Improve System Efficiency Research Articles

An Energy Management Strategy Considering the Economy and Lifetime of Multistack Fuel Cell Hybrid System

Due to technical limitations, it is difficult for single stack fuel cell (FC) system to be applied in high-power applications. Therefore, multi-stack FC hybrid system (MS-FCHS) is attracting more and more attention. In order to improve the system economy, this work proposes a real-time energy management strategy (EMS) that minimizes system operating cost. Specifically, the proposed strategy considers not only fuel cost but also FC and battery degradation cost. Secondly, during the operation of MS-FCHS, the performance of each stack varies with operating conditions and time, this work also considers the impact of inconsistent FC performance on the system lifetime. Finally, compared with the power following strategy (PF) and the hydrogen consumption minimizing strategy (H2-minimization), RT-LAB experimental results show that the proposed strategy can reduce the system operating cost by 15.85% and 9.75%, and improve system efficiency. In addition, since the system life depends on the stack with the worst service performance, the proposed strategy can also realize the convergent control of the system performance when the stacks operate in parallel, prolong the life of the system, and maintain battery state of charge (SOC) within a certain range, which is conducive to the stable operation of the system.

A 6.78-MHz Wireless Power Transfer System With Inherent Wireless Phase Shift Control Without Feedback Data Sensing Coil

This article presents a 6.78-MHz wireless power transfer (WPT) system with a differential class-D power amplifier (PA) for the transmitter (TX) and a delay-tuned rectifier for the receiver (RX). Besides the RX local voltage regulation, we propose a fully integrated TX global power regulation with wireless phase shift control without any extra off-chip components. Furthermore, the proposed system eliminates the feedback data-sensing coil used in prior arts, thus greatly improving the system integration level and reducing the circuit complexity. On the TX side, the global loop regulates the transmitted power through the duty cycle control of 1X/2X operation modes of the class-D PA to improve the system efficiency over a wide load range. On the RX side, we realize ac–dc power rectification and voltage regulation with a delay-tuned rectifier. The TX and RX chips fabricated in a standard 0.18- <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu$</tex-math> </inline-formula> m CMOS process used 3.3-V devices. Measured results show that the circuit can obtain a system efficiency improvement up to 14.2% at light load conditions, with the proposed wireless phase shift control regulating the TX global power. The peak end-to-end system efficiency is 77%, and the maximum output power is 0.9 W with a 3.3-V output voltage.

Network-aware P2P multi-energy trading in decentralized electric-heat systems

Facilitated by the emerging 4th generation low-temperature district heating network, the electric-heat system is evolving towards a decentralized architecture consisting of multiple interconnected energy hubs (EHs). Multi-energy sharing is an effective way to bring down the EH operating costs and improve system efficiency. To this end, the network-aware peer-to-peer multi-energy scheduling and trading (P2P-MEST) is investigated in this paper. Considering that the non-convex energy transfer loss is inevitable which makes the decision making complex, a decentralized dual-loop P2P-MEST scheme with dynamically updated loss factors is proposed. Specifically, in the inner-loop iteration, P2P-MEST among the EHs is performed by incorporating fixed transfer loss factors. In the outer loop, the transfer loss factors are updated based on the latest transactive results by distributively estimating the operational states of the electric-heat system. A market equilibrium can be iteratively reached where energy transfer loss can be accurately considered and physical operational constraints can be indirectly handled. Case studies on a 4-EH electric-heat system validate the necessity of considering the network constraints, especially the energy transfer loss in P2P-MEST. The numerical results indicate that the proposed scheme has a satisfactory convergence performance, effectively handles the various network constraints, and significantly reduces the operational cost of each EH.

A Review of the Promotion of Sustainable Mobility of Workers by Industries

The evolution and growth of cities present considerable challenges to the promotion of sustainable mobility, namely in commuting trips. In the present and recent past, many industries and companies of the economy’s productive sector have had to move as far as possible from urban areas, to minimize the impact of their activities on people’s health and quality of life. In more dispersed and low-density territories, working and residential areas are very far from each other, and there is typically poor public transport service and a lack of cycling networks for commuting purposes. This scenario encourages the use of private automobiles, not only as a necessity but also often as an obligation, making the mobility system nearly unsustainable. Therefore, it has become clear that companies can play an important role in promoting more sustainable mobility by reducing car use on commuting trips and by offering employees clean and more efficient transport alternatives to promote workers’ well-being and quality of life. Through an extensive literature review, a selection of scientific articles in the last 13 years was analyzed and discussed. The results highlighted that the location of industrial areas, the supply of public transport, the usage of active modes, and shared mobility systems are key factors to reduce car usage in workers’ commuting trips. Therefore, any sustainable mobility strategies that companies adopt will minimize the respective negative externalities, helping promote more environment-friendly ways of transportation, accessibility, social equity, and inclusion in workers’ communities. This justifies the need and urgency for the development of specific sustainable mobility plans oriented for companies/industries, instead of addressing this as just another element of a conventional urban mobility plan. Since this mobility represents a high volume of trips, repeated according to very regular patterns, it must be sustainability-oriented, allowing the improvement of system, trip, and vehicle efficiency.

High-temperature green hydrogen production: A innovative– application of SOEC coupled with AEC through sCO2 HP

This study evaluates a potential coupling between AEC and SOEC through a CO2 heat pump unit that works in super-critical conditions. In such a way, thermal power requested by SOEC can be provided by recovering heat loss from AEC via the CO2heat pump. The coupled configuration is characterized by renewable electric input. Hence, the power is provided for electrolysis without more external thermal resources. The energy, economic and environmental impacts of such intervention have been determined and compared with SOEC in solo mode. The layout is created and simulated in a MATLAB SIMULINK environment.The simulation results show a potential improvement in the total energy efficiency of the whole system without an external heat resource, up to 68%, which is higher than 65% of SOEC itself, thanks to the heat recovery section that is correlated with sCO2 HP contribution. LCOH varies widely depending on SOEC size from around 2.59 €/kgH2 up to 9.27€/kgH2.

Energy and exergy analysis of a novel multi-pressure levels ejector absorption-recompression refrigeration system: Parametric study and optimization

The world is facing a cooling crunch, and investing in the efficiency enhancement of cooling systems is the most straightforward strategy to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and reduce costs. To this end, this study primarily sought to enhance the efficiency of an absorption refrigeration cycle (ARC) and diminish energy consumption. For this, a vapor compression refrigeration cycle and an ejector-ARC were combined, using a turbo-expander to improve system efficiency. The ejector would be exploited to raise the absorber pressure and reduce pump power, the turbo-expander was employed in place of the expansion valve, and the compressor was partially used to supply generator heat. The proposed system has four pressure levels. The condenser and generator were assumed to be an integrated unit whose heat loss would be used to heat the generator. The effects of several parameters, e.g., generator temperature and pressure, compressor pressure ratio, and ejector parameters, on the coefficient of performance (COP) and exergetic efficiency (ECOP), were explored. The multi-objective optimization showed that the proposed system had much higher performance than the ARC, with up to 191.2% and 54.7% higher COP and ECOP, respectively. Furthermore, the maximum COP occurred at a generator pressure and temperature lower than the ARC. Thus, the proposed design could handle the high activation temperature and pressure challenges of ARCs with an NH3-H2O working fluid. It was also observed that COP was a function of the ejector mixing tube diameter and had a maximum level. The ejector reduced the circulation ratio and increased the absorber pressure above the evaporator pressure, reducing pump power.

Modelling and performance analysis of a novel thermophotovoltaic system with enhanced radiative heat transfer for combined heat and power generation

Solid-state energy conversion technologies such as thermophotovoltaics (TPV) have attracted much interest recently in the development of high-performance combined heat and power generation (CHP) systems because of the merits such as vibration-free operation, long working life, and versatile fuel source. However, current work is limited in power density, system efficiency, and power to heat generation ratio that are constrained by the device structure and working principle of existing techniques. In this work, we propose to apply zero-gap TPV (zTPV) to create a new type of CHP system that can potentially address the limitations in existing systems. zTPV, different from conventional TPV with a vacuum or gas-filled gap between the thermal emitter and photovoltaic cell, possesses an infrared-transparent intermediate solid layer. Our theoretical analysis, combining electromagnetic, thermal, and power generation modelling in zTPV, has confirmed that an one-order-of-magnitude higher thermal radiation dictates the energy conversion in zTPV. The significantly higher thermal radiation is due to the energy transfer of low-loss high-wavevector electromagnetic modes. In conventional TPVs, these modes are not allowed to transport in the gap, and thus not able to contribute to energy conversion. In contrast, the inserted infrared transparent layer allows the transport of these high-density modes, leading to much higher power density (over one order of magnitude enhancement), higher power conversion efficiency (nearly 25% improvement), and high power to heat ratio that is relevant to the system efficiency improvement in CHP applications. The novel device configuration of zTPV allows us to propose a hybrid CHP design that integrates zTPV with thermoelectric (TE) arrays into an ultra-compact CHP device. The effect of different system parameters is modelled and analyzed to demonstrate the high performance of the hybrid CHP.

Evaluation of an Energy Separation Device for the Efficiency Improvement of a Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cell System with an External Reformer

Due to the high operating temperature of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC), the system efficiency depends on efficient thermal integration and the effective construction of system configuration. In this study, nine configurations of system integration design were investigated to evaluate the possible improvement of system efficiency with energy separation devices. The models were developed under the Matlab/Simulink® platform with Thermolib® module. The reference layout of the simulation included an SOFC stack, a compressor, an external reformer with a burner, a three-way valve, a heat exchanger, and a water pump. From the reference case, eight cases extended layouts for the capability of thermal energy utilization with a catalytic converter, SOFC hybridization, and an energy separation device. Since the energy separation device was beneficial to thermal energy utilization via a boost to the gas temperature, electric efficiency, and combined heat and power (CHP) efficiency was improved with the thermal integration of the energy separation device with a turbo generator.

ENAP: An Efficient Number-Aware Pruning Framework for Design Space Exploration of Approximate Configurations

Approximate computing has emerged as a new computing architecture paradigm that trades off necessary numerical accuracy for performance. Various approximation operation units such as adders and multipliers have been created and provide the basis for improving system efficiency, but it is clear, that a design space exploration (DSE) is needed if improved performance is to be systematically achieved. The challenge is to determine a suitable configuration among approximation units with different error characteristics to ensure a minimization of resources while not exceeding user-defined error constraints. In this paper, we propose the efficient number-aware pruning (ENAP) technique that can compress the search space size. Using common fault-tolerant applications, we demonstrate a compression rate up to 0.0008%, meaning that 99.9992% of invalid designs can remain unsearched. An improved genetic algorithm (GA) is subsequently proposed to improve ENAP, allowing the creation of the optimal configuration in only 2 to 3 iterations, thereby greatly improving search efficiency compared to the initial 9 iterations. We integrate these two approaches into the proposed framework, demonstrating how we can achieve better exploration results compared to state-of-the-artwork.

Radio resource management scheme in radar and communication spectral coexistence platform

In vehicular environments, the cooperation of radar and communications has been recognized as a promising solution to alleviate the shortage of spectrum resources. In this paper, we investigate the joint radar sensing and communication (JSC) system based on the cooperative spectrum sharing strategy. Via the full cooperation between both radar sensing and wireless communication functionalities, we can avoid the under-utilization of spectral resource while improving system efficiency. To implement our JSC control scheme, we focus on coalitional bargaining solutions according to the cooperative game theory. Especially, the coalitional Nash bargaining solution (CNBS) and coalitional Kalai-Smorodinsky bargaining (CKSBS) are employed to get a mutually desirable solution in the radar-communication coexistence platform. The main ides of CNBS is adopted to distribute the spectrum resource among roadside units, and both radar and communication functions in each individual vehicle. The concept of CKSBS is applied to allocate the spectrum resource for vehicles in order to maximize their payoffs. In the proposed scheme, the CNBS and CKSBS work together to share the surplus of a coalition with the fairness and efficiency properties. The main contribution of our proposed approach is the reciprocal combination of the CNBS and CKSBS to obtain the synergy effect. Finally, numerical results are provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme for the JSC system operations.

Machine learning model for transient exergy performance of a phase change material integrated-concentrated solar thermoelectric generator

Despite the merits of incorporating phase change materials in concentrating solar thermoelectric generating systems, the following research gaps still need to be filled to make the technology viable. Past research efforts focused on pulsed rectangular and sinusoidal heat flux forms which differ from actual transient weather data obtainable under field exposure. Additionally, a comprehensive exergy performance modeling of the system is yet to be presented in the literature, hence, there is no known thermodynamic implication of incorporating phase change materials in thermoelectric systems from a first and second law perspective. Finally, optimization insights obtained for designing these systems are based on inefficient, computationally expensive, and time-consuming numerical solvers or experimental methods which significantly hinder the ease at which useful design insights are obtained. This work aims to fill in these gaps by presenting the first-ever exergy performance investigation of a paraffin wax integrated thermoelectric generating system using data-driven surrogate machine learning models trained with numerically generated data computed from actual 12 h transient timeseries weather data collected every minute and averaged for a 10-year period (2010–2020). Results show that for an optical concentration of 10, the incorporated system with phase change material provides a 25%, 57%, 25%, and 56% improvement in the thermoelectric temperature difference, power generation, exergy efficiency, and thermodynamic irreversibility of the stand-alone system, respectively, without phase change material. Furthermore, the incorporated system generates electricity for 2 more hours into the night when solar irradiance is unavailable. Finally, the cheap surrogate machine learning model accurately predicts the thermodynamic performance of the stand-alone and incorporated systems with an almost zero error and almost unity coefficient of determination in just 5 s after the numerical method has taken 24 h to generate the data, indicating a 17,280-computation time saving.

Supercritical CO2 mixture Brayton cycle with floating critical points for concentrating solar power application: Concept and thermodynamic analysis

A novel concept of supercritical Brayton cycle with floating critical points is proposed to cope with the rapid deterioration of cycle performance at high heat sink temperatures. By coupling the power cycle with a distillation based composition tuning subsystem, the circulating mixture composition in the cycle can be altered dynamically to obtain the desired critical points at various ambient temperatures, thereby leading to a better match between the cold-end parameters of power cycle and the heat sink conditions. A thermodynamic model is established for the proposed novel system based on a recompression layout with single stage reheating. Four binary mixtures, including CO2–H2S, CO2–Butane, CO2–Isobutane, and CO2–Butene are employed. Simulation results indicate that an increasingly larger improvement in cycle efficiency compared to the pure CO2 cycle can be obtained as the ambient temperature increases from 20 to 50 °C. When the composition tuning process is not considered, the CO2–H2S cycle shows the best performance among the four mixture cycles, with an improvement between 1.3% and 7.4% being achieved over the entire temperature range. Several feasible schemes for composition tuning subsystem are proposed and compared in terms of energy consumption. Finally, the hourly efficiencies of the integrated system are evaluated based on typical daily weather conditions, with a piecewise control strategy for critical points. It is found that although the use of CO2–H2S causes relatively high energy consumption for distillation, a significant improvement in the daily average thermal efficiency of the integrated system can still be achieved, with efficiency being increased by 3.5%-5.1% in comparison with pure CO2 cycle on hotter days.

Improvement in Operation Efficiency of Shallow Geothermal Energy System—A Case Study in Shandong Province, China

Shallow geothermal energy (SGE) is a renewable energy source that has the advantage of being low-cost, clean, and locally sourced compared to fossil fuels, and is thus significant for China to achieve its future goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. However, determining how to improve the operational efficiency of SGE systems is a key factor in the sustainable development and utilization of geothermal energy. This study examined the long-term operational efficiency of SGE systems and applied numerical simulation methods of hydro-thermal coupling to a SGE utilization project in Shandong Province, China. The effect of the distribution of pumping and injection wells on the operation efficiency of the SGE system was analyzed, and the parameter of operation efficiency, defined by the ratio of the practical minable shallow geothermal energy to the theoretical shallow geothermal energy, was applied to quantify the operation efficiency of the SGE system. The simulated results show that the phenomenon of heat transfixion is significant in the current operation scheme, where one of three pumping wells is located downstream of the study area, which indicates that the local groundwater flow field mainly controls the operation efficiency of the SGE system. In the optimized operation scheme, the distribution of pumping and injection wells can be adjusted according to the feature of groundwater flow and temperature fields. The degree of heat transfixion significantly declines and the operation efficiency increases by 71.5%. In addition, further improvements in the operational efficiency of the SGE system can be considered through the running time. The findings of this paper will be useful for the construction and management of SGE systems.

Threat modeling in smart firefighting systems: Aligning MITRE ATT&CK matrix and NIST security controls

Industrial automation technologies are envisioned as multi-device systems that are constantly interacting with one another and with enterprise systems. In these industrial systems, the industrial internet of things (IIoT) significantly improves system efficiency, scalability, ease of control, and monitoring. These benefits have been achieved at the cost of greater security risks, thus making the system vulnerable to cyberattacks. Historically, industrial networks and systems lacked security features like authentication and encryption due to intended isolation over the Internet. Lately, remote access to these IIoT systems has made an attempt of holistic security alarmingly critical. In this research paper, a threat modeling framework for smart cyber–physical system (CPS) is proposed to get insight of the potential security risks. To carry out this research, the smart firefighting use case based on the MITRE ATT&CK matrix was investigated. The matrix analysis provided structure for attacks detection and mitigation, while system requirement collection (SRC) was applied to gather generic assets’ information related to hardware, software and network. With the help of SRC and MITRE ATT&CK, a threat list for the smart firefighting system was generated. Conclusively, the generated threat list was mapped on the national institute of standards and technology (NIST) security and privacy controls. The results show that these mapped controls can be well-utilized for protection and mitigation of threats in smart firefighting system. In future, critical cyber–physical systems can be modeled upon use case specific threats and can be secured by utilizing the presented framework.

A Novel Dead Time Design Method for Full-Bridge LLC Resonant Converters with SiC Semiconductors

As third-generation semiconductors become commercial, SiC semiconductors are gradually becoming more widely used in LLC resonant converters. The efficiency of the LLC resonant converter is improved by employing soft switching. However, when designing LLC resonant converters, semiconductors are usually regarded as ideal devices, and their turn-on and turn-off times are neglected. Furthermore, the method of designing the dead time relies on engineering experience and lacks precise theoretical foundations. In order to overcome the shortcomings of the current empirical method and to improve the generality and practicality of the dead time design method, a novel method for calculating the dead time of full-bridge LLC converters is proposed through theoretical research based on the operating principle of full-bridge LLC converters and the conditions for implementing soft switching. The method takes into account the switching characteristics of semiconductors and the on-state delay time of their body diodes, stray inductance, drive circuits, and errors arising from the first harmonic approximation (FHA) and improves the accuracy of the dead time calculation. It can implement good soft switching with full-bridge LLC converters, reduce switching losses, and improve system efficiency. Finally, the simulation experiment and the 2 kW experimental prototype are built to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Effect of Lipid Content on Anaerobic Digestion Process and Microbial Community: Review Study

The indiscriminate release of significant amounts of food waste, fat oil and grease, and sewage sludge (SS) into the environment causes severe contamination in many nations. There are numerous potential treatment methods to cope with organic wastes, but anaerobic digestion is currently widely accepted to handle different kinds of biological waste. One of the pillars supporting anaerobic digester biogas production increase in treatment plants is the use of fats in the wastewater. However, it has been claimed that high-fat wastes, particularly mono-digestion in the anaerobic reactor, inhibit acetoclastic and methanotrophic bacteria delay the formation of gas even more, and overtax the system. The aim of this review is to review several publications that dealt with the effect of LCFs and FOG on AD performance and associated methane production and microbial communities, as well as the mechanism of LCFA generation and its inhibitory effect on anaerobic digestion performance, and also addressed the improvement of system efficiency using co-digestion with lipid wastes.

Smart Water Grids and Digital Twin for the Management of System Efficiency in Water Distribution Networks

One of the main factors contributing to water scarcity is water loss in water distribution systems, which mainly arises from a lack of adequate knowledge in the design process, optimization of water availability, and poor maintenance/management of the system. Thus, from the perspective of sustainable and integrated management of water resources, it is essential to enhance system efficiency by monitoring existing system elements and enhancing network maintenance/management practices. The current study establishes a smart water grid (SWG) with a digital twin (DT) for a water infrastructure to improve monitoring, management, and system efficiency. Such a tool allows live monitoring of system components, which can analyze different scenarios and variables, such as pressures, operating devices, regulation of different valves, and head-loss factors. The current study explores a case study in which local constraints amplify significant water losses. It develops and examines the DT model’s application in the Gaula water distribution network (WDN) in Madeira Island, Portugal. The developed methodology resulted in a significant potential reduction in real water losses, which presented a huge value of 434,273 m3 (~80%) and significantly improved system efficiency. The result shows a meaningful economic benefit, with savings of about EUR 165k in water loss volume with limiting pressures above the regulatory maximum of 60 m w.c. after the district metered area (DMA) sectorization and the requalification of the network. Hence, only 40% of the total annual volume, concerning the status quo situation, is necessary to supply the demand. The infrastructure leakage index measures the existing real losses and the reduction potential, reaching a value of 21.15, much higher than the recommended value of 4, revealing the great potential for improving the system efficiency using the proposed methodology.

Effectiveness of hierarchical medical system policy: an interrupted time series analysis of a pilot scheme in China.

The Chinese healthcare system faces a dilemma between its hospital-centric approach to healthcare delivery and a rapidly ageing population that requires strong primary care. To improve system efficiency and continuity of care, the Hierarchical Medical System (HMS) policy package was issued in November 2014 and fully implemented in 2015 in Ningbo, Zhejiang province, China. This study aimed to investigate the impact of the HMS on the local healthcare system. We conducted a repeated cross-sectional study with quarterly data collected between 2010 and 2018 from Yinzhou district, Ningbo. The data were analysed with an interrupted time series design to assess the impact of HMS on the changes in levels and trends of three outcome variables: primary care physicians' (PCPs') patient encounter ratio (i.e.the mean quarterly number of patient encounters of PCPs divided by that of all other physicians), PCP degree ratio (i.e.the mean degree of PCPs divided by the mean degree of all other physicians, with the mean degree revealing the mean activity and popularity of physicians, which reflected the extent to which he/she coordinated with others in delivering health services), and PCP betweenness centrality ratio (i.e.the mean betweenness centrality of PCPs divided by the mean betweenness centrality of all other physicians; the mean betweenness centrality was interpreted as the mean relative importance of physicians within the network, indicating the centrality of the network). Observed results were compared with counterfactual scenarios computed based on pre-HMS trends. Between January 2010 and December 2018, 272 267 patients visited doctors for hypertension, a representative non-communicable disease with a high prevalence of 44.7% among adults aged 35-75 years, amounting to a total of 9 270 974 patient encounters. We analysed quarterly data of 45 464 observations over 36 time points. Compared to the counterfactual, by the fourth quarter of 2018, the PCP patient encounter ratio rose by 42.7% [95% confidence interval (CI): 27.1-58.2, P < 0.001], the PCP degree ratio increased by 23.6% (95%CI: 8.6-38.5, P < 0.01) and the PCP betweenness centrality ratio grew by 129.4% (95%CI: 87.1-171.7, P < 0.001). The HMS policy can incentivize patients to visit primary care facilities and enhance the centrality of PCPs within their professional network.

Designing a flight information collection system for calculating the aerodynamic characteristics of a UAV

The article describes the development of an onboard information collection system for calculating the aerodynamic characteristics of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), which can only be obtained under free flight conditions. A functional diagram is presented, a flight parameters registration system operation algorithm is described. The proposed solutions make it possible to collect a large amount of information and improve system efficiency through the selection and compression of information. The collected information is used to determine the aerodynamic characteristics, eliminating the need to test UAVs models in wind tunnels, which can save money and time on the development of new UAVs. The features of the information exchange between the system elements are considered, which make it possible to speed up the data transfer, and therefore improve the accuracy of measurements by increasing the frequency of polling measuring devices. The results obtained may be of interest to developers of autonomous measuring systems. Of particular importancce for calculating the aerodynamic characteristics of an UAV using the proposed method is the high accuracy of measuring the parameters of the aircraft trajectory, including the linear accelerations and angular velocities that occur in the course of motion. In addition, the article considers a variant of the hardware implementation of the proposed system for UAVs.

Optimal Placement and Sizing of Renewable and Non-Renewable Resources in Smart Grid

Distributed Generators (DGs) play a key role in existing power distribution networks together with significant innovations in smart grid technology. It is now more essential to evaluate the various types of DGs within the system. Renewable energy types of DGs such as PV and wind promise low emissions and abundant availability. When it comes to the installation of DG, the size, location, and type of DG should be given high importance because improper placement of DG units leads to reducing the benefits of the distribution system and even endangers the entire system operation. If DG size exceeds a certain value limit, power loss at that bus becomes negative. This situation must be avoided. As a result, optimal DG placement aids in the reduction of losses, improvement of voltage profiles, reliability, and overall system efficiency. Considering this, in this paper, a Simultaneous Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm is implemented for placement allocation and sizing of multiple types and multiple numbers of DGs in power distribution systems with the objectives of minimization of active and reactive power loss and enhanced voltage profile. Along with the meta-heuristic optimization algorithm, sensitivity techniques such as index vector, loss sensitivity factor, and voltage stability margin methods have been analysed. The outcomes are obtained using the aforementioned sensitivity-related methods on the IEEE 15, 33, 69, and 85-radial bus systems and compared with simultaneous PSO for efficacy.