Impulse Control Research Articles

Does body expression improve children’s attention and impulse control development? An ecological intervention in physical education

Recent research has shown a decrease in attention and impulse control in childhood, so the development of children's cognitive functions, and specifically attention and impulse control, has aroused growing interest in the scientific literature. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of body expression on the development of attention and impulse control and its relationship with gender in 6-to-8-year-old boys and girls. A total of 43 children were enrolled in this research. CARAS-R test was used to assess selective attention and impulse control before and after an 8-week body expression intervention program. After the body expression intervention program (Pre-Post) carried in physical education, all children improve the attention results (p < .01, ES = 1.1 to 1.5, moderate to large), but no improvement was found in the impulse control (p > .05, ES = 0.1 to 0.2, trivial). In conclusion, the results obtained in the study seem to indicate that body expression in physical education sessions is an appropriate element to develop attention. These results could have important implications for physical education teachers, since it allows them to know the tools that improve the development of attention, to implement them in their sessions. Keywords: Cognitive function; physical activity; primary education; drama; impulsivity.

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in the treatment and diagnosis of eating disorders in athletes and patients: a systematic review

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive technique used to treat and diagnose eating disorders (EDs) by targeting brain regions like the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, which is involved in impulse control and emotion regulation. Particularly beneficial for athletes, rTMS can reduce symptoms of EDs. Therefore, this study aimed to carry out a systematic review of the scientific literature on the therapeutic or diagnostic use of rTMS in athletes and patients with EDs, with an emphasis on binge eating disorder (BED), anorexia nervosa (AN), and bulimia nervosa (BN). A literature survey was carried out in the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), Medline, Directory of Open Access Scholarly Resources (ROAD), Academic Search Premier, Wiley-Blackwell Full Collection, Nature Open Access, BioMed Central Open Access, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL). A total of 26 original papers published until November 21, 2021, were included. The selected studies were grouped for each respective protocol: total number of patients or athletes, sociodemographic aspects of the participants, parameters performed in rTMS: type of coil, intensity, frequency, number of pulses, stimulation site, preliminary results, and incidence of adverse effects. Recent evidence suggests a low rate of side effects with the technique and a substantial high frequency rTMS response in both the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the ventromedial region, especially in studies where internal comparison was performed. The great tolerance and safety of neuromodulatory treatment with rTMS encourage the application of the technique, especially in patients with refractory eating disorders. In addition to the therapeutic potential, rTMS is an essential diagnostic tool in elucidating the complex neurobiology of eating disorders. A more significant increase in publications on the subject is expected in a controlled, blind, and randomized manner, leading to a homogenization of results and generalization of its potential use. Keywords: Eating disorders, Neurology, Neuromodulation, Psychology, Psychiatry, Noninvasive brain stimulation.

Impulsive fault-tolerant adaptive control on second-order nonlinear multiagent systems by extended observer approach

Impulsive fault-tolerant adaptive control on second-order nonlinear multiagent systems by extended observer approach

Emotional labour strategies, emotional job demands, and burnout among academic staff in Jordanian universities

ABSTRACT This study examined the relationships between emotional labour strategies and its antecedents and consequences among academic staff in Jordanian universities. A total of 547 university teachers from three public Jordanian Universities responded to a questionnaire survey. The results showed that university teachers who experienced higher levels of negative emotion regulation, engaged in detached engagement, exhibited impulse control, anticipated emotions less, and displayed less emotional countenance were more likely to experience difficulties with emotion regulation. Those who engaged more in surface acting and faced greater challenges in regulating their emotions were more likely to experience burnout. Additionally, difficulties in emotion regulation still served as a potential mediator in the link between surface acting and emotional job demands, and between personal accomplishment and emotional job demands. Emotional job demands exhibited a positive relationship with surface acting. The challenges posed by emotional job demands might not directly lead to difficulties in emotion regulation.

Facial emotion recognition in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Objective Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is defined as a persistent pattern of inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning anofd development. Increased emotional reactivity and impaired emotion regulation are established findings in children with ADHD. Impairments in executive functions such as impulse control and working memory, in turn, have also been suggested to have a negative effect on emotion recognition. However, studies exploring suspected deficits in the ability to recognise facial emotions in ADHD have to date yielded controversial results. We sought to clarify the mechanism of possible emotion recognition dysfunction in children with ADHD. Methods Sixty-one children diagnosed with ADHD (aged 10.36 ± 1.89 years) and a control group (N = 78; aged 9.6 ± 1.8 years) were evaluated with questionnaires and computerized tests for cognitive and facial emotion recognition capacity. Results The ADHD group displayed more behavioural issues and performed worse in cognitive tests compared to the control group. Group status (i.e. ADHD vs. control group) did not predict facial emotion recognition when controlled for age, IQ and sex in linear regression models. Performance in Divided Attention predicted facial emotion recognition in linear regression in the ADHD group. Conclusions Individuals with ADHD showed facial emotion recognition capacity similar to a typically developing control group. Good performance in a cognitive test assessing divided attention predicted capacity for facial emotion recognition, but only in the ADHD group.

Gambaran Ketangguhan Keluarga dalam Merawat Pasien Skizofrenia

The prevalence of Schizophrenia in adults is about 1 in 222 people (0.45%). Families caring for members suffering from schizophrenia need to build resilience to cope with the stress and pressure they face. Resilience is the process of staying firm and able to overcome existing sufferings, difficulties, and challenges. The purpose of this study is to find out the picture of family resilience in treating Schizophrenia patients. This type of research is quantitative observational with a descriptive approach. The population consists of all families caring for 100 schizophrenia patients. The number of samples in this study was 80 people with an accidental sampling technique. The family resilience measurement tool uses the Connor-Davidson Resillience Scale (CD-RISC) questionnaire containing 25 statements with aspects of emotional regulation, impulse control, optimism, analysis of the cause of problems, empathy, self-efficacy, and reaching out. Univariate analysis in this study includes frequency distribution. The results of the study showed that family resilience was in the high category as many as 49 people (61.3%), medium category as many as 30 people (37.5%) and low category as many as 1 person (1.2%). It is expected that families will increase family resilience by participating in self-efficacy training, learning skills in relieving existing emotions, focusing on optimism so that they can reduce the stress experienced in caring for their family members who suffer from schizophrenia.

Psychiatric predictors of quality of life in Parkinson's disease: A three-year longitudinal study

IntroductionParkinson's disease (PD) is associated with worsened quality of life (QOL) over time. Few longitudinal studies exist investigating the relationship of psychiatric comorbidities with QOL in people with PD (PwP). We sought to determine specific psychiatric symptoms associated with decreasing QOL in PwP over time. MethodsWe recruited PwP without dementia from a movement disorders clinic at an academic medical center. Participants were evaluated annually with motor and neuropsychological assessments at each visit. QOL was measured using the Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-39 (PDQ-39). We assessed psychiatric symptoms, including depression (Beck Depression Inventory II, BDI-II), anxiety (Beck Anxiety Index, BAI), and apathy (Apathy Scale). Psychosis and impulse control disorders (ICDs) were recorded as present or absent. Using random coefficient regression, we analyzed psychiatric features associated with worsened QOL in PwP over three years. ResultsFrom the 105 participants enrolled at baseline, 67 completed three years of follow up. Mean PDQ-39 scores increased from 16.0 at baseline to 19.8 at year three. In multivariate analysis, higher BDI-II scores, BAI scores, and apathy scores were uniquely associated with worsened QOL over time (p < 0.001 for all measures), while presence of ICDs (p = 0.18) or psychosis (p = 0.10) were not. Changes in the BAI score and the BDI-II score exerted similar effects on the overall PDQ-39 score. ConclusionDepression, anxiety, and apathy are all associated with worsening quality of life over time in PwP, while presence of ICDs and psychosis are not. Treatment of these symptoms may lead to improved QOL in PwP.

Finite-time passivity of multi-weighted coupled neural networks with directed topologies and time-varying delay

In this paper, the finite-time passivity (FTP) problem for multi-weighted coupled neural networks (MWCNNs) with directed topologies and time-varying delay is discussed. Firstly, by designing a new state feedback controller, several FTP criteria are given for the considered network. Then, some finite-time synchronization (FTS) criteria are established by employing the FTP results. Secondly, a hybrid impulsive and state feedback controller is first designed, under which different FTP and FTS criteria are presented and the synchronization time is successfully shortened compared to the non-hybrid controller without impulses. Finally, numerical simulations are given to show the effectiveness and superiority of the obtained results.

Event-triggered impulsive control for nonlinear stochastic delayed systems and complex networks

In this paper, we probe the pth moment exponential stability (p−ES) of stochastic delayed systems subject to event-triggered delayed impulsive control (ETDIC), where the impulsive intensities are assumed to be positive random variables. Based on event-triggered mechanism (ETM) in the sense of expectation, some new sufficient conditions are developed to ensure the stability of the addressed system with Zeno-free behavior. The Lyapunov–Razumikhin method is adopted to handle the time-varying delay in continuous dynamics, and the concept of average random impulsive estimation (ARIE) is introduced to reduce the design requirements of the controller. Especially, the proposed ETDIC strategy not only generates the impulse time sequence according to the predesigned ETM, but also removes the limitations on the size of time delays. Furthermore, the ETM serves as a solution for synchronization problems in complex neural networks. Finally, two examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness of our conclusions.

A - 34 CBT Improves Cognitive Functioning in ADHD, Mixed Type

Abstract Objective To further expand on previous smaller study (with 25 participants) that found that children with ADHD, Mixed Type, improved their cognitive functioning after 12 weeks of CBT. Method In the current study 68 children (20 girls) diagnosed with ADHD, mixed type, between the ages of 9 and 12 (M = 10.25, SD = 1.88) were assessed with the WISC-V, CBCL, TEA-Ch2, and CPT-2, clinical interview with parents and teachers before the beginning of CBT. The same assessment was repeated 14 weeks later, following 12, weeks of individualized CBT. CBT included thought restructuring, impulse control exercises, relaxation techniques, and mindfulness exercises. Results Average Based Change (ABC) was employed and significant improvements, with large Cohen’s d (&amp;gt;. 80) effect size, were detected for Working Memory, Hyperactivity, Externalizing Behavior, Impulsivity, Selective, Sustained, and Everyday Attention. Ratings, during interviews, by teachers, psychologists, and parents agreed also that there was a significant clinical improvement. Conclusion In agreement with the first study, and other literature, CBT seems to be an important tool in helping significantly children with ADHD, Mixed Type, improve in behavior and cognitive functioning. More studies with younger and older children are needed to cement the utility of CBT with children and teens.

Dopamine agonists in the treatment of Parkinson's disease: the show must go on.

Dopamine agonists (DA) have proven very successful in the treatment of Parkinson's disease for a good many years now. In the 1990's they experienced a high level of acceptance particularly in the European countries because their efficacy was in fact established, their tolerability was improved on and, in addition, several preparations were available with longer effect durations. But the discovery of cardiac fibroses led to a substantial setback and even rejection of therapy using ergoline DA. In recent years, impulse control disturbances have been observed increasingly with the result that higher doses have been reduced and the previously popular use of non-ergoline DA was discontinued. In addition, newer data on levodopa were published which clearly relativized the occurrence of late complications under levodopa and led to a differentiated use. Thus the importance of their use has waned over the years. But we should rather avoid repeating the mistakes of the past. DA serve us well and reliably so. The pendulum apparently thrives of the extremes but in the case of DA we should keep from falling back into the other extreme: We can and in fact must further make use of the DA, but with a clear view of specific goals and in a differentiated way. DA constitute the second-most important substance class after levodopa. Their optimized application can only be recommended for the good of our patients.

Mental Functions in People with Mild Intellectual Disability to Borderline Intellectual Functioning

ABSTRACT Introduction The first aim of this study was to explore the mental functions of patients with mild intellectual disabilities or borderline intellectual functioning (MID-BIF) in mental health care. The second aim was to examine the differences in mental functions between people with MID-BIF and those with higher educational levels (i.e. further education [FE] and higher education [HE]). Materials and methods Eleven mental functions were assessed using the Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure (SWAP-200-NL). In total, 245 patients were included, divided into three groups (MID-BIF: N = 52; FE: N = 86; HE: N = 107). Results Results showed that the MID-BIF group scored relatively high on three mental functions (i.e. the capacity for impulse control and regulation, capacity for defensive functioning, and capacity to construct and use internal standards and ideals). One mental function scored relatively low (the capacity for adaptation, resiliency, and strength). Regarding group comparisons, similar patterns in average scores emerged, and the HE group scored higher than the MID-BIF and the FE groups on most mental functions. Discussion The mental functions of the HE group were most adaptive, whereas the mental functions of the FE and MID-BIF groups were less adaptive and on a similar level in each of these groups.

The Chem-Sex Inventory Scale (CSI): A Tool to Assess the Mental Health Risk of Chemsex Behaviors in Men Who Have Sex with Men.

Background: Chemsex has been defined as the deliberate use of drugs for prolonged sexual intercourse between gay and bisexual men and other men who have sex with men (MSM). Drugs associated with chemsex can trigger mental health problems such as anxiety, depression, risk of psychosis and suicidal ideation, social isolation, stigmatization, and even loss of impulse control and lack of coping strategies. Currently, the increase in illicit drugs in a sexual context is considered an outbreak of a public health emergency. Objective: The aim of this study is the construction and validation of the Chem-Sex Inventory (CSI), a new scale to assess the mental health risk of chemsex behaviors. Methods: A cross-sectional design was conducted to study 563 participants. Data were collected through an online questionnaire between January and April 2023, and the construct validity of the CSI was assessed through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Results: The sample was, on average, 36 years old (SD: ±9.2). The majority of gender identity was cisgender (97.7%). A factor structure was found that can be summarized in four dimensions: emotional instability, risk of psychosis, altered body perception, and risk of suicide. The confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) presents adequate reliability values, with a Cronbach's alpha above 0.87 for all dimensions and a McDonald's omega above 0.88 with a good fit of the 42 items. Conclusions: Our study has shown that the Chem-Sex Inventory (CSI) scale has factorial validity and could be used in clinical practice and research to measure the behavioral contribution of the chemsex phenomenon in MSM.

Secure impulsive tracking of multi-agent systems with directed hypergraph topologies against hybrid deception attacks

This research delves into the challenges of achieving secure consensus tracking within multi-agent systems characterized by directed hypergraph topologies, in the face of hybrid deception attacks. The hybrid discrete and continuous deception attacks are targeted at the controller communication channels and the hyperedges, respectively. To overcome these threats, an impulsive control mechanism based on hypergraph theory are introduced, and sufficient conditions are established, under which consensus can be maintained in a mean-square bounded sense, supported by rigorous mathematical proofs. Furthermore, the investigation quantifies the relationship between the mean-square bounded consensus of the multi-agent system and the intensity of the deception attacks, delineating a specific range for this error metric. The robustness and effectiveness of the proposed control method are verified through comprehensive simulation experiments, demonstrating its applicability in varied scenarios influenced by these sophisticated attacks. This study underscores the potential of hypergraph-based strategies in enhancing system resilience against complex hybrid attacks.

Living with Parkinson's disease in Portugal: Findings from PRISM study

BackgroundParkinson's disease (PD) ranks second in global neurodegenerative disorders. The “Parkinson's Real-world Impact assesSMent (PRISM)” study addressed the disease burden and treatment of European PD patients. Yet, the burden on Portuguese PD patients remains unexplored. Here, we outline the demographics, clinical features, and impact of PD in the Portuguese PRISM cohort. MethodsDescriptive analysis of the PRISM Portuguese cohort (80 patients) was performed, emphasizing socio-demographic data, anti-PD medication usage, PD impact on patients' lives and healthcare resources utilization. ResultsThe predominant comorbidities in the Portuguese PD cohort (55 % male; mean age 66.2 years; mean disease duration 8.8 years) included depression (26.3 %) and anxiety (26.3 %). Levodopa was the initial prescribed anti-PD medication for 88 % of patients. Among Portuguese PDP, dopamine agonists (DA), monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) inhibitors, and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors were used by 50 %, 44.4 %, and 18.3 %, respectively. Portuguese PDP experienced impaired quality of life (PDQ-39 score: 31.3 ± 16.8), various non-motor symptoms, namely sadness/blues (65.4 %), urinary urgency (63.5 %), high/low sex interest (57.7 %), while 56 % reported at least one impulse control behavior. Additionally, 30.8 % retired early due to PD and 31.8 % reduced hours in daily activities. Mental health appointments were attended by 31 %, primarily in psychiatry (19 %) and psychology (6 %), and psychotherapy. ConclusionThis study uncovers the burden of PD among Portuguese patients, revealing current treatment methods, impact on daily life and healthcare resources employed in Portugal. It emphasizes the need for personalized clinical strategies at national and international levels to improve long-term health outcomes and quality of life of PD patients.

The differential impact of childhood trauma on adult impulsivity and impulse control.

The differential impact of childhood trauma on adult impulsivity and impulse control.

Leader-Following Synchronization Control of Multiagent Systems Under Hybrid Cyber Attacks via Impulsive Control Based on Topology Switching.

This article investigates the leader-following synchronization problem of multiagent systems (MASs) under hybrid cyber attacks, which refers to deception attacks and multichannel independent denial-of-service (DoS) attacks in communication channels. In order to achieve the secure control of MASs under hybrid cyber attacks, a novel impulsive control method based on topology switching is proposed, and a new algorithm for determining impulsive instants is designed. In addition, the cooperative-competitive relationship between agents is also considered, which is more in line with reality. Sufficient conditions for ensuring secure control of MASs and a parametric upper bound on the error vector norm between the agents and the leader are obtained. Finally, the numerical simulation verified the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

Armodafinil as a Potential Pharmacological Treatment for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults: A Review.

Armodafinil is a psychostimulant that promotes alertness, and it has been shown to improve attention, memory, and fatigue in healthy adults and adults with neurodevelopmental conditions that share symptoms with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). It is generally well tolerated and safe, and most of the adverse events reported are considered not serious. However, the available evidence on the efficacy of armodafinil for the treatment of ADHD in adults is scarce. The present review aims to perform a systematized search of the available evidence on the possible therapeutic benefit of armodafinil treatment in adult patients with ADHD. A literature review using PubMed was conducted to compile and summarize the available clinical and scientific evidence on the possible use of armodafinil as a pharmacological treatment in adult patients with ADHD. From the 86 articles reviewed, the available evidence showed that both acute and chronic treatment with armodafinil can improve wakefulness, memory, impulse control, and executive functions in adults with sleep disorders and other conditions. In addition, evidence of improvement in cognitive functions and mood alterations in other neuropsychiatric conditions was shown. Armodafinil could be useful for the treatment of ADHD in adults, according to the review of the literature from both pre-clinical and clinical studies.

A New Switching MVC Algorithm for Active Impulsive Noise Control

A New Switching MVC Algorithm for Active Impulsive Noise Control

Comparable Conditioned Pain Modulation and Painful-Exercise-Induced Hypoalgesia in Healthy Young Adults: A Randomized Crossover Trial

Conditioned pain modulation and exercise-induced hypoalgesia reflect inhibitory pain controls emanating from the brain. The aim of this study was to compare the extent of pain inhibition from exercise-induced hypoalgesia (isometric wall squat), conditioned pain modulation (cold-water immersion), and their combination (wall squat followed by cold water in fixed order) in healthy pain-free adults. Sixty-one participants (median age 21 years) completed 3 sessions (wall-squat, cold-water, and combined) in random order. Sessions were separated by at least a week. In each session, pressure-pain thresholds, single-pinprick-pain ratings, and pinprick-temporal summation of pain (the fifth minus the first) were obtained at quadriceps, forearms, and forehead, before and after wall squat and/or cold water. Each intervention inhibited pain to pressure (partial η2 = .26) and single pinprick (partial η2 = .16) to a similar extent; however, pressure-pain inhibition was negligible in the forehead. After adjusting for age and sex, single-pinprick-pain inhibition in the forehead induced by wall squat was associated with that induced by cold water (adjusted R2 = .15; P = .007), and stronger pain inhibition was predicted by a higher thigh-pain rating to wall squat (adjusted R2 = .10; P = .027). Neither intervention affected pinprick-temporal summation of pain. Together, the findings suggest that pain-inhibitory effects of exercise-induced hypoalgesia and conditioned pain modulation may overlap when exercise is at least moderately painful (6/10 intensity). Pressure pain in body regions remote from the exercised or conditioned sites may be weakly modulated. PerspectiveThe current findings suggest that pain-inhibitory effects induced by painful wall squat and by cold-water immersion may overlap. The magnitude of pain inhibition in the forehead remote from the exercised thigh or the conditioned foot appears smaller, which could be examined further in future research.