Impure Salt Research Articles

CaF2(s) Solubility Isotherm in the CaF2–CaSO4–MSO4–H2O (M = Zn, Mn, Mg) Quaternary Systems and Their Subsystems at Various Temperatures

A ZnSO4 electrolyte solution with impurity salts such as MnSO4 and MgSO4 is often used in zinc hydrometallurgical processes over a wide temperature range. CaSO4·2H2O(s) scaling and fluorine corrosion are two encountered problems in the process. Understanding the CaF2(s) solubility behavior in MSO4 (M = Zn, Mn, Mg) aqueous solutions at various temperatures helps remove Ca2+ and F– ions from the solution. However, CaF2(s) solubility data, especially at temperatures >298 K, have not been published yet. In this work, CaF2(s) solubilities in the CaF2–CaSO4–MSO4–H2O (M = Zn, Mn, Mg) quaternary systems and its subsystems of the CaF2–MSO4–H2O (M = Zn, Mn, Mg) at 348.15 K and the CaF2–CaSO4–MSO4–H2O (M = Zn, Mg) quaternary systems and the CaF2–MgSO4–H2O ternary system at 298.15 K are systematically measured. The results show that the CaF2(s) solubility in the MSO4 (M = Zn, Mn, Mg) aqueous solution of a certain concentration at 348.15 K is considerably higher than that at 298.15 K. At 298.15 and 348.15 K, the salting-in effect of MSO4 (M = Zn, Mn, Mg) on CaF2(s) solubility is enhanced with the order ZnSO4 < MnSO4 < MgSO4. At both temperatures, CaF2(s) solubilities in CaSO4·2H2O(s)- or CaSO4(s)-saturated MSO4 (M = Zn, Mn, Mg) aqueous solutions are generally lower than those in pure MSO4 (M = Zn, Mn, Mg) aqueous solutions. Particularly, the salting-in effect of MgSO4 on CaF2 is so strong that CaF2(s) dissolves completely and is converted to CaSO4·2H2O(s) and MgF2(s) in a concentrated MgSO4 aqueous solution. Hence, this study indicates that high temperatures and high salt concentrations increase the CaF2(s) solubility, making the removal of Ca2+ and F– ions from the system challenging. Further, the existence of impurity salts MnSO4 and MgSO4 makes it more difficult.

Mechanical characteristics and permeability evolution of salt rock under thermal-hydro-mechanical (THM) coupling condition

The mechanical characteristics and gas tightness of salt rock play a decisive role in the safety evaluation of salt caverns. Triaxial compression coupled permeability tests were performed on Chinese impure salt rocks under thermal-hydro-mechanical (THM) coupling condition. The results revealed that the peak strength decreased with the decrease of confining pressure and the increase of temperature. The permeability of salt rock decreased with the increase of confining pressure, while the increase of temperature led to an increase in permeability under lower effective confining pressure, and a decrease in permeability under higher effective confining pressure. Moreover, there is a critical effective confining pressure, which controls the evolution trend of salt rock permeability with temperature. The dilatancy boundary and failure strength envelope of impure salt rock at different temperatures were given, which can be expressed by exponential and hyperbolic functions respectively. An empirical formula for the evolution of the final permeability of the salt rock with the effective confining pressure at different temperatures was established. Considering the effects of effective confining pressure and inelastic volume strain, a new model was proposed to predict the permeability evolution of salt rock under THM coupling condition at different temperatures. The results of this paper can help understand the mechanical characteristics and permeability evolution of salt rock under THM coupling condition, and provide the necessary basis for the safety evaluation of salt caverns. • The mechanical characteristics of salt rock under THM coupling was obtained. • The permeability evolution of salt rock under THM coupling was investigated. • The expansion boundary of salt rock under THM coupling was given. • A novel model for predicting permeability evolution of salt rock was proposed.

High-permeability vacuum membrane distillation utilizing mechanically compressed carbon nanotube membranes.

Membranes for membrane distillation (MD) are mostly made of polymeric and ceramic materials. We demonstrate here that the laterally-compressed, vertically-aligned CNTs (VACNT) obtainable from a CNT forest are an excellent membrane material for vacuum membrane distillation (VMD). The VACNT structure provides interstices between CNTs for extracting vaporized water molecules, while efficiently filtering the impurity salts. The VACNT membrane is shown to deliver excellent performance when tested for the desalination of 3.5 wt% NaCl water solution, as exemplified by the permeability of 68 LMH (liter per square meter per hour) achieved at the salt rejection of over 99.8% at 65 °C. We also demonstrate that the VACNT membrane performance can be maintained with time with the aid of a simple cleaning procedure, which bodes well for a long lifetime of the membrane for VMD application.

Low‐Angle Shear Within the Exposed Mânzălești Diapir, Romania: Salt Decapitation in the Eastern Carpathians Fold‐and‐Thrust Belt

AbstractIn salt‐detached fold‐and‐thrust belts, contractional modification of salt structures may include decapitation by thrusting, but examples are not well known in the subsurface and undocumented in outcrop. Here we present a surface exposure of an intrasalt, sub‐horizontal shear zone at the boundary between the Tarcău and Subcarpathian nappes in the Romanian Eastern Carpathians. The Mânzălești diapir forms the largest rock salt outcrop in Europe, with unique salt‐karst geomorphology. Numerous wells show that the outcrop is above deep‐seated salt of a precursor salt‐cored anticline or passive diapir whose base is at &gt;3,500 m. Multiscale observations using UAV‐based digital outcrop models, fieldwork, and microstructure analysis show that the outcrop is characterized by sub‐horizontal foliation with isoclinal folds, unlike the subvertical fabric of most Romanian diapirs. The halite is rich in clastic inclusions, with a power‐law size distribution caused by tectonic reworking of originally impure salt. Microstructures show that the halite matrix is strongly deformed by dislocation creep, forming subgrains and dynamically recrystallized grains around large porphyroclasts with piezometry indicating relatively high differential stress of around 4 MPa, at pressures sufficient to suppress dilatancy. The observations are best explained by sub‐horizontal shear generated by an overriding nappe, overprinting an original coarse‐grained salt fabric during decapitation of the salt body.

The process of evaporation of sodium sulfate solution by leaching natural raw materials

A specific feature of the chemical composition of the natural mirabilite of the Tumryuk deposit is that the average content of impurity salts of halite, gypsum and epsomite in it is not considered very high. The quality of the product in terms of the content of the main substance and impurity of sodium chloride according to GOST (Government standart) 6318 corresponds to the first grade, and in terms of the amount of impurity of ions MgA(2+)~ to the second grade. The highest demands on the quality of sodium sulfate are imposed by the synthetic detergent industry. This is due to the fact that the micro components introduced into them, which dramatically improve the quality of synthetic detergents, are very sensitive to impurities of some divalent metals, in particular iron, calcium, and zinc.

Impurity Effects on the Mechanical Properties and Permeability Characteristics of Salt Rock

Impure salt rock strata are extensively distributed in China, giving them great significance in the study of the physical properties of impure salt rock for the construction of underground gas storage in salt mines. To investigate the confining pressure and impurity effects on the mechanical properties and gas permeability characteristics of salt rock, permeability tests under hydrostatic confining pressure and conventional triaxial compression (CTC), on salt rock samples with different impurity contents, were carried out. The results demonstrate that the confining pressure effects cause an increase in triaxial compression strength, but a decrease in permeability. However, impurity enhances the bearing capacity and permeability of the salt rock; both rock strength and permeability increase with an increase in impurity content. Moreover, the broken salt rock specimens were analyzed after the CTC test using Computed Tomography (CT) equipment. To understand the relationships between pore volume and permeability, considering the confining pressure and impurity effects, the cracks were divided into four groups according to different crack diameter ranges: ~0.05 mm, 0.05–1 mm, 1–10 mm and ~10 mm. The CT analysis results show that while the pore volume of smaller cracks shows an “increasing–decreasing” trend by increasing confining pressure, the pore volume of large cracks gradually decreases, indicating that the rock permeability is highly related to macro-cracks. However, impurity has more complicated implications on rock permeability and cracks, and needs further investigation.

Study on Brazilian Splitting Mechanics and Acoustic Emission Characteristics of Impure Salt Rocks

In order to study the mechanical and acoustic emission characteristics of salt rock under indirect tension, we conducted indirect tension cyclic loading and unloading tests and acoustic emission monitoring on pure salt rock and impure salt rock respectively by using MTS815 Flex Test GT rock mechanics test system and PCI-II acoustic emission (AE) three-dimensional positioning system. The results show that: (1) Both salt rocks show strong plastic deformation characteristics, but the plastic deformation ability of salt rocks is weakened by impurities, which is 79% of the average deformation ability of pure salt rocks. (2) The peak load and tensile strength of impure salt rock are higher than those of pure salt rock. The average peak value is 11.18KN and the average tensile strength is 1.81MPa, which are 1.55 times and 1.60 times of pure salt rock respectively. (3) The indirect tensile deformation characteristics of salt rock can be divided into three stages: damage stage at contact site, tensile deformation stage and post-peak deformation stage. (4) The acoustic emission signal is the most intense near the peak value, but the maximum ring counting rate and energy rate of impure salt rock are higher than those of pure salt rock. (5) When salt rock is destroyed, the whole crack surface is destroyed by tension, but the crack area of pure salt rock is much larger than that of impure salt rock.

Study on three-point bending mechanics and acoustic emission characteristics of impure salt rocks

In order to study the mechanics and deformation characteristics of salt rock under bending conditions, two groups salt rocks with different impurity content were subjected to three-point bending cycle loading and unloading test and simultaneous monitoring of acoustic emission based on MTS815 Flex Test GT rock mechanics test system and acoustic emission (AE) three-dimensional positioning real-time monitoring system. The research shows that: (1) The average tensile strength of pure salt rock bending tensile is 0.88MPa, and the impure salt rock is 1.72 times of pure salt rock. The impure salt rock has better resistance to crack propagation, and COMDmax and LPDmax are 82.31% and 83.47% of the pure salt rock, respectively. (2) The bending deformation failure of salt rock can be divided into four stages of linear elastic phase, nonlinear phase, post-peak crack stability expansion stage and residual phase. (3) The three-point bending deformation of salt rock is active except for the elastic phase of the line. In general, the three-point bending deformation of the polyhalite salt rock is more active. (4) Impurities weaken the plastic deformation ability of salt rock and increase the degree of brittleness.

A fundamental DFT study of chalcopyrite surface evolution due to impurity divalent ions during leaching process

Abstract Chalcopyrite leaching process is hindered predominantly due to the passivation layers formed on its surface. The impurity salts normally present in the leaching systems may influence chalcopyrite leaching process. In this work, density functional theory (DFT) was carried out to investigate the influence of Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ on chalcopyrite (0 0 1)-S surface using Materials Studio. The results indicated that the presence of CaSO 4 contributed to the breakage of S–S bonds on chalcopyrite (0 0 1)-S surface. Although Ca 2+ was not found to bond with any of the S atoms derived from broken S 2 2− bond, a stable structure of Ca–SO 4 –Fe was formed. Similarly, the adsorption of MgSO 4 on chalcopyrite (0 0 1)-S surface contributed to the breakage of S 2 2− bond, forming a complex and stable structure of S–Mg–SO 4 –Fe as new passivation layers due to the bonding effects between Mg 2+ and a S atom from the broken S 2 2− bond. The formation of these new structures covered on chalcopyrite (0 0 1)-S surface, further reducing chalcopyrite leaching rates. This study, therefore for the first time, reveals the influencing mechanisms of Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ sulfates on chalcopyrite leaching at an atomic level.

Discovery of a Unique Sinusoidal Frequency for the Effective Magnetic Treatment of Brackish Water

Abstract Magnetic treatment of aqueous solutions containing dissolved CaCO3 is known to affect its precipitation exerted by heating or raising the pH of the solution. In this work, experiments have been performed on two kinds of water: (a) a simulated water containing only CaCO3 as dissolved salt and (b) a real brackish water sample of high total hardness from an industrial area containing a wide range of impurity salts. It has been discovered for the first time that using a sinusoidal magnetic field, treatment at a frequency of ca. 150 kHz (for a range of 0–1000 kHz) results in the maximum calcite precipitation independent of the initial water composition. The discovered phenomenon could be explained based on the resonance taking place due to the synchronization of the induced magnetic field with the proton exchange rate of water molecules.

Hydrous mineral dehydration around heat-generating nuclear waste in bedded salt formations.

Heat-generating nuclear waste disposal in bedded salt during the first two years after waste emplacement is explored using numerical simulations tied to experiments of hydrous mineral dehydration. Heating impure salt samples to temperatures of 265 °C can release over 20% by mass of hydrous minerals as water. Three steps in a series of dehydration reactions are measured (65, 110, and 265 °C), and water loss associated with each step is averaged from experimental data into a water source model. Simulations using this dehydration model are used to predict temperature, moisture, and porosity after heating by 750-W waste canisters, assuming hydrous mineral mass fractions from 0 to 10%. The formation of a three-phase heat pipe (with counter-circulation of vapor and brine) occurs as water vapor is driven away from the heat source, condenses, and flows back toward the heat source, leading to changes in porosity, permeability, temperature, saturation, and thermal conductivity of the backfill salt surrounding the waste canisters. Heat pipe formation depends on temperature, moisture availability, and mobility. In certain cases, dehydration of hydrous minerals provides sufficient extra moisture to push the system into a sustained heat pipe, where simulations neglecting this process do not.

The role of hydration and complexing in the mechanism of impurity influence on crystal growth

The influence of impurities of chlorides and nitrates of divalent Ca2+ and Ba2+ cations on the kinetic growth of potassium dihydrophosphate KH2PO4 crystals at a saturation temperature of 323 K and relative supersaturation of 0.03 has been investigated experimentally. It is established that the impurity acts differently, depending on the face index, the impurity concentration, cation hydration, and the stability of the complexes formed in the solution by impurity salt ions. A model is proposed to explain the different influence of impurity ions on the growth of crystal faces. This influence is determined by the different hydration of cations and enhanced association of cations and anions of impurity salts in the surface layer with a lower dielectric constant.

Biogenic Amines in Fish: Roles in Intoxication, Spoilage, and Nitrosamine Formation—A Review

Biogenic amines are non-volatile amines formed by decarboxylation of amino acids. Although many biogenic amines have been found in fish, only histamine, cadaverine, and putrescine have been found to be significant in fish safety and quality determination. Despite a widely reported association between histamine and scombroid food poisoning, histamine alone appears to be insufficient to cause food toxicity. Putrescine and cadaverine have been suggested to potentiate histamine toxicity. With respect to spoilage on the other hand, only cadaverine has been found to be a useful index of the initial stage of fish decomposition. The relationship between biogenic amines, sensory evaluation, and trimethylamine during spoilage are influenced by bacterial composition and free amino acid content. A mesophilic bacterial count of log 6–7 cfu/g has been found to be associated with 5 mg histamine/100 g fish, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) maximum allowable histamine level. In vitro studies have shown the involvement of cadaverine and putrescine in the formation of nitrosamines, nitrosopiperidine (NPIP), and nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR), respectively. In addition, impure salt, high temperature, and low pH enhance nitrosamine formation, whereas pure sodium chloride inhibits their formation. Understanding the relationships between biogenic amines and their involvement in the formation of nitrosamines could explain the mechanism of scombroid poisoning and assure the safety of many fish products.

Pu-Bearing Materials - From Fundamental Science To Storage Standards

AbstractThe behavior of plutonium (Pu) oxides in the presence of water/moisture in a confined space and the associated issues of hydrogen and oxygen generation due to radiolysis have important implications for the storage and transportation of Pu-bearing materials. This paper reviews the results of recent studies of gas generation in the Pu-O-H system, including the determination of release rates via engineering-scale measurement. The observations of the significant differences in gas generation behavior between “pure” Pu-bearing materials and those that contain salt impurities are addressed. In conjunction with the discussion of these empirical observations, the work also addresses recent scientific advances in the investigations of the Pu-O-H system using state-of-the-art ab initio electronic structure calculations, as well as advanced synchrotron techniques to determine the electronic structure of the various Pu-containing phases. The role of oxidizing species such as the hydroxyl radical from the radiolysis of water is examined. Discussed also is the challenge in the predictive ab-initio calculations of the electronic structure of the Pu-H-O system, due to the nature of the 5f valence electrons in Pu. Coupled with the continuing material surveillance program, it is anticipated that this work may help determine the electronic structure of the various Pu-containing phases and the role of impurity salts on gas generation and the long-term stability of oxygen/hydrogen-containing plutonium oxides beyond PuO2.

Use of on-line ion chromatography in controlling water quality in nuclear power plants

Abstract Electric utilities that operate nuclear power plants must adhere to a tighter range of water coolant specifications that are commonly required in steam systems powered by other means such as coal, oil or natural gas. The reason for this situation is the higher negative impact of a failure in the coolant and steam piping relative to non-nuclear heat sources. This negative impact arises from the unique need of a nuclear reactor core to require cooling after shutdown of the chain reaction —due to the heat from undecayed radioactive fission products in the uranium fuel rods. Also, the cost of down time for repairs of corrosion damage in such stations is greater than for fossil fired plants because these nuclear plants are base loaded (running at ca. 100% power for several hundreds of days) and the replacement power required during their shutdown time must be provided by sources more costly by factors up to ca. 2. Since corrosion damage in nuclear plants usually occurs under crevice conditions in components such as steam generators where boiling occurs, even very small (parts per billion, ppb) initial feedwater concentrations of corrosive impurity salts such as sodium, chloride and sulfate may concentrate to corrosive brines —leading to breaches of the pressure boundaries from localized cracking or intergranular attack. This attack penetrates even the more corrosion-resistant alloys such as Inconel 600, Incoloy 800 and the stainless steels. Ion chromatography is the only technology able to readily measure ppb concentrations of such corrosive ions on a near real time basis, and to differentiate among different oxidation states of ions such as nitrate, nitrite, sulfate, thiosulfate, etc. These oxidation states respond to the general oxidizing tendency of the coolant —another variable that controls localized corrosion. A number of examples of the use of on-line ion chromatography in troubleshooting corrosion problems in light-water reactors will be given.

溶融塩化物を用いたＡｌ‐Ｌｉ合金の電解製造における電極挙動

Electrode behavior has been studied for producing Al-Li alloys in molten salts containing LiCl. A cathode is molten aluminum, and lithium deposits electrolytically into it. An anode is graphite and acts as a chlorine evolution electrode. The electrolysis has been carried out at 973K by using LiCl single melt, LiCl-NaCl and LiCl-KCl eutectic mixture melts in order to study the electrochemical behavior of the cathode related to the current efficiency and the impurities such as sodium and potassium. For the case of LiCl single melt, required composition of Al-Li alloy up to 10mass%Li was easily obtained with high current efficiency, 93-99%, and low level impurities less than 20ppm which is comparable to the level in the commercially pure aluminum. For the case of LiCl-NaCl melt, the current efficiency somewhat decreased and about 320ppm of sodium was contained in the alloy. For the case of LiCl-KCl melt, the current efficiency markedly decreased although no potassium increase was observed. The reason for the decrease in the current efficiency is considered to be that the impurities deposit by concentration overvoltage and dissolve into the melt. However, these effects are negligible unless the melt contains large amounts of impurity salts.

Age, budget and dynamics of an active salt extrusion in Iran

The Hormuz salt of Kuh-e-Namak, Iran began rising through its Phanerozoic cover in Jurassic times and had surfaced by Cretaceous times. In Miocene times, the still-active Zagros folds began to develop and the salt is still extruding to feed a massive topographic dome and two surface flows of salt which have previously been called salt glaciers but are here called namakiers. Two crude but independent estimates for the rate of salt extrusion and loss are shown to balance the salt budget if the current salt dynamics are assumed to be in steady state. First, to replace the extrusive salt likely to be lost in solution in the annual rainfall, the salt must rise at an average velocity of about 11 cm a- ~. Second, the foliation pattern shows that the extruding (and partially dissolved) salt column spreads under its own weight. The maximum height of the salt dome is consistent a viscous fluid with a viscosity of 2.6 x 1017 poises extruding from its orifice at a rate of almost 17 cm a- k Both estimates are consistent in indicating that salt can extrude onto the surface 42--85 times faster than the average long term rate at which salt diapirs rise to the surface. The structure, fabrics, textures and deformation mechanisms of the impure halite all change along the path of the extrusive salt from the dome down the length of both namakiers. Such changes tend to occur when the flowing salt encounters changes in its boundary conditions, and the recognition of buried namakiers is discussed in the light of such observations. Episodes of salt flow at a rate of 0.5 m per day have been measured along the margin of the N namakier after significant rain showers. Such brief episodes of rapid flow alternate long periods when the namakier is dry and stationary~ The shape of the colour bands cropping out on the N namakier indicate that the flow over the surface of impure salt a mylonitic texture obeys a power law n ~ 3. Although the reported annual rainfall has the potential of dissolving both namakiers in about 2000 years, a superimposed thin marine cover may protect static parts of them for as long as 30,000 to 300,000 years.

チタンの溶融塩電解精製に関する実験的考察 析出チタン結晶の形状および成長について

The crystallographic aspect of hexagonal titanium crystals grown by electro-refining from molten salt was examined. The crystals reveal various shapes (plates, needles, dendrites) depending upon the conditions of electrolysis such as the bath composition, the purity of the salt, the cathode current density and the temperature of electrolysis. When the crystals were grown from high purity salt, the crystal were bounded by the basal plane and planes of {10\bar12}, {10\bar13}, {10\bar14}, {10\bar11}, while the crystals from impure salt were bounded by the basal plane and planes of {30\bar31}, {30\bar32}, etc. At a relatively high temperature and low current density the crystals were grown in plates parallel to the basal plane. At low temperature or high current density the crystals were grown in needles parallel to 〈10\bar11〉, 〈11\bar22〉 and 〈10\bar13〉. Growth twins were observed frequently. The twining planes were {10\bar11}, {10\bar12} and {11\bar21}. The planes of this type have not been previously reported for deformation twins.

野乾草ノ消化並ニ代謝ニ就テ

Two matured Shropshire Sheep of nearly the same age were selected and fed on the mixed hay for almost half a year as maintenance ration. About 800kg. of hay were gathered from an uncultivated land, cut about 1-2 inches long and mixed thoughouly. The sheep fed on this fodder could maintain their body weight. In the middle of this experiment, feces and urines excreted from by these animals were taken and analysed.The experimental results obtained are as follows:1. Digestibility of general constituents of this hay did not differ from the results obtained by other investigators, showing on an average: 62%, , in dry matter, 67% in organie matter, 48% in crude protein, 56% in crude fat, 71% in carbohydrate, 27% in crude ash.2. Nitrogen in feces was determined; water soluble nitrogen was as much as about one-fourth (25%) of total nitrogen; water soluble protein nitrogen, 7%; Nitrogen soluble in 10% NaCl, 7%; Nitrogen soluble in alcohol, 5%; Nitrogen soluble in dilute alkali, 33%; Insoluble nitrogen 30%.3. In the Carbohydrates of feces, the following compounds were determined: Total carbohydrate in dried feces, 48-49%; In 100% of total carbohydrate, Weende's crude fiber 35%; Weende's nitrogen free extract 65%; Cellulose 18-19%; Cutin 7-9%; Lignin 7%; pentosan 21-24%; pentosan free nitrogen-free extract 49-45; Starch and soluble sugars 4%.4. Feces contained the following mineral matters: Total crude Ash in dried feces 21-23%; In 100% of total ashes, Potash 2-3%; Soda 4%; lime 9-10%; agnesia 4%; Iron oxide 6-7%; Phosphoric acid 7-8%; Chlorine 0.1% sulfuric acid 2%; silicic acid and sand 64-66%.5. As regards the Urine, the following results were obtained: reaction, strong alkaline; Specific gravity 1.0374-1.0571; dry matter, 3.9-6.8%; 100% of urinarydry matter were contained organic matter 48%; inorganic matter, 52%; urea 9-15%; ammonia 0.2-0.5% hippuric acid 29-38%; uric acid 0.3-0.9%; Creatinin 0.1%; other organic matters 2%.6. In 100% of urinary crude ash were contained: Potash 56-60%; Soda 5-6%; lime 0.6-0.4%; Magnesia 3-5%; Iron oxide 0.4-0.8%; phosphoric acid 0.3-0.4%; Chlorine 24-27%; sulfuric acid 7-9%; silicic acid 1-4%.7. Digestibility of carbohydrate was calculated: Weende's crude fiber 72%, Weende's nitrogen free extract 70%, cellulose 78%, Cutin 67%, lignin 59%, pentosan 72%, pentosan free nitrogen free extract 68%.8. According to the investigation of Nitrogen metabolism, each sheep was found to have digested 7-8 grams of nitrogen and deposited 2.8-2.9 grams of nitrogen every day. The sheep excreted every day 12-17 grams of hippuric acid, i. e. 3.8-6.5 grams of glycocoll and 8.8-13.0 grams of benzoic acid, while they digested only 40 grams of crude protein.9. The Calculation of Apparent digestibilities of hay ashes showed that Chlorine was digested in 98%, potash in 86%, and sulfuric acid in 66%, while Soda in only 20%, lime in 12%, magnesia in 15%, iron oxide in 18%, phosphoric acid in 15%.10. Each sheep showed a positive balance regarding eyeay mineral matter except both soda and magnesia, and one sheep showed a negative balance of hlorine. The mixed hay contained an excess of potash as compared with soda and a little excess of lime as compared with magnesia. It contained too much of silicic acid. Therefore, if a sheep shall be fed on hay alone, it will be necessary to give it an additional amount of impure salts.11. The proportion of hay ashes distributed in the urines, feces and balance was caluculated. Potash was excreted in 80-88% in the urine and only 11-16% in feces while soda only 25-29% in the urine and 80% in feces. Lime was excreted almost completely in feces. A large part of magnesia was excreted in the feces, and only 15-28% in the urine. Both phosphoric acid and Iron oxide were excreted almost completely in the feces. On the other hand Chlorine was completely excreted in the urine. Sulfur was excreted equally in the urine and feces.