influence of the Talbot effect on the reconstruction. Finally, we give theoretical and practical limitations for the generation of such gratings.

Computer-generated holograms with error compensation

We analyze computer-generated holograms (CGH) of Lohmann types I and III and discuss their overall errors employing the following modifications, listed in order of increasing importance: phase-only correction (Ptype), virtual increase of the cell number, optimized use of the available plotting area, expansion of the amplitude dynamic range (D-type), circular overflow correction (OFC), and iterative overall error compensation. We compare the computing and plotting times for the listed CGH variants and their accuracy. As an application, we show the reconstruction of very complicated fields which may excite multimode and singlemode optical fibers, and a line grating with an in-between phase shift of 180 degrees ; the latter structure is useful in producing lambda/4-shifted semiconductor DFB lasers. Finally, we comment on some advanced techniques employing a desk-top computer and laser printer for producing hologram masks.