Improve Law Enforcement Research Articles

Legal Issues and Countermeasures in the Application of China’s Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas

The Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas (PSSAs), as a type of area-based management tool, plays an important role in protecting the marine environment and marine ecosystems from the threats posed by international shipping activities. China has large areas that could be applied as PSSAs. However, there are potential problems in the application process, especially in terms of proposal applications and the implementation of routing measures. These problems include the lack of a coordinating body for applications, disputes over the application area, restrictions on relevant protective measures, and changes in the content and procedures of the application. In terms of implementation, these include the lack of domestic legislation on alignment measures, the lack of a clear implementation entity, the imperfect enforcement system, and the lack of technical support. Subsequently, through the analysis of the successful experience of existing particularly sensitive sea areas, solutions to the problems in the application of particularly sensitive sea areas in China are proposed. These solutions include establishing communication mechanisms with neighboring countries, carefully selecting the application area, improving domestic legislation on alignment measures, improving the law enforcement system, and improving law enforcement technology. These targeted recommendations will clear the way for the application of particularly sensitive sea areas in China.

Illegal harvest, use, and trade in Temminck’s pangolins by communities adjacent to Ruaha National Park, Tanzania

ABSTRACT Pangolins are one of the most trafficked animals in the world, including the Temminck’s pangolin (Smutsia temminckii). Tanzania faces international pangolin trade threats, yet data on Temminck’s pangolins remains scarce despite conservation calls. We interviewed 22 villages near Ruaha National Park to understand pangolin harvest, use, and trade. Pangolin hunting is mostly opportunistic during daily activities, except for village elders who actively hunt pangolins. Pangolin scales dominate trade, primarily purchased by pastoralists and traditional healers. Scales are mainly used in cultural practices and for traditional medicinal purposes. Finally, we learned that there is decreased pangolin use in markets resulting from improved law enforcement and their growing scarcity. Our results suggest that illegal pangolin harvest, use, and trade threaten their survival; locally relevant conservation efforts, including education and enforcement, are crucial to drive effective conservation action.

Perlindungan Hukum dan Upaya Pencegahan Pencabulan Anak di Indonesia

Child molestation remains a serious issue in Indonesia, requiring strong legal protection and effective prevention efforts. This study aims to analyze the legal framework for child protection, the implementation of legal protection for victims, prevention efforts, and challenges in law enforcement related to child molestation in Indonesia. Using a literature review method, this research examines various current literature sources. The results show that although Indonesia has a comprehensive legal framework, its implementation still faces challenges such as child-unfriendly judicial processes and limited resources. Prevention efforts involve comprehensive sexual education and active community participation. This study recommends strengthening legal sanctions, improving law enforcement capacity, developing child-friendly justice systems, and intensifying community education programs to enhance protection and prevention of child molestation in Indonesia.

Has the application of sanctions against financial institutions involved in money laundering had a deterrent effect?

Money laundering is one of the crimes that has a wide impact, both economically and socially. With the increasing complexity of global financial networks, financial institutions must be more responsible in preventing money laundering practices. The existence of strong and transparent financial institutions is essential to maintain the integrity of the financial system. Using normative juridical research methods, this study analyzes the regulations that govern sanctions and law enforcement practices. The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether the sanctions applied have provided a deterrent effect to financial institutions that violate the law. The results of the study show that although there are several institutions affected by sanctions, in general, the implementation of sanctions has not been effective in providing a significant deterrent effect. These obstacles arise due to the lack of strict supervision, weak international cooperation, and inconsistencies in law enforcement. In addition, the proactive attitude of financial institutions in fulfilling reporting obligations also needs to be improved. Therefore, reforms in the sanctions system and improved law enforcement mechanisms are needed to create a stronger deterrent effect against financial institutions involved in money laundering

The Cyberbullying Pada Aplikasi Tiktok Ditinjau Dari Hukum Pidana dan Fiqh Empat Madzhab

The growth of information technology has introduced challenges like cyberbullying, especially on platforms like TikTok. The real-time nature of TikTok and insufficient moderation exacerbate the psychological harm caused to victims. In Indonesia, cyberbullying is a criminal offense under Law Number 19 of 2016 (ITE Law) as it violates human rights. From an Islamic perspective, it is seen as a serious sin, contradicting Islamic moral values. The four major Islamic schools of thought—Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i, and Hanbali—guide punishing offenders, ranging from fixed (hudud) to discretionary (ta'zir) penalties depending on the severity of the offense. This study uses a doctrinal legal approach and library research to examine cyberbullying on TikTok from the perspectives of both criminal law and Islamic jurisprudence. The findings highlight that integrating the principles of positive law with Islamic jurisprudence could create a more holistic and effective framework for addressing cyberbullying. A combined approach can strengthen anti-cyberbullying policies, fostering a safer digital environment. Additionally, promoting education that emphasizes Islamic values such as respect can help prevent cyberbullying. The study recommends increasing public awareness, integrating Islamic and positive legal principles into policies, and improving law enforcement’s capacity to address cyberbullying more effectively.

Shadows of fear: Extortion and protection racketeering amidst organized crime in South Africa

This paper investigates organized crime networks that engage in extortion and protection racketeering in South Africa. Due to socio-economic hardships and weak institutional frameworks, criminals have employed fear and violence as a means to gain control over local communities and businesses illegally. The study employed a literature analysis of scholarly materials such as peer-reviewed journals, books, and reports by law enforcement agencies and nongovernmental organizations among others to gather knowledge on extortion and protection racketeering in organized crime in South Africa. The study examines the operational strategies and impacts of organised crime networks on extortion and protection racketeering on local economies as well as public safety. The findings review that there is an all-pervasive culture of fear which underlies blackmailing as well as racketeering activities thereby increasing the vulnerability of communities while undermining social cohesion. The paper concludes by recommending policies meant to improve law enforcement capability and community resilience against this threat on communities.

ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF SUPERVISION AND MANAGEMENT TRAINING ON POLICE OFFICER PERFORMANCE AT NKURENKURU POLICE STATION

This research explores the impact of supervision and management training on the performance of police officers at Nkurenkuru Police Station, focusing on improving law enforcement effectiveness. Conducted in the Kavango West Region of Namibia, the study aims to understand how training programs influence personnel performance. Qualitative research methods were employed, using semi-structured interviews and thematic analysis for data interpretation. The findings highlight a complex relationship between supervision and management training and police officer performance. While acknowledging some positive impacts of the training, the study identifies various obstacles that hinder its full effectiveness. These challenges include resource limitations, lack of follow-up support, administrative burdens, resistance to change, inadequate integration of training, and heavy workloads. The study suggests the importance of a comprehensive approach to supervision and management training tailored to the needs of law enforcement agencies. Recommendations include customising training programs, increasing participant engagement, and establishing consistent follow-up mechanisms. These insights are not only relevant to Nkurenkuru Police Station but also offer valuable lessons for law enforcement agencies worldwide seeking to optimise their performance through effective training strategies.

On the Necessity of System Criminalistic Support for Prosecution

Introduction: the paper examines some criminalistic aspects of prosecution, identifies certain trends, substantiates the fundamental part of the prosecutor’s office activities in criminal proceedings, and formulates proposals for improving law enforcement in general. Purpose: the substantiation of the statement on the necessity of using forensic recommendations in criminal proceedings in general, as well as the advisability of system criminalistic support for prosecution in particular. Methods: the methodological framework for the study consists of methods of scientific cognition, among which the main ones are the methods of analysis, consistency, synthesis, and comparative law. Results: the conclusion is formulated that the prosecutor’s office should delegate the coordination of the implementation of forensic recommendations at all stages of the criminal process and also assign the duty of enormous control over their implementation on an ongoing basis. Conclusions: based on the provisions outlined in the work, the author concludes about the absolute validity of the introduction and use of criminalistic categories in prosecution, regardless of the stages of the criminal process. It is concluded that the application of forensic recommendations will help eliminate certain difficulties in handling the prosecution, which will lead to a reduction in the number of violations.

Forms of Expression of Will in Civil Transactions

Introduction: the relevance of the topic is related to the emergence of new electronic forms of expression of will when making transactions, which has necessitated ensuring their security in the digital environment. The purpose of the study is to solve the problems of the form of expression of will of parties to civil transactions, including transactions concluded in electronic form by means of information and communication systems. Methods: in preparing the study, the dialectical, logical, and comparative law methods were used, which made it possible to analyze various approaches to classifying forms of expression of will, including oral, written, and other forms, and their legal significance in the context of current legislation. Results: the paper analyzes various forms of expression of will that are important for the validity and enforceability of transactions. The doctrine and judicial practice related to the digitalization of the expression of will have been studied. The problem of ensuring the protection of the rights of parties to electronic transactions related to the identification and authentication of the parties in the digital environment is analyzed. The ways to improve the regulatory framework to take into account the development of digital technologies and ensure the protection of the rights of parties to transactions are proposed. The scope of the results: the approaches outlined in the study to solving the problems of expression of will in the digital environment can become the basis for improving the current civil law legislation; they can serve as the basis for further scientific research in this area; and they can improve law enforcement practice. Conclusions: the proposals related to solving the problems of identification and authentication when entering into the transaction are substantiated. It is proposed to use blockchain technology to solve the problem of confidential data security on the one hand and transparency on the other. The need to fix in the law the methods of electronic transmission of legally significant messages is justified.

COPYRIGHT PROTECTION AT THE INTERNATIONAL LEVEL: LEGAL MECHANISMS AND POLITICAL CHALLENGES

Copyright protection at the international level is a crucial aspect of the legal system in the context of globalization and the development of digital technologies. In today’s information society, ensuring adequate copyright protection is critically important due to the rapid dissemination of creative content on the Internet. The main issue lies in creating an effective international legal system that accommodates diverse national legislation and peculiarities. In order to improve copyright protection, it is necessary to strengthen international cooperation. This includes the development of uniform standards for the protection of rights, strengthening cooperation between countries and supporting the implementation of international agreements. It is also important to harmonize national laws, ensure adequate sanctions for rights violations, develop collective rights management organizations and conduct educational campaigns to increase legal awareness. The primary challenge is to harmonize national laws with international standards, which will enable a unified approach to copyright protection and reduce the risk of violations on a global scale. Studying international agreements such as the Berne Convention and the WIPO Copyright Treaty highlights the need for continuous improvement of legal mechanisms to adapt to new technological challenges. Effective copyright protection is critical to the development of creativity, innovation and cultural diversity. The practical significance of this research lies in improving law enforcement practices and developing recommendations for international organizations and national governments. Cooperation between states, international organizations, and the private sector is a key element in enhancing the effectiveness of copyright protection.

Problematic Issues of Using Electronic Evidence in Criminal Proceedings (SDG's)

Objective: The object of this scientific publication is the use of electronic evidence in criminal proceedings, focusing on the main problematic issues, legislative gaps, and the need for improvements in law enforcement practices. Method: The method of study involves a detailed analysis of the current criminal procedure legislation, identification of the general and special features of electronic evidence, and examination of practical issues related to the collection, assessment, and admissibility of electronic evidence in criminal proceedings. The authors use legal analysis and case studies to propose amendments to the legislation and suggest practical improvements. Results: In this scientific publication, the authors highlight the main problematic issues of using electronic evidence in criminal proceedings, propose amendments to the current criminal procedure legislation, and also make proposals for improving law enforcement practice. It is argued that electronic evidence is an independent procedural source of evidence which has both general and special features and nowadays plays an important role in establishing the truth in criminal proceedings. It is concluded that the use of electronic evidence in criminal proceedings currently has no regulatory basis, which causes numerous difficulties and gaps which, among other things, lead to abuse of procedural powers. Contribution: It is established that in the process of collecting electronic evidence, there are many abuses of procedural powers, which are expressed in the excessive seizure of their carriers, as well as unlawful interference with privacy. The article also reveals the difficulties in assessing electronic evidence as relevant, admissible and reliable evidence. In particular, the use of different copies of electronic documents, compliance by judges with the principle of direct examination of evidence, and the admissibility of electronic evidence obtained from open sources are controversial. Based on the results of the study, the authors propose to amend the Code of Criminal Procedure of Ukraine by supplementing Chapter 4 ‘Evidence and Proof’ with paragraph 5 ‘Electronic Evidence’, which should define their concept, procedural procedure for their seizure, storage, return, and peculiarities of evaluation. The authors also emphasises the expediency of upgrading the qualifications of authorised persons by conducting thematic training on the proper use of electronic evidence and preventing abuse of procedural powers in this process.

Face Detection and Recognition for Criminal Identification System

This project showcases a powerful Face Detection and Recognition system intended to improve law enforcement skills by speeding up the identification of suspects in criminal cases. The system uses scalable databases and real-time computation, however instead of using traditional web sources for face detection. Accuracy and dependability are ensured by using the LBPH algorithm for face recognition and the Haar-cascade classifier for feature detection. The smtplib library allows the system to send a Gmail notification when it finds a matching face. The system that has been built contributes to public safety initiatives by improving law enforcement operations and demonstrating versatility for different face detection circumstances. The outcomes show how successfully the system can detect faces in real-time circumstances. The system achieves great performance by creating dynamic datasets and integrating algorithms. Integrating Gmail improves law enforcement response by facilitating prompt contact of identified suspects. This study highlights the role that surveillance technology plays in public safety and crime prevention, and it provides law enforcement authorities with useful solutions. Furthermore, the uses of this facial recognition and detection technology go beyond police enforcement. It can expedite attendance tracking and improve security in access control systems. Because of its adaptability, it can be used in a variety of industries and is expected to have a significant impact.

Current Trends in Human Trafficking and the Effectiveness of Law Enforcement Strategies in Combating Sex Trafficking in Thailand

This paper examines the current state of sex trafficking in Thailand, focusing on recent trends, law enforcement strategies, and challenges faced in combating this pervasive issue. Thailand has established a comprehensive legal framework to address human trafficking, including significant legislation and international commitments. Law enforcement employs a range of strategies, including surveillance, undercover operations, and inter-agency collaboration, to dismantle trafficking networks and support victims. However, challenges such as corruption, resource limitations, and the complexity of trafficking networks hinder these efforts. The paper also provides recommendations for improving law enforcement capabilities, victim support, legal frameworks, international cooperation, and the use of technology to enhance anti-trafficking measures. By addressing these areas, Thailand can strengthen its fight against sex trafficking and provide better protection for vulnerable individuals.

Eksistensi Direktorat Jenderal Penegakan Hukum Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan dalam Penanganan Kasus Pencemaran Lingkungan oleh Pabrik Pengolahan Kelapa Sawit di Riau

Indonesia faces complex environmental problems due to management that is out of balance with economic and population growth. One prominent case is the alleged environmental pollution by PT SIPP in Bengkalis, Riau, involving unauthorized waste disposal and damage to a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). This study aims to describe the role of the Directorate General of Environmental and Forestry Law Enforcement (DG Gakkum LHK) in handling the case. Using a qualitative approach and descriptive method, data was collected through a literature study covering environmental pollution regulations and similar cases. The DG Gakkum LHK, which falls under the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, plays an important role in environmental law enforcement through technical policies, supervision, investigation, and application of administrative and criminal sanctions. Since its establishment in 2015, DG Gakkum has improved law enforcement with a multi-instrument approach and cooperation with civil society and relevant law enforcement. In the PT SIPP case, DG Gakkum took decisive action by arresting two company officials and revoking the business license. This research highlights the important role of DG Gakkum in maintaining environmental quality and the sustainability of natural resource management, as well as the challenges faced in enforcing environmental law in Indonesia. Efforts to increase public and business awareness about the importance of environmental protection as well as effective cooperation between government agencies and the community are key in addressing environmental issues holistically.

Development of a two-layer machine learning model for the forensic application of legal and illegal poppy classification based on sequence data

Poppies are beneficial plants with a variety of applications, including medicinal, edible, ornamental, and industrial purposes. Some Papaver species are forensically significant plants because they contain opium, a narcotic substance. Internationally trafficked species of illegal poppies are being identified by DNA barcoding employing multiple markers in response to their forensic value. However, effective markers for precise species identification of legal and illegal poppies are still under discussion, with research on illegal poppies focusing on Papaver somniferum L., and species identification studies of Papaver bracteatum and Papaver setigerum DC. still lacking. As a result, in order to evaluate the performance of genetic markers and classify their DNA sequences in the genus Papaver, this study developed the first machine learning-based two-layer model, in which the first layer classifies legal and illegal poppies from the given sequence and the second layer identifies species of illegal poppies using their sequences. We constructed the dataset and investigated biological features from four markers, internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1), internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2), transfer RNA Leucine (trnL), transfer RNA Leucine - transfer RNA Phenylalanine intergenic spacer (trnL–trnF intergenic spacer) and their combination, using four machine learning algorithms, K-nearest neighbor (KNN), Naïve Bayes (NB), extreme gradient boost (XGBoost) and Random Forest (RF). According to our findings, for Layer 1 to classify legal and illegal poppies, KNN-based models using combined ITS region achieved the greatest performance of accuracy 0.846 and 0.889 using training and test sets, respectively. Additionally, for Layer 2 to identify illegal poppy species, KNN-based models using combined ITS region achieved the best performance of 0.833 and 1.000 for using training and test sets, respectively. To validate the model, the combined ITS region, which includes ITS 1 and 2 sequences, from blind poppy samples were used as a case study, with the Layer 1 correctly classifying legal and illegal poppies with over 0.830 accuracy. Layer 2 correctly identified P. setigerum DC., however, only one of the three P. somniferum L. species was accurately identified. Nevertheless, our research shows that machine learning can be used to classify and identify legal and illegal poppy species using DNA barcodes which can then be used as an efficient and effective forensic tool for improved law enforcement and a safer society.

Procurement Disputes Arbitration: Main Problems at the Present Stage

The relevance of the paper is predetermined by the study of the key problems of arbitration in the context of the specifics of public procurement at the present stage, namely, the problem of determining the appropriate criteria for the conclusion and validity of arbitration agreements. The purpose of the study is to critically evaluate the so-called non-arbitrability formula, established in contemporary court practice; to disclose the algorithm for the emergence of contractual relations as a result of competitive procurement procedures; to substantiate the legal force of arbitration clauses incorporated into contracts before arbitration rules are deposited by the arbitration institution. The author sees the objectives of the study in substantiating the fundamentally permissible arbitrability of contractual disputes in all segments of procurement relations (not only by direct order under the federal law, but also for the future, including contractual disputes in the field of state defense orders due to the variety of available transactions); in identifying factors contributing to the proper assessment of an arbitration agreement for its validity. Methodologically, the paper is based on a set of general scientific (analysis, modeling, analogy, hypothesis), private scientific (formal logical, systemic, functional) methods, and uses the formal legal method. The results of the study allowed the author to draw conclusions about sufficiency of existing legislative regulation for assessing the conclusion and validity of arbitration agreements included in draft contracts at the stage of competitive procurement procedure; about the lack of grounds for evaluating these agreements for their compliance with the principles of procurement; aboutthe legal force of dormant arbitration clauses necessary for business turnover in the short term. The author suggests directions for improving law enforcement practice aimed at curbing abuses in terms of challenging arbitration agreements on the grounds of their non-conclusion and (or) invalidity.

Peranan Hukum Positif Dalam Mengatur Cyberspace Untuk Menghadapi Tantangan Dan Peluang Di Era Digital

The rapid development of information and communication technology has created a complex virtual environment known as cyberspace. In this digital era, cyberspace has become the main arena for various activities, from communication, business, to social interaction. However, this growth also poses serious challenges in managing these virtual spaces effectively. The role of law is very important in responding to this challenge. This study aims to explore the role of law in regulating cyberspace, as well as the associated challenges and opportunities. The role of law in this context includes establishing regulations, law enforcement, and protecting individual rights in the digital environment. The main challenges faced include the complex transnational nature of cybercrime, conflicting regulations between countries, as well as rapid legal adaptation to new technological developments. However, there are also emerging opportunities in regulating cyberspace. For example, the ability to apply a collaborative approach between states, the private sector and civil society in developing regulations that suit the unique characteristics of the digital environment. Additionally, technology can also be used as a tool to improve law enforcement and empower individuals to protect their privacy and security online. This study uses a descriptive analysis approach to evaluate relevant literature and case studies in order to understand the dynamics of the role of law in regulating cyberspace. By understanding these challenges and opportunities, we can develop a more holistic and adaptive framework for governing cyberspace, thereby ensuring the sustainability and security of the digital environment in this digital era.

Criminal law assessment of robbery as a minor act: analysis of judicial practice

Subject of research: more than 20 judicial decisions on the termination of criminal cases and acquittals, as well as the legal positions of the Constitutional and Supreme Courts of the Russian Federation, were chosen as the subject of the study. Purpose of research: is to identify scientifically based criteria for the insignificance of robbery based on judicial practice. Methods and object of research: the study used methods of formal legal analysis, generalization and systematization of the regulatory framework and doctrinal positions. Main results of research: was the development of objective criteria for the insignificance of robbery, taking into account both legal and socio-economic aspects. The conclusions of the study suggest ways to improve law enforcement practice and can serve as a basis for adjusting legislation in the field of crime qualification.

The Nexus of Climate Change and Policing: Guidelines to Improve Climate Change Governance

Abstract: Climate change has far-reaching ramifications for society, and its consequences cross conventional boundaries and affect many facets of life. While climate change's environmental, economic, social, and health consequences have received considerable attention, an important but frequently overlooked aspect of dealing with this crisis is its intersection with public safety and security and how law enforcement must be prepared to deal with climate breakdown. Climate change impacts and other natural catastrophes create complicated problems for governments in implementing appropriate police governance, notably regarding disaster risk reduction and management. Rising temperatures, shifting weather patterns, catastrophic weather events, and sea-level rise are just a few of the global crisis manifestations causing havoc in these areas. Climate change has repercussions across society, affecting millions and jeopardizing their livelihoods. Drought, desertification, land degradation, water shortages, and food insecurity are some of the effects that are becoming increasingly prevalent with the rise in global temperatures. Climate change is viewed as a risk multiplier because it exacerbates many criminal and illicit activities. For example, human trafficking has several links to climate change. Furthermore, the disruption of migration patterns due to climate change is a particular concern, introducing an additional layer of complexity for law enforcement. The urgent necessity for comprehensive and context-specific solutions to improve law enforcement institutions' resilience and adaptive capabilities, particularly in developing courtiers, is emphasized. Law enforcement measures must be enhanced, as well as the formulation of community policing strategies and the promotion of inter and intra-service collaboration. This is not a hypothetical issue; it is a live reality that demands immediate attention, novel solutions, and cross-sector collaboration.

Legal Challenges in Managing Intellectual Property Rights in Business Information Systems

With the advancement of information technology, business information systems have become integral elements in business operations across various sectors. However, the use of this technology also brings new challenges in managing intellectual property rights, including the protection of copyrights, patents, trademarks, and others. This research aims to analyze the legal challenges in managing intellectual property rights in business information systems through the perspective of Law No. 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions in Indonesia. The method used in this research is a qualitative literature review, drawing data from Google Scholar for the period from 2009 to 2024. The qualitative approach in the literature review allows researchers to understand the complex and diverse phenomena related to the research topic. The results of the study indicate that the management of intellectual property rights (IPR) in business information systems in Indonesia faces complex legal challenges. Although Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions (ITE Law) provides a framework, its implementation often leads to uncertainty and challenges in IPR protection. One of the main challenges is the clarity and legal certainty in the digital environment, as well as consistent law enforcement against IPR violations. Thus, there is a need to enhance cooperation between the government, law enforcement agencies, and the private sector to improve law enforcement related to IPR in business information systems.