Impurity Components Research Articles

Detection of hydrogen as impurity in liquid lithium: An electrochemical hydrogen-sensor for IFMIF-DONES

IFMIF-DONES, the International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility - DEMO Oriented NEutron Source, is the planned facility in Granada/Spain for fusion materials investigations using neutron irradiation in the scale of DEMO-oriented energies. This irradiation is generated by the interaction of deuteron beams with a liquid lithium flow-target system, containing huge amounts of this very reactive alkaline-metal. An important and critical issue during the operation of IFMIF-DONES is the enrichment of dissolved impurity components in the Li-melt and in the liquid melt concerning reactivity, corrosivity and radiation hazards. In the case of hydrogen, there is the danger of H-introduced embrittlement of the loop structure components as well as effects and hazards of the radioactive tritium. The application of liquid lithium in the scope IFMIF-DONES unconditionally hence requires a suitable impurity control.Regarding this subject, an electrochemical sensor for a continuous hydrogen monitoring is being developed in the frame of an international EUROFusion-WPENS task. This sensor was designed as single-rod-measuring-cell with niobium as the relevant membrane-material and a hydrogen conducting electrolyte. Potentials (Electro-Motive Force EMF) are being measured between the Li melt and a reference electrode by voltmeters with high impedances and can easily converted into H concentrations. Long-term tests (campaign-units of several hundred hours) in stagnant Li-melts with different sharply controlled hydrogen concentrations showed, that the sensor fulfills the requirements of chemical and mechanical stability and functionality also under harsher conditions (temperatures up to 500 °C). The obtained results and operational experiences will be discussed, e.g., concerning application windows, reproducibility and calibration needs. Additionally, recommendations will be outlined for upgraded systems and future qualification needs.

ANALYSIS OF THE ENRICHMENT PROCESS OF NATURAL POTASSIUM SALTS

Potassium-magnesium ores of the Chelkar deposit in Kazakhstan have a complex mineralogical composition and contain soluble sodium salts, which are an impurity component in the processing of ore into potassium fertilizers. In this regard, enrichment of natural potassium salt by incomplete dissolution was studied. Based on the experimental results the optimal washing mode was determined which ensures maximum removal of sodium salts from the natural salt composition and minimal losses of potassium salts with washing water. Mathematical models of the process under study were obtained through statistical processing of the experimental data. The results have shown that statistically, reliable regression equations are ones that describe potassium and sodium content in the solid phase relative to the process duration and water consumption for washing. The models can be used to operate the potassium ore enrichment process and to predict dependencies under various process conditions. 3D visual analysis of the process using regression surfaces for all significant equations has revealed the relationship between potassium ore enrichment indicators and process parameters.

Solubility of magnesium in silicon

The solubility of impurity magnesium, which was introduced by diffusion in the temperature range of 1100-1300oC in silicon, is studied by secondary-ion mass spectrometry. It is demonstrated that, with the electrically inactive impurity component taken into account, the maximum solubility of magnesium in silicon is 1-2 orders of magnitude lower (and the diffusion coefficient is higher) than the values reported earlier. Keywords: silicon, doping, magnesium impurity, solubility.

РАСЧЕТНО-АНАЛИТИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАКОПЛЕНИЯ ОТЛОЖЕНИЙ В КОНТУРЕ С ТЖМТ В РАМКАХ СОГЛАСОВАННОЙ МОДЕЛИ ПРОТЕКАНИЯ ФИЗИКО-ХИМИЧЕСКИХ ПРОЦЕССОВ

An engineering model has been analyzed for a self-consistent calculation of the growth of an oxide film in circulation circuits with a heavy liquid metal coolant and concentrations of impurities (oxygen, iron, and magnetite) from the point of view of a possible uncertainty in determining the oxygen activity. The modeling of thermohydraulic and physicochemical processes is based on solving the associated three-dimensional equations of hydrodynamics, heat transfer, convective-diffusive transport, and the formation of chemically interacting impurity components in the coolant volume and on the surface of steels. The yield of iron and the formation of magnetite are due precisely to the specifics of self-consistent physicochemical processes in the oxide film and at the interface. There have been conducted model calculations of the influence of the uncertainty of oxygen activity on the speed and the integral yield of iron, which under the given conditions of the oxygen regime after an interaction with oxygen causes the appearance of magnetite. It has been numerically demonstrated that in the saturation mode there is a model-independent characteristic, which is determined by the parabolic constant and thickness of the oxide film characteristic of steel.

Present Situation and Development of Building Material Utilization of Phosphogypsum

The impurity components of phosphogypsum in China are complex and the accumulation is large. Due to its low utilization rate, the sustainable development of phosphogypsum industry in China is limited. How to effectively digest large amounts of phosphogypsum has become an urgent world problem to be solved. Therefore, according to the application status of phosphogypsum all over the world, in this paper, the characteristics and utilization difficulties of phosphogypsum in China are summarized and analyzed, the application of partial phosphogypsum in building materials is explained, and the future research trend of phosphogypsum utilization is prospected.

Study of the Quality of Barley Cleaning with Indented Cylinder from Grain Impurities

Results of the study on the separation of crushed barley grains from the grain mixture along the length of the cell surface of indented cylinder, depending on the initial impurity concentration (Zi), the speed mode of the indented cylinder (n) and the lifting angle of the upper edge of the front wall of the output tray (γn) relative to the horizon, are presented. The theoretical steadily decreasing trend in the intensity of the impurity component separation has been experimentally confirmed. The fact that crushed barley grains are a difficult-to-separate impurity has been established. When n increases, the intensity of impurity separation increases dramatically. The γn angle increases the dependence of the process dynamics on the speed mode. At γn =55°, the increase of n from 40 to 50 rpm increases the intensity of impurity separation from the grain mixture by 6.44 times. A decrease in the value of γn and an increase in the speed mode of operation lead to an increase in process losses. An increase in the initial contamination of the grain mixture under other equal operating conditions of the indented cylinder leads to a proportional increase in its residual contamination.

Mass fraction assignment of Bisphenol-A high purity material

Main textThe CCQM-K148.a comparison was coordinated by the BIPM on behalf of the CCQM Organic Analysis Working Group for NMIs and DIs which provide measurement services in organic analysis under the CIPM MRA. It was undertaken as a "Track A" comparison within the OAWG strategic plan. CCQM-K148.a demonstrates capabilities for assigning the mass fraction content of a solid organic compound having moderate molecular complexity, where the compound has a molar mass in the range (75 - 500) g/mol and is non-polar (pKow < −2), when present as the primary organic component in a neat organic solid and where the mass fraction content of the primary component in the material is in excess of 950 mg/g.Participants were required to report the mass fraction of Bisphenol A present in one supplied unit of the comparison material. Participants using a mass balance method for the assignment were also required to report their assignments of the impurity components present in the material. Methods used by the seventeen participating NMIs or DIs were predominantly based on either stand-alone mass balance (summation of impurities) or qNMR approaches, or the combination of data obtained using both methods. The results obtained using thermal methods based on freezing-point depression methods were also reported by a limited number of participants. There was excellent agreement between assignments obtained using all three approaches to assign the BPA content. The assignment of the values for the mass fraction content of BPA consistent with the KCRV was achieved by most of the comparison participants with an associated relative standard uncertainty in the assigned value in the range (0.1 - 0.5)%.To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database https://www.bipm.org/kcdb/.The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCQM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).

Features of the mineral and chemical composition of the Northwest manganese ore occurrence in the Highveld region, South Africa

The Northwest manganese ore mineralisation is located at a relative distance from traditionally known manganese mining areas in a new manganese-bearing region (Highveld) in the Northwest Province, Republic of South Africa. The ore occurrence was studied on farms: Buchansvale 61 IQ, Weltevreden 517 JQ, Rhenosterhoek 343 JP and Kafferskraal 306 JP. The data obtained from studying the geology of the area pointed out to interests regarding the development criterias for search of similar ore mineralisations in the northwest region of South Africa. The ore occurs predominantly in the form of powdered manganese wad, manganese nodules and crusts, confined to the karstic structures of the upper section of the dolomites. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive link (SEM-EDS) and X-ray fluorescence were utilized to unveil the mineral and chemical composition of the ore samples. The present study therefore presents the results on both chemical and mineral composition of manganese ores, and their depth and longitudinal distribution. Karstic areas causing an increased local thickness of the ore body were identified. The geochemical and microspcopic study of the ores indicates their supergene nature. The main ore minerals includes cryptomelane, lithiophorite, purolusite, hollandite and romanechite associated with impurity components of Ba, Ce, Co, La, Cr, Zn and V.

Removal of impurities from waste tire pyrolysis char using the molten salt thermal treatment

Thermo-chemical recycling of waste tire to generate pyrolytic char as alternative carbon black is a promising route for waste disposal and environmental sustainability. However, impurities in waste tire (like Zn, Si, Ca and S) are probably enriched in the pyrolytic char, and removal of those impurities is of great importance for char recycling. To avoid generating large amount of waste acids and polluted gases in the traditional impurities removing process, molten salt (Na2CO3-NaOH) thermal treatment was creatively proposed in the current work. The influence of operational temperatures (in the range of 350 to 450 °C) was investigated in relation to the efficiency of impurity removal. Results show that the removal efficiency of impurity components was firstly increased but then weakened by increasing treating temperature from 350 to 450 °C, while the highest removal rate was obtained at 400 °C. Generally, the current system could effectively remove more than 80% of ash and 70% of sulfur at 400 °C, with the recovery rate of char between 71% and 83%. Specifically, calcium carbonate/sulfate was removed from the char due to its good solubility in the molten salts. In addition, molten salts showed good activity to convert char contained inorganic sulfides and ·SH radicals into salts-soluble Na2S. Similarly, silicon and zinc were tended to be transformed into soluble silicate and zincate, which had higher solubility in the used molten salt. In addition, the agglomerated char particles were separated into smaller and more uniform size during molten salt thermal treatment.

Process Simulation of the Influence of Phosphate Rock Impurities on the Production Index of Superphosphate

Through process simulation, the feasibility of the process and the influence of parameter changes on process indicators can be discussed, and guiding and optimizing the production process can be used. The impurities in phosphate rock mainly include components such as calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, iron trioxide, aluminum oxide and calcium fluoride, which presence can lead to changes in the production indicators of superphosphate. In this paper, the process simulation method is used to discuss the influence of the main impurity components in the phosphate rock on the production index of superphosphate. The results show that there is a linear relationship between the production index of superphosphate and the impurity coefficient. As the content of each impurity component increases, the effective P2O5 content and free acid P2O5 content of superphosphate products decrease, the free water content increases, the phosphate rock consumption quota decreases, and the sulfuric acid consumption quota increases. Among them, Al2O3 has the greatest impact on the product’s effective P2O5 content and free water content, CaF2 has the greatest impact on the product’s free acid P2O5 content and phosphate rock consumption quota, and MgCO3 has the greatest impact on the sulfuric acid consumption quota. The cumulative effect of various impurities on production indicators has a superimposing effect.

Optimizations of the Sintering Temperature to Reduce the Nd&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;RuO&lt;sub&gt;7 &lt;/sub&gt;Phase and Investigations of their Effect on the Magnetic Properties in Nd&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;Ru&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt;

One of the pyrochlore systems, Nd2Ru2O7, shows unique magnetic properties and can be a candidate of the electrocatalyst material for industrial applications. This system shows magnetic anomalies around 1.8 K, 21 K, and 146 K. The anomaly at 21 K is suggested to be coming from the impurity component of Nd3RuO7 and is still debatable. To investigate the effects of impurities on the magnetic properties of this sample, we synthesized some samples (labelled as Sample-I and II) using the solid-state reaction method with different heat treatment conditions and measured the magnetic susceptibility. We found that low sintering temperatures generated impurity phases of raw materials and Nd3RuO7. We also confirmed that those impurity phases were able to be reduced by optimizing heat treatment conditions. The optimum temperature for the sintering process should not be higher than 1000°C. The higher sintering temperatures yield more Nd3RuO7 impurity phases. Magnetic susceptibility measurements showed that samples with Nd3RuO7 impurity phases exhibited a peak around 21 K in the zero field-cooled condition accompanied by a broad peak around 12 K in the field-cooled condition indicating the appearance of Nd3RuO7.

Application of a machine learning approach to characterization of liver function using 99mTc-GSA SPECT/CT.

To assess the utility of a machine-learning approach for predicting liver function based on technetium-99m-galactosyl serum albumin (99mTc-GSA) single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/CT. One hundred twenty-eight patients underwent a 99mTc-GSA SPECT/CT-based liver function evaluation. All were classified into the low liver-damage or high liver-damage group. Four clinical (age, sex, background liver disease and histological type) and 8 quantitative 99mTc-GSA SPECT/CT features (receptor index [LHL15], clearance index [HH15], liver-SUVmax, liver-SUVmean, heart-SUVmax, metabolic volume of liver [MVL], total lesion GSA [TL-GSA, liver-SUVmean × MVL] and SUVmax ratio [liver-SUVmax/heart-SUVmax]) were obtained. To predict high liver damage, a machine learning classification with features selection based on Gini impurity and principal component analysis (PCA) were performed using a support vector machine and a random forest (RF) with a five-fold cross-validation scheme. To overcome imbalanced data, stratified sampling was used. The ability to predict high liver damage was evaluated using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Four indices (LHL15, HH15, heart SUVmax and SUVmax ratio) yielded high areas under the ROC curves (AUCs) for predicting high liver damage (range: 0.89-0.93). In a machine learning classification, the RF with selected features (heart SUVmax, SUVmax ratio, LHL15, HH15, and background liver disease) and PCA model yielded the best performance for predicting high liver damage (AUC = 0.956, sensitivity = 96.3%, specificity = 90.0%, accuracy = 91.4%). A machine-learning approach based on clinical and quantitative 99mTc-GSA SPECT/CT parameters might be useful for predicting liver function.

Impurity Migrations in Aluminum Reduction Process and Quality Improvement by Anti-oxidized Prebaked Anode

Higher quality primary aluminum is increasingly required for high-performance alloy products. The influence of the impurity contents in such raw materials as prebaked anodes, alumina, etc. and impact of the process operations on the quality of primary aluminum are discussed in detail in this paper. The results show that Fe and Si are the major impurity components migrated in primary aluminum. The impurity Fe mainly comes from the cell covering material, prebaked anode, alumina, and operation process. The impurity Si mainly comes from the same sources as well as fluoride salts. Besides, a kind of anti-oxidized prebaked anodes with excellent reactivity to CO2 and air was studied and developed to reduce obviously Si content in primary aluminum and to improve aluminum quality.

Areas of Probable Air Pollution in Mountains and Valleys

Many cities of the world are located in river valleys or are associated with mountains. The article presents the characteristic landscape positions of many cities in the world. Among them is very important to study the wind regime, which is located in the conditions of the basin. In these cities, general pollution and deterioration of the microclimatic regime of the atmosphere are observed during periods of windless weather, and especially during inversions. It occurs either due to the gradual accumulation of harmful impurities of road transport under adverse meteorological conditions. The contribution of vehicles to the total air pollution is up to 80%. Currently, their composition of vehicle exhaust gases contains more than 200 different substances. With 95 … 99% of emissions t represent an aerosol of complex composition, depending on the engine operating condition and the composition of the mixture. The composition of the atmosphere of cities should meet the established standards for the content of the main components of air and harmful impurities (dust, gases), taking into account existing state standards. Biomedical requirements for the composition of air in cities are determined by the maximum permissible concentrations (MAC). However, the content of toxic substances in the air at the level of the MPC cannot be considered as the optimal composition of the air environment. In cities located in the depressions, deterioration of air exchange conditions is observed, which is associated both with a drop in wind flow activity and a decrease in the intensity of solar insolation per unit area of exposed surfaces of the slopes. In the work to improve the wind mode, the base for establishing the main stages for regulation is set to be direct; recycling; and combined i-recirculation direct-flow, as well as direct-flow-recirculation schemes of natural ventilation. The formulas for determining the criterion for evaluating the effectiveness of ventilation are given. We used computer modeling technologies that significantly simplify the analysis of the wind regime and reduce the time spent on research, the purpose of which was to compare the results of experiments in a wind tunnel with the data of virtual studies of the wind flow around natural wind patterns in a wind tunnel with the use of SolidWorks 2015, with the addition of Flow Simulation.

Calculable Microscopic Theory for $$^{12}$$C($$\alpha , \gamma $$)$$^{16}$$O Cross Section near Gamow Window

$^{12}$C$(\alpha, \gamma)^{16}$O radiative-capture process is a key reaction to produce the element of oxygen in stars. Measuring the cross section near the Gamow window is extremely hard because it is too small. To make a theoretical contribution towards resolving the long-standing problem, I present a microscopic formulation that aims at providing all materials needed to calculate the cross section. The states of $^{12}$C and $^{16}$O relevant to the reaction are respectively described with fully microscopic 3 $\alpha$-particle and 4 $\alpha$-particle configurations, in which the relative motion among the $\alpha$ particles is expanded in terms of correlated Gaussian basis functions. The configuration space has the advantage of being able to well describe the reduced $\alpha$-width amplitudes of the states of $^{16}$O. Both electric dipole and electric quadrupole transitions are responsible for the radiative-capture process. The $\alpha$ particle is described with a $(0s)^4$ configuration admixed with a small amount of an isospin $T=1$ impurity component, which is crucially important to account for the isovector electric dipole transition. The isoscalar electric dipole operators are also taken into account up to the first order beyond the long-wavelength approximation. All the necessary ingredients are provided to make the paper self-contained and ready for numerical computations.

ПРО ВПЛИВ МІНЕРАЛЬНИХ ДОМІШОК НА ВИЯВЛЕННЯ НЕБЕЗПЕЧНИХ ВЛАСТИВОСТЕЙ ВУГІЛЬНИХ ШАХТОПЛАСТІВ

Purpose: to establish a possible correspondence between metamorphic processes with artificial thermal destruction of coals and their ashing in order to identify the components of mineral impurities that can affect the manifestation of the hazardous properties of coal mine seams. Methodology is based on a comparison of metamorphic processes that took place at a certain temperature mode in the bowels of the Earth and the production of artificial coals and their ashing. Results: The research made it possible to reveal the important role of mineral impurities in the formation of the hazardous properties of coal seams. This is due to both the significant possible content of mineral impurities in fossil coals, and the simultaneous presence of the main components that determine the hazardous properties of coal seams (carbon, hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen and moisture), both in the organic and in the mineral parts of fossil coals. To improve the regulatory framework for the safe conduct of mining operations, it is necessary to take into account features of the properties of fossil coals due to the presence of mineral impurities in them. In modern regulatory documents on the safe conduct of mining operations, in general, several indicators are used without proper scientific justification: the mass yield of volatiles during the thermal decomposition of coal, the volumetric yield of volatile substances, the thickness of the plastic layer and the logarithm of the electrical resistivity of anthracites. Their values are related to the dry ash-free mass of organic matter only. This excludes consideration of the influence of mineral impurities on the manifestation of the hazardous properties of coal mine seams during mining operations. In many cases, the content of moisture and sulfur is a criterion for the manifestation of hazardous properties of coal seams. They belong to the integral components of both organic and mineral constituents of fossil coals. The share of mineral impurities in the coals of individual coal seams can be more than 40%. The presence of oxygen, hydrogen, sulfur and moisture in mineral impurities significantly affects the manifestation of the hazardous properties of coal seams during mining. The content of mineral impurities in fossil coals in engineering calculations can be determined on the basis of the ash content of coals according to known empirical relationships, corrected for the content of total sulfur and, in some cases, carbon dioxide. Scientific novelty: the significant influence of mineral impurities in fossil coals on the manifestation of hazardous properties of coal seams during mining operations has been proved. Practical value: the results obtained allow substantiating the methodology for the combined use of the composition of organic and mineral components of fossil coals for a reliable forecast of the manifestation of hazardous properties of coal seams and improving the regulatory framework for their safe mining.

Method of step-by-step development of a mathematical model of the process of separating impurities from root crops

Harvesting root crops, such as large sugar and fodder beetroots, and long-term chicory roots is a technologically complex and ambiguous technological process. It consists of different structural successive technological operations of pruning, digging roots, cleaning the dug heap from impurities, loading clean roots into the hopper or in vehicles moving near the root harvester. The aim of the study is to increase the efficiency of the process of harvesting roots by analyzing existing approaches to mathematical simulation of the technological process of separating impurities from roots. The developed mathematical model allows describing at the highest-level more precisely the process of gradual separation of variously structured components of impurities from root crops by each cleaning working body, which are constituent units of technical systems of root-harvesting machines. The proposed mathematical model can be used to optimize the parameters of the working bodies and other processes, in particular for the separation of the harvested grain heap, preparatory processes of seed, and so on.

X-RAY SPECTRAL MICROANALYSIS OF ROCK-FORMING MINERALS AND IMPURITIES ON AN INCA ENERGY+ SYSTEM INTEGRATED WITH A JSM-6490LV SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

The chemical composition and morphology of rock-forming minerals have been studied. The metrological characteristics are evaluated and the results of the electron probe analysis of the chemical composition of rock-forming minerals and impurities in them during the registration of X-ray radiation by spectrometry methods with wave (WDS) and energy (EDS) dispersion are compared. The measurements were performed on an INCA ENERGY + microprobe analysis system (Oxford instruments), consisting of an Inca Energy 450 EDS spectrometer and an Inca Wawe 500 wave dispersion spectrometer installed on a JSM-6490LV (Jeol) scanning electron microscope. The object of the study was a sample prepared from phosphorite nodule (the Kolky formation of the Mohyliv-Podilskyi series of the Upper Vendian of Volyn). It was found that in the range of the content of the main components of minerals (C &gt; 10%), the coefficient of variation characterizing the convergence of a single determination is about 2% when registering radiation by the WDS method and about 2.5% for the EDS method. Accordingly, in the region of the content of minor components (1 &lt; C &lt; 10%), the coefficient of variation is 8 and 10 %, and in the region of component impurities (0.3 &lt; C &lt; 1%), 15 and 25%. With an even lower content, EDS analysis is practically impossible. The study shows that when determining the main and secondary components of rock-forming minerals, the registration methods using EDS and WDS are comparable in accuracy. When determining impurity components, the EDS method is noticeably inferior to the WDS method, and at even lower concentrations it is generally not applicable. The EDS method is easier to implement, works in parallel mode, i.e. analyzes at the same time the analytical lines of all the elements and is able to produce results in a short time after turning on the device. The WDS method requires a significant investment of time in the preparation and implementation of the analysis protocol, but it is capable of conducting analysis with high accuracy and resolution, including when the content of the element being determined is below 1%. The technique described in this work is a generalization of part of the studies conducted by the author on the complex of electron probe analysis equipment at the Institute of Geological Sciences of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.

Basic models and approximation for the engineering description of the kinetics of the oxide layer of steel in a flow of heavy liquid metal coolant under various oxygen conditions

The article presents the results of corrosion processes, kinetics and changes in the oxide layer modeling using MASKA-LM software complex. The complex is intended for a numerical simulation of three-dimensional non-stationary processes of mass transfer and interaction of impurity components in a heavy liquid metal coolant (HLMC: lead, lead-bismuth). The software complex is based on the numerical solution of coupled three-dimensional equations of hydrodynamics, heat transfer, formation and convective-diffusive transport of chemically interacting components of impurities. Examples of calculations of mass transfer processes and interaction of impurity components in HLMC, formation of protective oxide films on the surfaces of steels are given to justify the coolant technology.

Numerical and analytical modelling of concurrent physico-chemical processes passing at the boundary of steel in a liquid-metal coolant leading to film formation

We analyse an engineering model for a self-consistent calculation of the growth of an oxide film in circulation circuits with a heavy liquid metal coolant and concentrations of impurities (oxygen, iron, magnetite) from the point of view of possible uncertainty in determining the activity of oxygen. The modelling of thermohydraulic and physicochemical processes is based on solving the associated three-dimensional equations of hydrodynamics, convective-diffusive transport, and the formation of chemically interacting impurity components in the coolant volume and on the surface of steels. Model calculations of the influence of the uncertainty of oxygen activity on the rate and integral yield of iron, which under the given conditions of the oxygen regime after interaction with oxygen determines the appearance of magnetite. It is numerically demonstrated that in the saturation mode there is a model-independent characteristic, which is determined by the parabolic constant and thickness of the oxide film characteristic of steel. Understanding these processes is highly important for justification of loops with HLMC and steadiness of structural materials that are in contacts with HLMC.