Improve Food Availability Research Articles

Individual variation in breeding phenology and postnatal development in northern bats (Eptesicus nilssonii).

Bats inhabiting northern latitudes are faced with short reproductive seasons during which they must produce and rear pups before fattening up in time to survive the winter hibernation. Therefore, the timing of parturition has considerable impacts on future fitness prospects for the mother and pup. However, little is known about individual variation in breeding phenology and its consequences for postnatal development within bat populations. Here, we studied the phenology of breeding in Eptesicus nilssonii across 7 years using data collected by day-to-day monitoring of a breeding colony in Norway (60.1° N) for which the identity and age of each mother (N = 8) and pup (N = 28) were known. Using mixed-effect models, we found that arrival at the colony was influenced by temperature conditions from mid-April to mid-May across all females, but that there were strong and consistent individual differences in arrival- and parturition time across years. Females generally arrived ~32.1 days before giving birth, but the gestation duration was reduced if females arrived late and prolonged if females left the colony when faced with cold weather conditions. Pups born later in the season were born smaller but had higher growth rates during the most rapid growth period (<10 days old). The within-individual effects suggest that the higher growth rates could be due to mothers compensating (e.g. through increased food intake) for late parturition rather than by improved food availability. Date of parturition did not influence adult body size in pups. Pups became volant at the earliest only 13.1 days after birth and approached adult flight patterns during their first flight week. Our results suggest that E. nilssonii is highly adapted to a short breeding season by producing large, fast developing and early volant pups, despite the environmental pressures bats face at northern latitudes.

Zooplankton fecal pellet flux drives the biological carbon pump during the winter–spring transition in a high‐Arctic system

AbstractRecent research highlighted significant marine biological activity during the Arctic winter, with poorly known implications for the biological carbon pump. We used moored instruments to (1) track the development of the pelagic food web of a high‐Arctic marine ecosystem from winter to spring, and (2) assess the role of zooplankton‐mediated processes in the sinking export of particulate organic carbon (POC). Zooplankton collected by a sediment trap at 40 m depth in Kongsfjorden showed a shift in species composition in February coinciding with an inflow of Atlantic water and the return of sunlight. The Atlantic copepod Calanus finmarchicus and the Arctic Calanus glacialis became dominant in the post‐inflow assemblage of large mesozooplankton. However, large copepods were never abundant (0.3–4.6 ind m−3) in January–April in the upper 40 m. Despite the low chlorophyll fluorescence, POC export increased substantially, from 2–13 mg C m−2 d−1 in January–February to 13–35 mg C m−2 d−1 in March–April 2014. By late March, zooplankton fecal pellets contributed largely (23–100%) to this significant POC export before the phytoplankton bloom. The lack of change in copepod and euphausiid population sizes suggests that enhanced feeding activity in the surface layer supported the increasing fecal pellet export. Our results revealed the swift response of active zooplankton in winter, evidenced by increased carbon export, to improved food availability.

Evaluation of the performance of maize storage facilities for control of storage insect pests in Ethiopia

Maize plays a vital role in Ethiopia's food security, supporting the lives of millions of people. However, postharvest grain deterioration due to insect infestation is a significant issue. To address this and improve food availability, reducing storage losses is essential. The experiments were carried out in both indoor and outdoor settings, where the indoor experiment evaluated the effectiveness of different storage facilities (jute sack, PICS bag, fertilizer bag, AgroZ® bag, and polypropylene bag) over varying durations (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 months) in three replications. In the outdoor experiment, traditional and modified gombisa constructed in an open field at the Jimma University Research Site (Eladale), along with different storage duration (initial loading, 2, 4, 6, and 8 months after storage), were evaluated in three replications. The data collected included grain damage percentage, weight loss, seed germination, and proximate analysis. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in grain damage, weight loss, and seed germination of grains stored in different storage types. Jute sacks showed the most severe damage to grains and weight loss, while PICS and AgroZ® bags had the lowest values. The PICS and AgroZ® bags exhibited the highest seed germination, while the Jute bags had the lowest. In particular, traditional gombisa storage resulted in more significant grain damage, weight loss, and reduced germination than modified gombisa. As storage duration increased, grain damage and weight loss increased significantly in Jute sacks, Polyethylene bags, and traditional gombisa. Furthermore, the proximate analysis showed that storage periods and facilities significantly affected the characteristics of the quality of the maize grain. The moisture content, the crude protein, and the crude fat decreased with longer storage durations in all storage types, while the crude fiber and the ash content increased. The results confirmed the effectiveness of PICS, AgroZ® bags, and modified gombisa in reducing the qualitative and quantitative losses caused by the infestation of storage insect pests. These storage methods can be recommended to protect maize grain for eight months.

The Relationship Between Food Availability, Household Food Security, and the History of Infectious Diseases with the Incidence of Malnutrition in Toddlers

The aim of this study is to investigate and analyze the relationship between food availability, household food security, and history of infectious diseases with the occurrence of malnutrition in toddlers. The method used in this research is an analytical survey with a cross-sectional study design. The population in this study is toddlers aged 12-59 months in the disaster-prone area of Pantoloan, with a sample of toddlers aged 12-59 months. The results of the study show a significant relationship between food availability and the occurrence of malnutrition in toddlers (p = 0.000). This means that toddlers who do not have guaranteed food availability in the last 12 months have a greater risk of experiencing malnutrition. However, no significant relationship was found between a history of infectious diseases and the occurrence of malnutrition (p = 0.566), possibly due to the mild and non-persistent nature of malnutrition, which does not affect the toddlers' immune system. Furthermore, a significant relationship was found between household food security and the occurrence of malnutrition (p = 0.006). Many families still need to prioritize adequate nutrition for their family, thus improving access to food to meet nutritional needs is still necessary. The study implies a deeper understanding of the factors influencing malnutrition in toddlers in disaster-prone areas and provides a basis for the development of appropriate interventions to improve the nutritional status of toddlers. Efforts to improve food availability and household food security are expected to reduce the risk of malnutrition in toddlers in the area.

Influence of selected agricultural technologies on household food security in alego usonga sub county, siaya county, Kenya

This study investigates the impact of agricultural innovations, such as wood ash, irrigation, and hybrid crop varieties, on the food security of households in a region with high food insecurity. The study highlights the role of these technologies in improving food availability, accessibility, utilization, and stability amidst challenges like climate change and low productivity. By focusing on the application of traditional and modern agricultural methods, the study provides insights into how these practices can enhance agricultural output and alleviate poverty in rural areas. The findings underscore the need for region-specific agricultural policies, gender-inclusive extension services, and the integration of traditional and technological solutions to address food insecurity in developing regions.

Dietary diversity moderates household economic inequalities in the double burden of malnutrition in Tanzania.

Improved food availability and a growing economy in Tanzania may insufficiently decrease pre-existing nutritional deficiencies and simultaneously increase overweight within the same individual, household or population, causing a double burden of malnutrition (DBM). We investigated economic inequalities in DBM at the household level, expressed as a stunted child with a mother with overweight/obesity, and the moderating role of dietary diversity in these inequalities. We used cross-sectional data from the 2015-2016 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey. A nationally representative survey. Totally, 2867 children (aged 6-23 months) and their mothers (aged 15-49 years). The mother-child pairs were categorised into two groups based on dietary diversity score: achieving and not achieving minimum dietary diversity. The prevalence of DBM was 5·6 % (sd = 0·6) and significantly varied by region (ranging from 0·6 % to 12·2 %). Significant interaction was observed between dietary diversity and household wealth index (Pfor interaction < 0·001). The prevalence of DBM monotonically increased with greater household wealth among mother-child pairs who did not achieve minimum dietary diversity (Pfor trend < 0·001; however, this association was attenuated in those who achieved minimum dietary diversity (Pfor trend = 0·16), particularly for the richest households (P = 0·44). Analysing household wealth index score as a continuous variable yielded similar results (OR (95 % CI): 2·10 (1·36, 3·25) for non-achievers of minimum dietary diversity, 1·38 (0·76, 2·54) for achievers). Greater household wealth was associated with higher odds of DBM in Tanzania; however, the negative impact of household economic status on DBM was mitigated by minimum dietary diversity.

Weather influenced nestling growth of an insectivorous but not a granivorous grassland passerine in Argentina

Nestling growth of birds can be affected by weather fluctuations. In general, it is expected that higher temperatures favor growth by improving food availability and nestling metabolism, while rain hinders it by reducing foraging efficiency. However, most of these patterns have been described in insectivorous cavity-nesting birds in temperate forests. We tested these predictions in two neotropical grassland ground-nesting birds with contrasting nestling diets and therefore potentially different responses to weather. We measured nestlings of the Hellmayr's Pipit (Anthus hellmayri, an insectivorous passerine) and the Grassland Yellow-Finch (Sicalis luteola, which feeds its nestlings exclusively with seeds) during three breeding seasons (2017–2020) in central-eastern Argentina. We took measurements of tarsus and body mass, modeled growth curves using nonlinear mixed-effects models, and evaluated the effects of minimum daily temperature and precipitation during the growth period and the 30 days prior to hatching. For pipits (60 nestlings from 21 nests), minimum temperatures during the growth period were positively associated with tarsus and body mass asymptotes. Also, there was a positive association between precipitation during the pre-hatching period and tarsus asymptote. Conversely, none of the weather variables analyzed had significant effects on nestling growth of finches (131 nestlings from 35 nests). Dietary contrast between species may explain the different results. Arthropod activity and abundance can be affected by weather variations within the span of a breeding season, whereas seeds may depend on conditions from previous years, making the effects harder to detect. Fledglings with reduced asymptotic size can have reduced chances of survival. Hence, pipit populations could be impacted if they experience cold and dry conditions during their breeding season, which is of major relevance in the current context of climate change.

Improving complementary feeding practices, programs and policies for optimal early childhood nutrition in Kenya: What would work?

Complementary feeding practices are greatly influenced by local contexts. Therefore, national home-grown evidence, policiesand guidelines are critical to improving infant and young children's diets. This Special Issue has provided a comprehensive, evidence-based analysis of the situation, gapsand context-specific opportunities for improving young children's diets in Kenya. The primary research findings of the Special Issue supported the identification of a set of recommendations articulated across the four systems (food, health, water, sanitation and hygiene[WASH]and social protection) to improve food availability and accessibility in Kenya at the national and subnational levels. It is anticipated that the decentralised government functions seen in Kenya provide a strong opportunity to develop and mainstream context-specific recommendations into action. This Special Issue recommends adopting a multi-sectoral systems approach, including a shared vision, joint planning, implementationand monitoring, towards improving young children's diets with a focus on service delivery as well as scaled-up community social behaviour change interventions. In particular, the approach should entail advocacy for policy revisions for service delivery that support complementary feeding and development of costed implementation strategies in support of the same, across four critical systems-food, health, WASHand social protection, along with, the strengthening of national coordination, monitoringand accountability structures as per the Kenya Nutrition Action Plan. Finally, the development of a legal framework for enhanced accountability from all relevant sectors towards sustainable, nutritious, safeand affordable children's diets. These recommendations provide a clear direction in addressing the complementary feeding challenges, which the primary research of this Special Issue has presented.

Ours to eat and own: assessing the feasibility of a cooperative meal-kit service to improve food access.

Although typically serving higher income and younger demographic groups, meal-kit subscription services have the potential to improve food availability and dietary quality in communities experiencing low food access due to systemic discrimination. This study describes the development and characteristics of a pilot community-led meal-kit service (SouthEats) and evaluates key implementation outcomes of adoption, acceptability, and feasibility among households experiencing less income. We utilised a mixed methods study design, including data from administrative records, customer surveys and worker interviews. Thematic qualitative analyses and descriptive quantitative analyses were conducted to illuminate the characteristics and extent the pilot meal-kit service was adopted, acceptable, and financially feasible among the target populations. The study took place in Washington DC, USA. Study participants included SouthEats consumers (n 35) and workers (n 3). During the pilot period, sixty-seven community members signed up for the meal-kit service, with 52 % making recurring purchases. Our results suggest that the meal-kit service is acceptable among people living in low food access areas. Our feasibility analysis indicates that, although not without challenges, the SouthEats model could be financially feasible. These preliminary insights can inform the scalability and potential replication of this service and provide foundational evidence for an approach that may be used to improve food access.

Using machine learning to predict the efficiency of biochar in pesticide remediation

Pesticides have remarkably contributed to protecting crop production and increase food production. Despite the improved food availability, the unavoidable ubiquity of pesticides in the aqueous media has significantly threatened human microbiomes and biodiversity. The use of biochar to remediate pesticides in soil water offers a sustainable waste management option for agriculture. The optimal conditions for efficient pesticide treatment via biochar are aqueous-matrix specific and differ amongst studies. Here, we use a literature database on biochar applications for aqueous environments contaminated with pesticides and employ ensemble machine learning models (i.e., CatBoost, LightGBM, and RF) to predict the adsorption behavior of pesticides. The results reveal that the textural properties of biochar, pesticide concentration, and dosage were the significant parameters affecting pesticide removal from water. The data-driven modeling intervention offers an empirical perspective toward the balanced design and optimized usage of biochar for capturing emerging micro-pollutants from water in agricultural systems.

Food Processing Technology Innovation to Improve Food Quality, Safety and Availability

This research explores the role of food processing technology innovation in addressing critical challenges related to food quality, safety, and availability in West Java Province, Indonesia. The study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining surveys, interviews, laboratory analysis, and case studies to comprehensively examine the current state of food processing practices, evaluate innovative technologies, assess their impact, and provide recommendations for improvement. The findings reveal the persistence of traditional processing practices, infrastructure challenges, and a digital divide between urban and rural areas. However, promising innovations in advanced machinery, preservation techniques, biotechnology, food safety technologies, and sustainability initiatives are emerging. These innovations enhance food quality, safety, and availability. Recommendations include promoting technology access, infrastructure development, knowledge transfer, and policy support. By addressing these challenges and embracing technology-driven solutions, West Java Province can transition toward a more efficient, safe, and sustainable food processing sector, benefiting both the industry and consumers.

Assessing the Contribution of Food Assistance for Assets on Food Availability in Chipinge, Zimbabwe

This paper assessed the effects of Food for Assets (FFA) in improving food availability in Chipinge District of Zimbabwe. Results show that FFA significantly contributes to meeting immediate food needs for participating households, especially households with low numbers. However, being a short-term intervention and targeting few households within communities, the FFA programme’s overall effectiveness at the community level is minimal. As a coping strategy, households resorted to food rationing to ensure that the food lasted the whole season. Also, households that participated both as workers and had established plots in FFA irrigation schemes had a better opportunity to cope since they also resorted to their own food production. Such households were found to have increased food availability compared to non-beneficiaries. Short working hours that guide FFA activities have also allowed community members to engage in other productive activities to improve food security. We recommend that future FFA should be implemented over an extended period for a more sustainable benefit on food availability and livelihoods. Participation in the FFA programme should be transitory to enable progression from emergency response to more developmental initiatives that will result in long term food availability and sustainable livelihoods.

The input reduction principle of agroecology is wrong when it comes to mineral fertilizer use in sub-Saharan Africa

Can farmers in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) boost crop yields and improve food availability without using more mineral fertilizer? This question has been at the center of lively debates among the civil society, policy-makers, and in academic editorials. Proponents of the “yes” answer have put forward the “input reduction” principle of agroecology, i.e. by relying on agrobiodiversity, recycling and better efficiency, agroecological practices such as the use of legumes and manure can increase crop productivity without the need for more mineral fertilizer. We reviewed decades of scientific literature on nutrient balances in SSA, biological nitrogen fixation of tropical legumes, manure production and use in smallholder farming systems, and the environmental impact of mineral fertilizer. Our analyses show that more mineral fertilizer is needed in SSA for five reasons: (i) the starting point in SSA is that agricultural production is “agroecological” by default, that is, very low mineral fertilizer use, widespread mixed crop-livestock systems and large crop diversity including legumes, but leading to poor soil fertility as a result of widespread soil nutrient mining, (ii) the nitrogen needs of crops cannot be adequately met solely through biological nitrogen fixation by legumes and recycling of animal manure, (iii) other nutrients like phosphorus and potassium need to be replaced continuously, (iv) mineral fertilizers, if used appropriately, cause little harm to the environment, and (v) reducing the use of mineral fertilizers would hamper productivity gains and contribute indirectly to agricultural expansion and to deforestation. Yet, the agroecological principles directly related to soil fertility—recycling, efficiency, diversity—remain key in improving soil health and nutrient-use efficiency, and are critical to sustaining crop productivity in the long run. We argue for a nuanced position that acknowledges the critical need for more mineral fertilizers in SSA, in combination with the use of agroecological practices and adequate policy support.

Crop diversity, sustainable food and nutritional security among smallholder farmers in Ghana

PurposeThe nexus between sustainable agri-food production and food security outcomes of farm households in sub-Saharan Africa is attracting policy attention. This study analyzes the effects of crop diversity on the incidence of food scarcity, dietary diversity, and the sale and consumption of own crops.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses panel data collected in 2015 and 2018 on a randomly selected sample of 2553 households from 49 villages in northern Ghana. The study employed a fixed effects modeling approach in the empirical analysis.FindingsThe study finds that crop diversity is positively associated with better dietary diversity, reduced hunger, lower food expenditure, and higher consumption of own produce. The results show positive effects of crop diversity on the total harvested output and sale of agricultural production. Whilst sales improved sustainable food and nutrition security by providing purchasing power to buy nutritional inputs in the market, consumption of own produce rather improved food availability by reducing food scarcity and malnutrition.Practical implicationsCrop diversity is one of the pathways for promoting sustainable agri-food production systems to ensure the food and nutritional security of vulnerable populations and promote biodiversity to achieve environmental goals in sub-Saharan Africa. Crop diversity reduces food expenditure and raises rural incomes through improved outputs and sales, which empowers farm households to diversify their dietary options to be able to overcome incidences of hunger and malnutrition in periods of food scarcity.Originality/valueThe present study improves the understanding of sustainable agri-food production through crop diversity and its implications on food and nutrition security outcomes. The panel data and fixed effects modelling approach address the endogeneity problem between crop diversity and household tastes and preferences.

From Waste to Plate: Exploring the Impact of Food Waste Valorisation on Achieving Zero Hunger

Hunger (811 million people, 2020) and food waste (931 million tonnes annually, 2020) are long-standing interconnected challenges that have plagued humankind for centuries. Food waste originates from various sources, including consumption habits and failures within the food supply chain. Given the growing concerns regarding food insecurity, malnutrition, and hunger, there is a pressing need to recover and repurpose as much food waste as possible. A growing body of knowledge identifies the valorisation (including upcycling) of food waste as one of the strategies to fight hunger by positively impacting food availability and food security. This paper evaluates the potential role of food waste valorisation, including upcycling, in reducing global hunger. A literature search was conducted to examine how converting food waste into value-added products, such as food formulations and farming inputs, can contribute to increasing food availability. The benefits of waste-to-food operations in improving food availability through producing food ingredients and products from materials that would have been wasted or discarded otherwise were discussed.

A production capacity investment decision-making tool for the indoor vertical farming industry

Indoor vertical farming (VF) systems are a form of controlled environment agriculture, making use of technology to improve food availability and security while reducing environmental impacts. Commercially, it is a young industry with potential to disrupt the food supply chain status quo but is faced with uncertainty and risk with respect to product demand and production technology efficacy. As a result, VF firms must make decisions to develop production capacity that meets market demand while ensuring long-term profitability. This research presents a method for VF firms to facilitate the allocation of capital resources to new production capacity considering demand and production uncertainty. The method makes use of two mixed integer linear programming models, executed sequentially, to identify a production technology plan and then to identify production capacity plans under a range of different demand scenarios. Profit is used to evaluate performance and the method includes a multi-criteria comparison of how production plans perform using a range of preselected criteria.

Contribution of homestead food garden towards food availability in Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality - Region 7, Gauteng Province of South Africa

The government of South Africa has a political and economic incentive to guarantee that people have access to enough nutritious food to always meet their needs, but many households in the nation still struggle to attain food security. Among its various initiatives, the South African government has introduced a Homestead Food Garden (HFG) program that aims to increase food production to combat hunger, malnutrition, and food insecurity. Even though the struggle to achieve food security at household level in peri-urban areas of Gauteng Province dates back a long period, it has remained as a challenge goal even today. The study's objective was to determine how much HFG contributes to the availability of food in households in region 7 in the City of Tshwane and the factors that influence this availability using the Ordered Logistic Regression (ORD) model. A total of eleven explanatory variables were included in the pragmatic model. To ensure a representative sample size, 258 individuals were chosen at random from the study's survey design, which was quantitative in nature. Face-to-face interviews were conducted to gather data using a semi-structured questionnaire. The results showed that 83% of the participants continued to cultivate their homestead gardens after receiving support from HFG program; thus, the program improved food availability in the households of the gardeners. Food availability was positively and significantly influenced by age, other support program received, and the availability of homestead gardens (p&lt;0.01). From seasonal perspectives, there were more food available from domestic gardens in the summer than in the winter. In addition, more food was available in spring season gardens than in summer and winter. The type of food crops cultivated by majority (65%) of the participants was spinach. As such, HFG program improved household food availability mostly during spring and summer. Therefore, it is advised that policymakers should encourage targeted communities and youth to utilize vacant space in their backyards for food gardening. As part of HFG program, government should provide training about rainwater harvesting techniques to enable gardeners to conserve water for sustainable production throughout the year. Key words: Homestead Food Garden, Food availability, Food security, Households, Gauteng Province

Assessment on mineral composition: Rice-based composite flour and its baked products in Calabar, Nigeria

Objectives: Staple food to mobilize micronutrients as well as agricultural effects to improve food availability, affordability, and accessibility, in the utilization of food to address nutrient deficiencies and other nutritional challenges. This study will explore strategies and mechanisms for assessing the mineral composition of rice-based composite flour produced from blends of rice, soybean, coconut, water-yam, and sweet potato flours. Material and Methods: Different blends of the composite flours will be prepared as A, B, C, etc. The mineral composition of the rice-based composite flour and its cookies was determined by the spectrophotometric method (applicable to Na, Fe, Ca, K, and Mg). Results: The mineral contents of the composite flour samples analyzed in the present study ranged between 30.47 ± 1.41 and 82.00 ± 0.57, 0.24 ± 0.02 and 1.27 ± 0.07, 17.37 ± 0.46 and 87.97 ± 0.24, 104.27 ± 0.54 and 701.63 ± 1.32, and 12.17 ± 78.00 and 78.00 ± 0.67 mg/100 g for sodium (Sa), iron (Fe), calcium (Ca), potassium (K), and magnesium (Mg), respectively, while the mineral contents of the rice-based composite cookie samples analyzed ranged between 170.67 ± 8.45 and 383.33 ± 4.10, 1.07 ± 0.01 and 2.75 ± 0.02, 45.77 ± 0.78 and 64.73 ± 2.17, 113.97 ± 1.46 and 144.23 ± 0.52, and 27.77 ± 0.35 and 74.73 ± 1.73 mg/100 g for Na, Fe, Ca, K, and Mg, respectively. There was a significant difference (P &lt; 0.05) in the mineral composition of the samples. Conclusion: The finding of this study is a wake-up alert for policymakers to improve and increase availability, accessibility in the utilization of food to address nutrient deficiencies and other nutritional challenges in the country.

Zero Hunger by 2030 – Are we on track? Climate variability and change impacts on food security in Africa

According to the World Food Programme (WFP), the projected increase in the human population stands at 2 billion people by 2050. At the same time, world food production has been witnessing a declining trend over recent years, and 690 million (8.9%) of the world’s population are already in severe starvation. Climate variability and climate change impacts on food security are very eminent today. Against this backdrop, this study explored the real effects of climate variability and change on food security in Africa by applying the system Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) and the Panel Corrected Standard Errors (PCSEs) estimation techniques on data from 2001 to 2018 for 38 selected African countries. The findings reveal that higher amounts of precipitation positively influence food security along two dimensions: food availability and utilization. Hotter temperatures negatively impact food availability and utilization. However, it aids food accessibility in Africa. Similarly, carbon dioxide emissions improve food availability and are harmful to food accessibility and utilization in Africa. Consequently, the effects of climate variability and change on food security in Africa are undesirable, thereby putting the continent at risk of food insecurity over the long run. These findings provide practical implications for policy change to address the disastrous effects of climate variability and change on food security in Africa.

ANALISIS SPASIAL DAYA DUKUNG DAN DAYA TAMPUNG PANGAN KOTA DEPOK

Carrying capacity and capacity are environmental conditions so that they can still support the activities of the people who live in them. Development that is not planned and does not pay attention to the environment is a triggering factor for the environment. Therefore, various efforts are needed to improve food availability in urban areas, especially Depok City as an alternative source of life. Depok City is in a very strategic geographical position, including the Jabodetabekpunjur metropolitan area. Food carrying capacity and capacity in the city of Depok can be an alternative plan for life.