Improve Sperm Quality Research Articles

Dietary supplementation with rosemary essential oil improves genital characteristics, semen parameters and testosterone concentration in Barki rams

BackgroundMale reproductive performance is an essential part of sheep production; therefore, the use of natural antioxidants to improve sperm quality and maintain reproductive performance in males is very important. Hence, oral administration of rosemary essential oil (REO) was investigated to improve the fertility rate, including the ultrasonographic testes, epididymal tail and genital glands, as well as semen parameters and testosterone concentration. Sixty animals were splitted into two groups, each with 30 rams; the rosemary group (C + REO) received 2 mg/kg/bw and the control group (C-REO). Ultrasound images and blood samples were collected at 15, 30 and 45 days of the REO treatment.ResultsThe testis and epididymal tail ultrasonographic assessments demonstrated a significant enhancement in the C + REO group compared to the C-REO group. However, the rams in the C + REO group showed significant improvements in the pampini-form plexus, seminal vesicle, Cowper's and prostate genital glands compared to the C-REO group. The data showed that the sperm cell concentration (× 109/ml) and individual motility (%) were significantly improved in the C + REO group. Furthermore, ejaculate volume (ml) in the C + REO group was significantly higher than that in the C-REO group. While the animals treated with REO did not improve live spermatozoa (%), it reduced the abnormalities of spermatozoa (%) compared to the C-REO group. Also, the C + REO group significantly increased the testosterone concentration more than the C-REO group.ConclusionIt can be concluded that supplementation with 2 mg/kg/bw REO improves genital characteristics, semen parameters and testosterone concentration in Barki rams.

Metabolome classification of Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia jack) and its commercial products via UHPLC-QTOF-MS-MS and its protective effect against 5-flurouracil-Induced testicular toxicity in male rats

Ethnopharmacological relevanceTongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia Jack) is a chief herbal medicine that is well recognized for its aphrodisiac properties, available in various commercial products worldwide. Aim of the studyThe aim of this work is to identify the different classes of secondary metabolites present in Tongkat Ali commercial products versus authenticated root, and to assess its root extract mitigative effect against 5-flurouracil (5FU)-induced testicular toxicity. Materials and methodsHigh-resolution UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS metabolites analysis was utilized on the ethanolic Tongkat Ali extract (TAE) parallel to three Mlayasian commercial products, followed by a multivariate data analysis to understand the variability among UHPLC-MS metabolites datasets. Adult male rats were treated with 5-Fluorouracil (5FU) ± Tongkat Ali extract. Semen parameters, serum testosterone, LH, and FSH, and testicular oxidative stress biomarkers like malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) were analyzed. ResultsThe main categories of secondary metabolites identified through UHPLC-MS/MS profiling were quassinoids, alkaloids, fatty acids, lignans and coumarins. Long Jack Plus® ELP-2 clustered alongside authentic roots ELR on the negative side, while Naturelle® ELP-1 and Nu-Prep-LEAKI® ELP-3 were positioned on the opposite side. The OPLS-DA model was used to identify markers for preparations from authentic roots, with commercial products enriching in ailanthone epoxide. In vivo results showed that 5FU reduced sperm parameters by 42%, while TAE improved sperm quality by 35–43% and 58–74% at dose of 400 and 800 mg/kg, respectively. Testosterone, reduced by 74% with 5FU, increased 2.3- to 3.2-fold with TAE. TAE also reduced MDA by 31–62%, NF-κB by 32–55% and increased Nrf2 by 1–2 folds. ConclusionThe manuscript presents a comparative metabolomics study and in vivo investigation into the potential of Tongkat Ali root to improve testicular function in male rats intoxicated with 5FU, an area not previously explored. Further research is required to understand the mechanisms.

Polymorphism detection and characterization of sperm cells chromatin remodeling associated genes in Murrah buffalo.

Seasonal variations significantly impact buffalo bull semen production and quality, particularly during the summer months. Understanding the genetic basis of these changes is important for managing bull fertility and improving sperm quality. The present study focused on characterizing and identifying polymorphisms in chromatin remodeling genes, protamines (PRMs) and Transition Nuclear Proteins (TNPs) in Murrah buffalo bulls with varying semen quality due to seasonal effects. Our findings revealed none of the coding region variation in PRM1, PRM2, TNP1, and TNP2, these genes are highly conserved in buffalo. Two intronic variants were identified, including G16C in PRM1 intron 1 and intronic SNP in PRM2 intron 1(G96A). The complete CDS of consensus sequence of bubaline PRM1 was 86.3% identical and 94.1% similar to the bovine PRM1. Whereas the complete CDS of consensus sequence of bubaline TNP2 was 78.2% identical and 91.0% similar to bovine TNP2. Further, no statistically significant differences in the fold change of TNP1, TNP2, PRM1, and PRM2 levels between the hot summer SNA and SA groups and the winter SNA and SA groups This study represents the first comprehensive report on the characterization of bubaline PRM1 (complete CDS), PRM2 (partial CDS), TNP1 (partial CDS), and TNP2 (complete CDS) genes in buffalo sperm cells. Results of the study, clearly indicate that the genes associated with protamine (PRM1 and TNP2) are highly conserved in Bubalus bubalis. Understanding these genetic underpinnings can have implications for improving buffalo bull fertility and semen quality.

Correlation of Seminal Plasma EMMPRIN Levels with Sperm Quality and the Efficacy of Activation Techniques

Background: Infertility is a major global health challenge, impacting 15% to 20% of couples globally. Male infertility, which is typically associated with issues such as low sperm motility, has increased during the last two decades. Male fertility relies heavily on the development of extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN), a glycosylated transmembrane protein involved in sperm function and embryo implantation. Understanding how sperm preparation techniques affect sperm quality and EMMPRIN expression is crucial for achieving optimal results in assisted reproductive technologies (ART). Objective: To investigate EMMPRIN expression in human sperm and compare the impact of two in vitro sperm preparation procedures, “direct swim-up (DSU) and pellet swim-up (PSU), on various sperm characteristics. To determine the optimum technique for improving sperm quality in ART. Materials and Methods: Masturbation was employed to collect sperm samples from 44 participants (aged 21 to 45). Following liquefaction, samples were evaluated macroscopically and microscopically in accordance with WHO 2021 guidelines. The samples were separated into three aliquots for ELISA assessment of EMMPRIN levels and sperm processing with DSU and PSU techniques. Sperm chromatin immaturity (SCI) was assessed using Aniline Blue staining. Statistical investigations were carried out to determine the correlations between EMMPRIN levels, semen parameters, and the impacts of the two in vitro sperm preparation techniques. Results: Sperm concentration significantly decreased from control (40.25 ± 2.30) to DSU (15.51 ± 1.74) and PSU (9.99 ± 1.16) conditions. However, motility, morphology, and SCI significantly improved, particularly with PSU, which showed a greater reduction in SCI % compared to DSU, indicating its effectiveness in selecting higher-quality sperm. There were no significant associations detected between EMMPRIN levels with semen metrics, although PSU exhibited a slightly higher association with improved sperm parameters. Conclusion: Seminal plasma EMMPRIN levels do not appear to directly influence semen parameters or sperm chromatin maturity. However, the choice of sperm activation technique, particularly PSU, significantly impacts sperm quality. More research is needed to better understand the importance of EMMPRIN in ART outcomes and its potential as a sperm quality indicator.

Astragalin alleviates oligoasthenospermia via promoting nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and reducing ferroptosis of testis

Oligoasthenospermia (OAS) is a global human developmental disease and the most common type of male infertility. There are currently no sufficiently effective therapeutic strategies for OAS. Wuziyanzong Pill (WZYZP) is a traditional Chinese prescription for the clinical treatment of male infertility, and its efficacy is well known in China. Therefore, due to the complexity of traditional Chinese medicine, the specific mechanism of action of WZYZP on OAS has not been elucidated. Astragalin (AG), one of the main active substances in WZYZP, has good antioxidant effect. The aim of this research is to investigate whether AG, the active substance in WZYZP, can treat OAS by promoting Nrf2 nuclear translocation and inhibiting ferroptosis. The OAS model was established by intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide, and the therapeutic effects of AG and WZYZP on OAS were evaluated by detecting sperm quality, sex hormone levels and testicular pathological changes after intragastric administration of AG and WZYZP. Western blot was used to measure the expression levels of TFR1, SLC7A11, GPX4 and FTH1. The nuclear translocation of Nrf2 was detected by immunofluorescence staining and nuclear/intracellular expression of Nrf2. The results showed that AG could improve sperm quality and serum sex hormone levels in OAS rats, reduce the expression of testicular Fe2+ and TFR1, up-regulate testicular SLC7A11, GPX4 and FTH1, and inhibit testicular ferroptosis. At the same time, AG can promote the expression and nuclear translocation of Nrf2 in the testis of OAS rats. AG can alleviate OAS via promoting nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and inhibiting ferroptosis of testis.

Testicular arterial blood flow volume in predicting semen improvement following microscopic subinguinal varicocelectomy.

Varicocele is a significant but treatable contributor to male infertility. The efficacy of varicocelectomy in improving sperm quality is not consistent, with only 60-80% of patients experiencing improved semen quality. This prospective cohort study aimed to evaluate the effect of microscopic subinguinal varicocelectomy (MSV) on testicular arterial blood flow volume (TABFV) and to determine the value of preoperative TABFV in predicting the outcome of MSV. Patients with varicocele who underwent MSV at the same clinical center between July 2020 and April 2023 were enrolled. All patients underwent ultrasound assessment and at least one semen analysis before and after MSV. Both univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the association between pre-MSV variables and semen improvement after MSV. Subsequently, a diagnostic model was developed. This study enrolled 96 patients with varicocele, including 31 who showed semen improvement after MSV and 65 who did not. The postoperative semen-improved group demonstrated a significant increase in TABFV of the right testis (TABFV-R) and left testis (TABFV-L) (P<0.001). Notably, the postoperative TABFV-L was more than twice the preoperative TABFV-L. Preoperative TABFV-R and a combination of subclinical right-sided varicocele were found to be associated with semen improvement after MSV, and a diagnostic model was developed using these two variables. The diagnostic model exhibited satisfactory performance, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.824 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.735-0.913], which was further validated internally yielding an AUC of 0.824 (95% CI: 0.726-0.900). Additionally, calibration analysis confirmed that the diagnostic model was well calibrated, and the Hosmer-Lemeshow test resulted in a P value of 0.794. The decision curve demonstrated that using this proposed nomogram would yield a net benefit if the threshold probability for semen improvement after MSV exceeded 10%. TABFV-L demonstrated potential utility in clinical practice for assessing outcomes of MSV, and the diagnostic model incorporating TABFV-R and a combination of right-side varicocele performed well in predicting improvements in semen parameters following MSV.

Combination of Exogenous Spermidine and Phosphocreatine Efficiently Improved the Quality and Antioxidant Capacity of Cryopreserved Boar Sperm and Reduced Apoptosis-Like Changes.

The low resistance of boar sperm to cryopreservation dictates that addition antioxidants and energetic substances to the diluent to improve sperm quality is necessary. This study evaluated the effect of spermidine and phosphocreatine in combination on the quality, antioxidant capacity, and antiapoptotic-like changes capacity of cryopreserved boar sperm based on previous reports. The results showed that the combined application of spermidine and phosphocreatine significantly enhanced the motility, average path velocity, straight-line velocity, curvilinear velocity, beat cross frequency, acrosome integrity, plasma membrane integrity, mitochondrial activity, and DNA integrity compared with the control group (p < 0.05). In addition, the combined application of spermidine and phosphocreatine significantly enhanced the total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase activity, glutathione peroxidase activity, and catalase activity while significantly decreasing malondialdehyde content and hydrogen peroxide content (p < 0.05). Western Blot analysis further showed that spermidine and phosphocreatine significantly decreased the expression of CASP3 and BAX and significantly enhanced the expression of BCL2 (p < 0.05); therefore, the combination of spermidine and phosphocreatine has potentially positive implications for improving the quality of cryopreserved boar sperm.

GPX5-Enriched Exosomes Improve Sperm Quality and Fertilization Ability

Semen preservation quality affects the artificial insemination success rate, and seminal exosomes are rich in various proteins that are transferable to sperm and conducive to sperm-function preservation during storage. However, the specific effects of these proteins remain unclear. In this study, the specific effects of these proteins on semen preservation quality and fertilization capacity were investigated through a proteomic analysis of seminal exosomes from boars with high conception rates (HCRs) and low conception rates (LCRs). The results revealed significant differences in the expression of 161 proteins between the two groups, with the GPX5 level being significantly higher in the HCR group (p &lt; 0.05). The role of GPX5 was further investigated by constructing engineered exosomes enriched with GPX5 (Exo-GPX5), which could successfully transfer GPX5 to sperm. Compared to the control group, Exo-GPX5 could significantly improve sperm motility on storage days 4 and 5 and enhance the acrosome integrity on day 5 (p &lt; 0.05). Additionally, Exo-GPX5 increased the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) of sperm, reduced the malondialdehyde (MDA) level, and decreased the expression of antioxidant proteins SOD1 and CAT (p &lt; 0.05). In simulated fertilization experiments, Exo-GPX5-treated sperm exhibited higher capacitation ability and a significant increase in the acrosome reaction rate (p &lt; 0.05). Overall, Exo-GPX5 can improve boar semen quality under 17 °C storage conditions and enhance sperm fertilization capacity.

Ascorbic acid 2-glucoside improves survival, quality, and fertility of frozen-thawed C57Bl/6J and C57Bl/6N mouse spermatozoa.

Ascorbic acid 2-glucoside (AA2G) is a stabilized form of ascorbic acid and a potent antioxidant. Ascorbic acid is present in the testes and epididymis and helps maintain the physiological integrity of reproductive organs. Its properties have been utilized to protect spermatozoa of different species from oxidative stress. Spermatozoa of C57Bl/6J and C57Bl/6N strains were frozen and analyzed, after thawing, by supplementing the capacitation medium with AA2G, both in the presence and absence of methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MBCD). The effect of treatment was evaluated by SCA System (Microptic) analyzing the velocity, vitality, morphology, and the DNA fragmentation. We also examined sperm capacitation (CTC), acrosome reaction (Coomassie Brillant Blue), and fertility (in vitro fertilization) of treated spermatozoa. AA2G improved sperm quality and fertility particularly in association with MBCD. We observed a significant increase of sperm motility, velocity, and vitality associated with an enhanced capacitation and acrosome reaction. These improvements resulted in a marked increase in in vitro fertilization success. Embryos obtained were cultured and reached normally the blastocyst stage. This study aimed to determine if AA2G could safeguard mouse spermatozoa during cryopreservation. We found a protective effect of AA2G that increased sperm survivability resulting in higher fertilization rate. This newly improved protocol shows potential for reanimating cryopreserved GEMMs stored in mouse biobanks and international repositories, such as the European Mouse Mutant Archive (EMMA). This can serve as a pivotal tool in fulfilling the 3Rs mission (replacement, reduction, and refinement), promoting ethical and humane research practices.

HARNESSING PHYTOTHERAPY: EXPLORING ALTERNATIVE TREATMENTS FOR MALE INFERTILITY

Purpose: The multifaceted nature of male infertility requires innovative approaches, leading researchers to explore the potential of phytotherapy to improve reproductive health. Phytotherapy offers a promising prospect for individuals seeking alternative treatments for male infertility, harnessing the natural therapeutic properties of plant-based compounds. The aim of this work is to investigate the efficacy and mechanisms of action of phytotherapy as a promising alternative treatment for male infertility. Through a comprehensive review of existing literature and clinical trials, this research aims to elucidate the potential benefits of phytotherapeutic interventions in improving sperm quality, enhancing reproductive parameters and addressing the underlying causes of male infertility. Methodology. We conducted a comprehensive literature search using electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar. The search was conducted from 1970 to 2024, with no language restrictions. The following keywords and combinations of keywords were used: “phytotherapy”, “male infertility”, “herbal medicine”, “plant extracts”, “natural remedies” and “herbal supplements”. In addition, relevant articles were identified through manual searches of the reference lists of the retrieved trials and review articles. Articles were included if they met the following criteria: (1) original research articles, systematic reviews, meta-analyses and clinical trials investigating the efficacy of phytotherapy in the treatment of male infertility; (2) studies reporting outcomes related to sperm quality, reproductive hormones, semen parameters or fertility outcomes; (3) human studies involving adult men diagnosed with infertility or subfertility; (4) studies published in peer-reviewed journals. Scientific novelty. While conventional treatments for male infertility often focus on hormonal therapies, surgery or assisted reproductive techniques, this manuscript highlights the potential of phytotherapy as an alternative approach. By exploring natural remedies derived from medicinal plants, this manuscript offers new insights into complementary strategies for the treatment of male infertility. The emphasis on alternative treatments reflects a growing interest in holistic and integrative approaches to reproductive medicine. In addition to discussing the broader concept of phytotherapy, this manuscript examines the efficacy of specific phytochemicals in the treatment of male infertility. By focusing on individual compounds and their pharmacological effects, this manuscript advances our understanding of the bioactive constituents responsible for the therapeutic effects of medicinal plants. This targeted approach allows for a more nuanced evaluation of phytotherapeutic interventions and facilitates the identification of potential drug candidates. Conclusions. The use of various medicinal plants with benefits for male reproductive health was discussed, including Tribulus terrestris, Apium graveolens, Withania somnifera, Cornus mas, Fumaria parviflora, Phoenix dactylifera and many others, was discussed. The mechanisms by which these herbal remedies may exert their effects on sperm quality, reproductive hormones and overall fertility were also demonstrated. The role of plants as adjunctive therapies to address underlying conditions associated with male infertility, such as oxidative stress, inflammation and hormonal imbalances, was discussed. Although promising, clinical evidence for the efficacy of herbal treatments for male infertility remains limited, highlighting the need for further well-designed clinical trials and studies. Nevertheless, the integration of medicinal plants into comprehensive fertility care protocols offers a promising avenue for improving male reproductive health outcomes and warrants further exploration.

Quantitative assessment of Nigella sativa and conjugated silver nanoparticles against hexavalent chromium toxic effects on sperm function

BackgroundInfertility has been observed as one of the major issues in humans, one known risk factor is heavy metals. MethodsThe main focus of the present research was to assess the toxic effect of hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)) on sperm and its mitigation by Nigella sativa seed extract (NS) and its conjugated silver nanoparticles (NS + NP). In the present study, we administered 1.5 mg/kg body of Cr (VI) orally in mice for 60 days routinely, to induce toxicity in testes and effect on sperm production and motility in male mice. NS and NS + NP (50 mg/kg body weight) were administered to evaluate protective action against Cr (VI). The sperm were analyzed by computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA) and chromium concentration in testicular tissue was measured via the atomic absorption spectrophotometer. ResultsThe CASA analysis showed that Cr (VI) was directly linked with a decline in sperm concentration, motility, distance, velocity, straightness, and head beat frequency attributes. However, the administration of Nigella sativa seed extract and its green synthesized silver nanoparticles improved sperm concentration, motility, distance, velocity, straightness, and head beat frequency. The chromium content in the testes of Cr-exposed animals significantly increased, which negatively affected sperm parameters. However, Nigella sativa and Nigella sativa conjugated silver nanoparticles appeared to help in the removal of Cr content from testes hence improving the sperm parameters in exposed mice. ConclusionThe decrease in Cr concentration improved sperm quality and quantity, hence, improve male fertility.

Tannin-Rich Fraction of Cyperus esculentus Protects against Lead-Induced Testicular Toxicity in Male Wistar Rats through ITS Antioxidant Properpty

Aims: Lead as a common environmental toxic metal, causes many histological, physiological and biomedical abnormalities in human and animals. This study evaluated the antioxidant potential of tannins on serum level of testosterone, LH and FSH and histology of the testes of male Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Twenty-five adult male Wistar rats were divided into five (5) groups, (n=5). Group NS was administered normal saline only, Group PBO was administered with 30mg/kg body weight (BW) of lead, group LDTPB was administered with 50 mg/kg BW of tannins and 30mg/kg BW of lead, group MDTPB was administered with 100mg/kg BW of tannins and 30mg/kg BW of lead, group HDTPB was administered 150mg/kg BW of tannins and 30mg/kg BW of lead orally for 28 days. The animals were sacrificed and testes were harvested on day 29 of the experiment and histological and histochemistry studies done using the H&amp;E and VVG staining respectively. Sperm parameters (motility, concentration), sex hormones (Testosterone, LH, FSH) and antioxidant activities were also determined. Results: There was Leydig cell proliferation and an increase series of spermatogenesis of the testes in the rats of groups administered with lead and tannins different doses (LDTPB, MDTPB and HDTPB) when compared with rats administered with lead only. Rats in groups LDTPB, MDTPB and HDTPB had a significant increase in levels of serum testosterone (p&lt;0.05) when compared with positive control group (2). There was increase in levels of FSH in MDTPB and HDTPB groups when compared with positive control (2). Increased MDA levels were observed in the rats given lead only, PBO when compared to NS group. The rats given lead and tannins significant growth of seminiferous epithelium, improved sperm quality, and had decreased MDA levels. Conclusion: This study demonstrated the protective role of tannins fraction of Cyperus esculentus on lead-induced testicular toxicity in male Wistar rats.

Potential protective role of chlorogenic acid against cyclophosphamide-induced reproductive damage in male mice.

Cyclophosphamide (CP) is an anticancer drug; however, clinical utilization of CP is limited, resulting from its considerable toxicities. This research was performed to explore the protective effects of Chlorogenic acid (CGA) on reproductive damage induced by CP in mice. Blood samples were collected for analysis of hormone content subsequently; semen samples were evaluated for quality, and testis samples were used for histopathological evaluation and analysis of oxidative stress biomarkers, protein and gene expression levels of steroid regulatory factors, and steroid synthase. The results noted that CGA increased serum testosterone (T), luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) activity; increased SOD, GPx, and GSH oxidative stress levels in testis tissue; and decreased MDA content in testis tissue. Testicular cells in the CGA treatment group gradually returned to normal morphology, and CYP11A1 and CYP17A1 levels increased after CGA treatment. The mRNA levels of CYP11A1, CYP17A1, StAR, 3β-HSD, and 17β-HSD were significantly raised in the CGA dose group. In the test dose range, CGA can improve sperm quality, quantitative abnormality, and serum T synthesis disorder caused by CP. This mechanism may be correlated with the inhibition of oxidative stress and antioxidation levels. Therefore, CGA has a protective impact on testicular injuries arising from CP in mice.

Whole tomato lipidic extract improved sperm quality in obese rats induced by a high-carbohydrate diet.

Obesity represents a risk in the development of metabolic and oxidative stress (OS), as well as in male infertility. There is still no pharmacological treatment for obesity-induced male infertility, but the use of natural antioxidants has been proposed as a treatment. The aim of this work is to evaluate the effect of a whole tomato lipid extract on rats that decreased their fertility and spermatogenesis after being induced obese with a high carbohydrate diet. One hundred fourteen male Wistar rats of 12weeks of age were used. Two groups were randomly formed non-obese control group (C, n=54) and obese group (Ob, n=54) that received 30% w/v sucrose solution for 3 months. Subsequently, the C and Ob group were divided into two groups: vehicle (C-Vh and Ob-Vh) that received corn oil as vehicle and tomato lipid extract (C-Ex and Ob-Ex) that received whole tomato lipid extract. The groups that received a hypercaloric diet had a gain in visceral and retroperitoneal adipose tissue, an increase in total cholesterol and triglyceride levels, increased OS in the testis, and lesions in testicular histology, as well as a reduction in testicular size and sperm quality parameters (motility, viability, and concentration). Treatment with whole tomato lipid extract significantly decreased the weight of gonadal adipose tissue and OS, maintained testicular size, showed a significant increase in sperm quality parameters and improved histology of seminiferous tubules. These results demonstrate a greater therapeutic and beneficial effect of the tomato lipid extract on sperm quality parameters in obese rats and therefore on fertility.

Protective Effects of Chitosan-Loaded Pomegranate Peel Extract Nanoparticles on Infertility in Diabetic Male Rats.

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is known to have an impact on the health of the male reproductive system. It is linked to low sperm quality, increased oxidative stress, and an increased generation of reactive oxygen species in the seminal fluid. Pomegranate extract has phenolic compounds and significant protective properties against oxidative stress, male sex hormone disruptions, and sperm abnormalities. The current study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Pomegranate Peel Extract Nanoparticles (PPENPs) on male fertility in diabetic rats. DM was induced in rats by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg). Twenty-four rats were divided into four groups, 6 rats in each group: control, DM, DM+empty NPs (60 mg/kg, orally), and DM+PPENPs (60 mg/kg, orally). Administration of PPENPs increased the levels of insulin, FSH, LH, testosterone, catalase, glutathione reduced, and semen fructose. PPENPs also improved sperm quality, as seen by improvements in sperm morphology, motility, count, and the ability of metabolically active spermatozoa to convert blue resazurin dye to pink resorufin. However, PPENPs decreased levels of glucose, malonaldehyde, nitric oxide, and sperm abnormalities. Also, histological investigation of the PPENPs showed improvement in testis tissue architecture and increased the diameter size of seminiferous tubules and germinative layer thickness. Our investigation proved that the treatment of PPENPs has a protective effect on the reproductive system of male diabetic rats, improving fertility parameters, healthy sperm profiles, and the antioxidant system.

Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) polymorphisms in andrology-a narrative review.

Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is a key enzyme involved in folate metabolism and one-carbon metabolism. MTHFR gene polymorphism affects enzyme activity. MTHFR gene polymorphism is closely related to many human diseases, such as cardiocerebrovascular diseases, diabetes, neural tube defects (NTDs), tumors, and so on. In the field of Andrology, MTHFR gene polymorphism may be associated with male infertility and erectile dysfunction (ED), and there is a possibility of treating male infertility and ED by supplementing with folic acid. However, its exact pathophysiologic mechanism is not fully understood. We sought to obtain a robust understanding of the interactions between MTHFR gene polymorphism, oxidative stress, DNA methylation, hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy), male infertility, and ED. We performed a non-systematic literature review using the PubMed database to identify articles specifically related to MTHFR, male infertility and ED. Our literature review on MTHFR gene polymorphism in male infertility patients indicates a significant association between C677T gene polymorphism and male infertility. There is limited literature on the correlation between ED and MTHFR gene polymorphism, and there are two different conclusions, related and unrelated. More clinical data are needed to clarify the conclusion. There is a possibility of using folic acid supplementation to treat male infertility and ED, especially for patients with thymine-thymine (TT) genotype. Future research is necessary to further understand the relationship between MTHFR gene polymorphism and male infertility and ED. Our literature review on MTHFR gene polymorphism in male infertility patients indicates a significant association between C677T gene polymorphism and male infertility. Folic acid supplementation can improve sperm quality. The correlation between MTHFR gene polymorphisms and ED is questionable and needs to be confirmed by more clinical data. MTHFR gene polymorphisms are associated with homocysteine (Hcy) levels, which affects vascular endothelial function and may be related to the development of vascular ED (VED). Folic acid supplementation improves International Index for Erectile Function (IIEF) questionnaire scores in ED patients in whom phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor (PDE5i) alone is ineffective.

Effect of tyrode albumin lactate pyruvate and modified Krebs Ringers broth media on in vitro capacitation of HD-K75 boar spermatozoa at different period of incubation.

In vitro capacitation allows for a greater understanding of the mechanisms underlying fertilization and the development of improved reproductive techniques for improving fertility rates in porcine. Tyrodes albumin lactate pyruvate (TALP) and modified Krebs Ringers Broth (m-KRB) are two medias that are commonly used in research experiments to induce capacitation in boar spermatozoa (Cañón-Beltrán etal., Theriogenology, 198, 2023 and 231; Oberlender etal., Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria, 44, 2012 and 201; Sahoo etal., International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 241, 2023 and 124502). Moreover, understanding the morphological and functional changes in boar spermatozoa at different hours of capacitation periods might aid in the development of novel techniques for improving sperm quality and increasing the litter size. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of Tyrode albumin lactate pyruvate and modified Krebs Ringers Broth media on invitro capacitation of HD-K75 boar spermatozoa at three different periods of incubation. A total of 24 ejaculate from four clinically healthy, 10-12 months aged HD-K75 boars, maintained at ICAR-All India Coordinated Research Project (AICRP) on pig were selected. Semen was collected by 'Simple fist' method using a portable dummy. The semen samples having 200 mL volume, 103 × 106 spermatozoa/ml concentration and 70% initial motility were selected and split into two parts and suspended in TALP and m-KRB media, respectively, and incubated for 5 h at 37°C. Seminal parameters viz. sperm viability, plasma membrane integrity and acrosomal integrity were estimated in the samples at 0, 3 and 5 h of incubation. This study revealed that there was significant variation between media in live acrosome-reacted (p < .05) and HOST-reacted (p < .01) spermatozoa, while between capacitation periods significant (p < .01) variation was observed in hyperactivated spermatozoa, live acrosome-reacted spermatozoa, HOST-reacted spermatozoa, FITC-labelled PSA, extracellular protein and sperm cholesterol. Non-significant variation was observed in total phospholipid. TALP showed overall better consequence on sperm viability, plasma membrane and acrosomal integrity of boar spermatozoa. From this study, it could be concluded that both TALP and m-KRB media were virtuous to induce capacitation in HD-K75 boar spermatozoa. TALP media, however, had a better effect on sperm viability, plasma membrane and acrosomal integrity of boar spermatozoa. Out of the three different periods, 3 h capacitation period resulted in significantly (p < .01) higher incidence of sperm viability, plasma membrane and acrosomal integrity in HD-K75 boar spermatozoa.

Methionine Improves Boar Sperm Quality by Promoting Mitochondrial Translation during Liquid Storage.

Boar sperm quality serves as an important indicator of reproductive efficiency, playing a direct role in enhancing the output of livestock production. It has been demonstrated that mitochondrial protein translation is present in sperm and plays a crucial role in regulating sperm motility, capacitation and in vitro fertilization rate. The present study aimed to determine whether methionine supplementation enhances mitochondrial translation in boar sperm, thereby improving sperm quality. The results showed a significant elevation in the abundance of mitochondrial methionyl-tRNA formyltransferase (MTFMT), a crucial enzyme for mitochondrial protein translation, and mitochondrial DNA-encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COX1) in boar sperm exhibiting high motility. Both amino acids and methionine supplementation significantly enhanced boar sperm motility during storage. Moreover, methionine supplementation mitigates the loss of acrosomal integrity, enhances the expression of COX1, and boosts mitochondrial activity. Furthermore, the positive impact of methionine was negated in the presence of the mitochondrial translation inhibitor chloramphenicol. Together, these findings suggest that boar sperm may utilize methionine as a protein translation substrate to enhance sperm motility by stimulating mitochondrial protein translation. The supplementation of methionine may enhance the quality of boar sperm, thereby providing guidance for the optimization of diluent formulations for liquid storage and the identification of physiological regulators that regulate sperm motility.

Application of antioxidants in extender on bull sperm cryopreservation to reduce the male effect in dairy fertility

Because male and female effects on fertility must be considered, it may be difficult to achieve accurate and repeatable fertility predictions using only sperm characteristics given differences in breed, health, and season. Improving sperm quality after cryopreservation may be a method to reduce the male effect on the fertility outcome. This study was conducted using 2 different Certified Semen Service approved extenders, one containing plant-derived antioxidants, to assess cryopreserved sperm quality and determine pregnancy per artificial insemination (P/AI) in a commercial dairy farm. Beef bull ejaculates (n = 24 ejaculates, n = 4 bulls) were split and frozen in egg-yolk-TRIS (EYT) or GameteGuard-FB cryopreservation extenders. Frozen-thawed sperm was evaluated for sperm quality and used for insemination in dairy cows (n = 4856). There was an improvement in total and progressive motility, acrosome integrity, and reduction of DNA fragmentation at 0 and 3 h after thawing in sperm frozen in GameteGuard-FB when compared with the EYT extender. An overall 12.7% improvement in pregnancy per AI (P/AI) was observed when GameteGuard-FB (40.8%) was used for cryopreservation when compared with EYT (36.2%). More importantly, GameteGuard-FB frozen semen increased P/AI for first service by 19.5% (35.9% EYT and 42.9% GameteGuard-FB) and 45.0% was also observed at third service (31.3% EYT and 45.4% GameteGuard-FB). The use of GameteGuard-FB resulted in an average 40% P/AI among bulls. Taken together, the increase in cryopreserved sperm quality using GameteGuard-FB can be used to minimize the male effects on pregnancy outcomes in commercial dairy farms.

Idiopathic male infertility – what are we missing?

ABSTRACT Couple’s infertility is a rising issue worldwide affecting approximately 15% of couples. In 50% of the couples, a male factor infertility can be identified. Moreover, 30% of the men exhibit reduced sperm quality without any identifiable reason, thereby delineating the condition of idiopathic male infertility (IMI). Despite numerous improvements in the diagnosis and treatment of male infertility over the last decades, idiopathic forms are still the most challenging clinical dilemmas. The aim of this article is to describe the comprehensive diagnostic work-up that each idiopathic infertile man should follow. Moreover, potential new pathophysiological mechanisms and suggested treatment options are discussed. A detailed medical history and an extensive physical examination are mandatory to investigate potential treatable causes of MFI. Similarly, standard semen analysis has been proven to be limited in capturing the fecundability of the spermatozoa itself, therefore more advanced examinations, such as sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) and oxidative stress measurement, are becoming important in clinical practice for IMI. In terms of diagnostic tools, imaging and genetic investigations are useful to classify idiopathic infertile men, however, epigenetic changes have demonstrated to have a role in sperm production and a prognostic value in fertility outcomes. Antioxidant treatment for IMI has been found to be a valid option to counteract ROS action, while gonadotropins are used to improve sperm quality and SDF. Artificial intelligence is promising to better manage idiopathic infertile men in terms of diagnosis and treatment options.