Improvement Of Transport Infrastructure Research Articles

ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЯ АВТОМОБІЛЕБУДІВНОГО СЕКТОРУ КИТАЮ

China's automotive industry is recovering rapidly in 2022 and is directly affecting the economies of many countries, and the electric car market is competing with the world's largest car companies and is the most promising for investment. Cars have revolutionized the concept of mobility, making it easier for goods and people to move around geographical regions than ever before. Over the decades, developed countries have witnessed how increased vehicle ownership and improved transport infrastructure have led to countering urbanization - the migration of people, businesses and industry from cities to the recently underdeveloped suburbs. This trend is spreading to emerging economies. There is one car for every five people worldwide; in the US there is one car for 1.25 citizens. However, in China, despite the 300 million cars per 1,000 people, there are only 173 cars. But, in 2009, the Chinese car market became the largest in the world, surpassing the US market in both sales and production. The automotive industry has provided 5% of the country's annual GDP annually since 2002, and accounted for 7.4% of GDP in 2010. Cars can improve the quality of life by increasing mobility, comfort and safety.
 For the Chinese society, the automotive industry has always been an attractive topic. On the one hand, this industry has long remained outside the system of state planning. Due to the emphasis on industrial capital goods rather than consumer goods, the passenger vehicle sector (including car manufacturing) has not been a key industry for decades, which is a typical Gerschenkron strategy of industrialization. It was only after China's "automotive policy of 1994" that car production was recognized as a national industry, along with the entire automotive sector. This, in turn, has led not only to an increase in the number of car factories, but also to a deterioration of the air in the country. This, of course, had an additional negative impact on people's lives, forcing them to leave the city to live in cleaner areas.

MIGRASI BURUH PADA PERKEBUNAN TEBU DI MOJOKERTO 1901-1942

Afdeeling Mojokerto is the second largest contributor to sugar production in Surabaya. Land expansion competition, acceleration of production results, as well as the pressure of life and a liberal economy encourage people to turn into laborers in sugar factories and plantations. The agrarian law of 1870 had an impact on the transfer of rights of state land ownership to private entrepreneurs. This shift caused the opening of new economic sectors which created a need for wage workers. This study aims to observe the migration of sugar cane plantation workers in Mojokerto region. The result of this study shows that migration, supported by an increase in health services, a conducive environment for settlement, and improvement in transportation infrastructure, substantively also present various problems coming from changes in the spatial structure due to the massive number of native laborers who came to the area. Therefore, the novelty of the study is the position of workers at the local level in the demographic problem that arises because of migration.

Reflection of expanded Panama Canal to supply chains and port infrastructure in North America

The enhancement of world maritime shipping leads to increasing of the time required for transit passage and impossibility of old locks in Panama Canal to serve the newest vessel’s generation. Many states in east and south-eastern part of the country, as Florida, Georgia, Virginia and South Carolina, are becoming attractive for business. They have made various investments and improvements in regional transport infrastructure to dominate over freight traffic in the region, such as dredging of port entrances and port basins, expansion of container terminals, and improving inland transport connections to the port. The goal of this article is to study how the design and construction of new set of locks on the Panama Canal affects to the global trade and further to the multimodal chains, transport infrastructure and ports along the East American Coast.

State initiatives to increase export volume in conditions of digital transformation in Russia

Subject. The article discusses the digital transformation of economy, prospects for creation of ‘digital government’, and support to small and medium-sized enterprises in the new conditions. Objectives. The purpose is to perform a comprehensive analysis of public initiatives in the trade sector, systematize national programs, and develop proposals to improve strategic projects, aimed at increasing the volume of exports from Russia. Methods. The study employs methods of statistical, logical, dispersion, cluster, and market analysis. Results. The digitalization of public services has a significant impact on the promotion of export products due to the reduction costs and time for preparation documents for suppliers, increasing the speed of shipment of goods. It is noted that a number of activities do not involve the private sector due to the low level of awareness of relevant activities. Conclusions. Digitalization of public services is crucial. Active participation of the private sector in the implementation of national programs aimed at the digital improvement of transport infrastructure is required.

Transportation infrastructure and bond issuance credit spread: Evidence from the Chinese high-speed rail construction

Based on the Chinese high-speed rail (HSR) construction that advances transportation infrastructure, this paper investigates the effect of improved transportation infrastructure on bond issuance credit spread. We find that firms affected by opening HSR experience a significant decrease in bond issuance credit spread, suggesting that improved transportation infrastructure helps decrease firms’ financial costs. Moreover, this effect is more pronounced for issuers with more severe information opacity and/or smaller analyst coverage, consistent with the “information mechanism” that opening HSR leads to a better information environment and thus lower bond issuance credit spread. In contrast, we do not find supportive evidence for the potential “governance mechanism” or “growth mechanism” that may be related to the beneficial effect of opening HSR. Overall, our study extends related literature by showing that improved transportation infrastructure has a favorable impact on the bond market, and has important implications for policymakers and bond issuers to reduce financing costs.

Automated Vehicles Industry Survey of Transportation Infrastructure Needs

Automated vehicle (AV) deployment can bring about transformational changes to transportation and society as a whole. The infrastructure owner-operators (IOOs), who own, maintain, and operate the infrastructure, have the opportunity to work jointly with the AV industry to provide safe and efficient operations. A key question for the IOOs is, “What transportation infrastructure improvements do AV manufacturers believe will facilitate and improve AV performance?” This study was designed to address this question through a comprehensive survey approach, including an online survey and follow-up interviews. A list of ten questions was discussed, covering the physical and digital infrastructure, infrastructure maintenance, standards and specifications, policy support, data sharing, and so forth. The researchers reached out to more than 60 entities who hold the AV testing permit in California. In total, 20 companies responded. They were from different sectors and well represented the AV industry. From the results of this study, it is concluded that the most important roadway characteristics that have the potential to benefit the automated driving system (ADS) are: (1) digital mapping and signage; (2) lane markings; (3) work zone and incident information; (4) vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications; (5) actual traffic signals; (6) general signage; and (7) lighting. The digital features considered most critical to help accelerate ADS deployment include work zone and road closure information, traffic signal phase and timing, and traffic congestion. This study provides diverse voices and in-depth insights into topics that the AV industry and IOOs should engage in to advance AVs’ deployment.

Rural Transportation Infrastructure in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Review of Impacts, Implications, and Interventions

The rural transport infrastructure sector is a critical force for sustainable development that is interwoven with many other sectors. Rural transportation is an underlying driver of many of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and a crucial contributor to many socioeconomic benefits for rural people around the world. This review paper expands upon, enhances, and cross-references the perspectives outlined in previous rural infrastructure-focused review papers. Firstly, this work gives a thorough look into the progress of the rural transportation sector in recent years by focusing on the thematic relationships between infrastructure and other components of sustainable development, namely, economics and agriculture, policy and governance, health, gender, education, and climate change and the environment. Secondly, several strategies, approaches, and tools employed by governments and practitioners within the rural transport sector are analyzed and discussed for their contributions to the wellbeing of rural dwellers in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). These include rural roads, bridges, maintenance, and non-infrastructural approaches that include concepts such as advanced technological innovations, intermediate modes of transport (IMTs), and transport services. This paper concludes that enhancement, improvement, and extension of rural transportation infrastructure brings significant benefits to rural dwellers. However, this paper also calls for additional integration of the sector and increased usage of systems approaches that view rural transport as an active part of many other sectors and a key leverage point within rural development as a whole. Further, this paper notes areas for future research and investigation, including increased investigation of the relationship between rural transportation infrastructure and education, improved data collection and management in support of improved policymaking, improved prioritization of interventions and institutionalization of maintenance, and expansion of pro-poor transportation strategies and interventions.

The Welfare Effects of Transportation Infrastructure Improvements

Abstract Each year in the US, hundreds of billions of dollars are spent on transportation infrastructure and billions of hours are lost in traffic. We develop a quantitative general equilibrium spatial framework featuring endogenous transportation costs and traffic congestion and apply it to evaluate the welfare impact of transportation infrastructure improvements. Our approach yields analytical expressions for transportation costs between any two locations, the traffic along each link of the transportation network, and the equilibrium distribution of economic activity across the economy, each as a function of the underlying quality of infrastructure and the strength of traffic congestion. We characterize the properties of such an equilibrium and show how the framework can be combined with traffic data to evaluate the impact of improving any segment of the infrastructure network. Applying our framework to both the US highway network and the Seattle road network, we find highly variable returns to investment across different links in the respective transportation networks, highlighting the importance of well-targeted infrastructure investment.

High-Speed Railway Opening and High-Quality Development of Cities in China: Does Environmental Regulation Enhance the Effects?

The continuous improvement of transportation infrastructure is an important support for achieving high-quality development, while the high-quality characteristics of development will inevitably promote the process of economic and social sustainability. From the dual perspectives of economic transformation and people’s social livelihoods, we regard the opening of a high-speed railway (HSR) in China’s cities as a quasi-natural experiment, and utilize the difference-in-difference (DID) method to examine the impact of improved transportation infrastructure on the high-quality development of prefecture-level cities and its action mechanism. This study is the first to incorporate HSR openings and environmental regulation into the same framework, focusing on the high-quality development problem of cities. The empirical results reveal that: (1) the opening of an HSR can advance industrial structure upgrading and increase social employment level, thereby promoting the high-quality development of cities; (2) the intensity of environmental regulation is an important action mechanism that affects such relationships, but it presents two different influences on an HSR’s industrial effect and employment effect, that is, inhibition and reinforcement, respectively; and (3) urban heterogeneity tests illustrate that an HSR opening plays a more significant role in promoting the high-quality development of China’s eastern region cities and non-resource-based cities. Our findings are beneficial to improve the effectiveness and accuracy of decision-makers’ investment in transportation infrastructure as well as to facilitate the benign interaction between the national HSR policy and local environmental regulation strategies, thereby achieving the high-quality and sustainable development of urban economy and society.

Will improvements in transportation infrastructure help reduce urban carbon emissions?--motor vehicles as transmission channels.

Achieving the "dual carbon" goal requires focusing on the issue of urban transportation carbon emissions. This study derives the mechanism of transportation infrastructure on urban carbon emissions and uses panel data from 284 cities in China from 2004 to 2017 as a basis for empirical analysis through the two-stage least squares method (2SLS). The results of the study show that the improvement of transportation infrastructure has a significant negative effect on the level of urban carbon emissions, and it is greater than the positive spillover of the increase in the number of motor vehicles on urban carbon emissions. Further, research has shown that improvement of transportation infrastructure has no significant impact on the purchase of motor vehicles; therefore, the transportation infrastructure will not affect the "induced traffic" through the purchase of motor vehicles, thereby further affecting the level of urban carbon emissions. The enlightenment of this article include the following: In urban planning and construction, attention should be paid to reducing urban carbon emissions by improving the construction of transportation infrastructure to help China achieve its carbon peak and carbon neutral goals at an early date.

Cruise Passenger-Oriented Evaluation System for the Public Transport of Hinterland Destinations

The cruise ship industry has become the fastest-growing sector of leisure and tourist business. In terms of the daily cruise service, a key part lies in the accessibility to attractive hinterland destinations. From the viewpoints of safety, efficiency, and environmental protection, public transport is considered to be a good option to access hinterland destinations. It requires the design and selection of public transport routes for cruise passengers by evaluating service quality. The existing studies focus on the evaluation of transport service quality incorporating the passenger perspective while there is a lack of studies oriented towards the cruise passengers. In this paper, we aim at setting up a four-layer cruise passenger-oriented evaluation system. Two cruise centers located in Hamburg, Germany, and Qingdao, China are focused. The proposed evaluation system identifies the weights of 21 criteria and the ranking of the transport routes for cruise passengers in different age groups. Considering the berthing time of cruise ships and the commuting time of local residents, the proposed evaluation system also provides suggestions for the one-day tour itinerary of cruise passengers in the hinterland. Moreover, the preferences on transport routes of different-age cruise passengers are disclosed to promote the relevant improvement in public transport infrastructure in specific transport routes. In doing so, this paper aims at supporting the smart city development for port cities.

Rural-Urban Road Transportation Challenges on Food Security in Maroua, Far North Region of Cameroon

Rural-urban road transportation is very essential for mobility in most parts of the world. Its states, especially in developing countries, have posed serious challenges to the transportation of people and goods into urban centres with varying impacts. This study seeks to examine the challenges in rural-urban road transportation and coping mechanisms for food security in Maroua municipality. In order to attain these objectives, data was collected from primary sources including field observation, interviews and administration of 261 questionnaires. Secondary data was gotten from published and unpublished sources. Descriptive analysis of the results was done using SPSS version 20 and Microsoft Excel 2013. Results revealed that rural-urban roads in Maroua are dilapidated and inadequate, making movement difficult especially during the rainy season. These challenges negatively affect different dimensions of food security in Maroua. Adaptation mechanisms include urban agriculture and the rehabilitation of rural-urban road transport infrastructure. Thus, it was concluded that, there is urgent need for improvement of rural-urban road transport infrastructure by stakeholders as they remain very essential for food security.

Measuring the Factors Associated with Shopping Mall Traffic Attraction in India for an Improved Transportation Infrastructure

Measuring the Factors Associated with Shopping Mall Traffic Attraction in India for an Improved Transportation Infrastructure

LOGISTICS DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL OF GEORGIA AND COVID 19

. In recent years, logistics have gained great importance both locally and internationally. The status of a "transit country" has long been an important precondition for the development of the economy and international relations of Georgia. With the growth of the economy, Georgia's function as a trans-Caucasian corridor has expanded. This is the shortest route connecting East Asia with the Europe. Significant railway, motorway and pipeline transport passes through the territory of Georgia – by means of which, it is possible to cheaply and efficiently transport goods from the Caspian Sea to the Black Sea and vice versa. As a result of economic and infrastructural reforms carried out in recent years, the transport and logistics sector in Georgia has developed significantly, but not sufficiently yet. As a result of infrastructure modernization, simplification of customs procedures and liberalization of services in key sectors of the economy, the country's transit and logistics potential has been increased, providing better international connections with global markets. Georgia is currently modernizing and expanding its transport infrastructure, which includes a growing national expressway system, new rail routes, international airports and expanded seaports / terminals. At the same time, legislative approximation with the EU continues in the field of transport, which is a priority issue in the process of Georgia's European integration. The development of the country's infrastructure, transport, logistics, communications, energy, technology, education and financial hubs is important for realizing the potential. Donors are providing their assistance in achieving Georgia's logistics goals. With their help, the National Logistics Strategy of Georgia for 2021-2030 was prepared, which states that the logistics sector of Georgia is in the process of transformation. An important indicator of the state of the logistics sector in Georgia is the World Bank Logistics Index (LPI), where Georgia is not in the most favorable place (119th place among 160 countries). The Logistics Index reflects the vision of international service providers and business operators on how countries integrate into the global logistics network through their major trade gateways. Therefore, it reflects not only the changes throughout the country, but also problems associated with the access overseas. It should be noted that over the past decade Georgia has invested heavily in the development of road infrastructure, but logistics and intermodal infrastructure continues to be developed, resulting in low efficiency of maintenance of logistics system, relatively its high cost and less reliability of the logistics system, which negatively affects international transportation. COVID-19 has affected not only on the healthcare system, but also on global critical infrastructure, including transport and logistics. The start of pandemic highlighted a critical importance of transport and logistics systems, both on international and local level, which previously had not gained much attention. Despite the success achieved, number of problems has remained for transformation of Georgia into a regional transit and logistics hub. Efforts to improve transport infrastructure and services should continue until existing constraints are completely removed. Poor service quality, outdated logistics infrastructure and equipment, ineffective supply chain management, as well as disorganization of personnel and their poor qualification are not a complete list of problems. An effective and consistent policy for the development of transport and logistics will make Georgia more attractive for investment and improve the country's economic potential.

Evaluation of the Effects of the Belt and Road Initiative on the Unified Economic and Environmental Efficiency of Transportation Infrastructure in China Based on Range-Adjusted Measure Model and Difference in Difference Model

The Belt and Road Initiative has brought new opportunities for countries along the routes to develop their transportation infrastructure. Through large-scale transportation infrastructure construction, these countries enhanced the Belt and Road cooperation with each other, which further facilitates the rapid development of their own economy, but whether this can promote the sustainable development of their own environment, relevant research is still lacking. In this paper, China is taken as the study subject to evaluate the comprehensive effects that the Belt and Road Initiative exerts on the economy and environment through improving transportation infrastructure. In the study, RAM indicators were first established to measure the unified economic and environmental efficiency of transportation infrastructure, a DID model was then built to study the effects of the Initiative on the unified efficiency, and mediation models were finally created to discuss the ways in which the Belt and Road Initiative can improve the unified economic and environmental efficiency of transportation infrastructure through transformation and upgrade of industrial structure. The study result shows that the Belt and Road Initiative can significantly promote the improvement of the unified economic and environmental efficiency of the national transportation infrastructure, but the result is regionally heterogeneous. The Initiative has positive effects in improving the unified efficiency in eastern region but has no effect in the central and western regions. Although the Initiative can significantly enhance the efficiency through transforming and upgrading the industrial structure, the industrial structure rationalization plays a primary positive role. This paper provides the empirical evidences to evaluate the implementation effects of the Initiative in the transportation infrastructure sector and verifies that countries along the routes can achieve sustainable development through large-scale transportation infrastructure construction under the Belt and Road Initiative.

To be connected or not to be connected? The role of long-haul economies

Abstract We investigate whether localities gain or lose employment when there are connected to a transportation network, such as a high-speed railway line. We argue that long-haul economies—implying that the marginal transportation cost decreases with network distance—play a pivotal role in understanding the location choices of firms. We develop a new spatial model to show that improvements in transportation infrastructure have nontrivial impacts on the location choices of firms. Using data on Japan’s Shinkansen, we show that ‘in-between’ municipalities that are connected to the Shinkansen witness a sizable decrease in employment.

Spatial analysis leveraging machine learning and GIS of socio-geographic factors affecting cost overrun occurrence in roadway projects

This study analyzes cost overrun occurrence (COO) in the context of socioeconomic conditions leveraging machine learning techniques and geographic information systems due to little information about the relationship between SE factors and cost overruns in transportation infrastructure improvement projects. We extract socio-geospatial features in multiple sources of data sets and establish a random forest model to discover their associations with COO. The developed models reveal highly significant features affecting COO, which include original amounts, original duration, management districts, number of lanes, population over 16-years-old, commuting behavior, industrial topography, and average temperature, indicating that socioeconomic conditions play an important role in actual project expenses. Our findings will assist practitioners and decision-makers to better forecast and reflect the likely impacts of socioeconomic conditions surrounding the project in their planning, budgeting, and operation and maintenance. The software for the statistical analysis can be found in github.com/jonghyun-yun/dico.

Determining Passenger Profile According to Types of Transport in Konya: A Clustering Analysis

Since the existence of humanity and especially the invention of the wheel, ensuring the movement of persons, objects, living and non-living beings between two points in an economical, ergonomic, fast and safe manner has been the subject of both theoretical and applied research. Today, relevant ministries and local administrations are working on the continuous improvement of transportation infrastructure and facilities. Alternative transportation possibilities about the transportation of people which are developed by taking into account the geographical characteristics, increase the competition in this area day by day. Transportation companies develop strategies directly for the customer in order to be successful in the competitive environment. In this study, the travel preferences and demographic structure of travellers were associated with a cluster analysis through the types of transportation that exist in the province of Konya. The survey study was analyzed with the SPSS program cluster analysis. As a result it was concluded that when the participants were grouped according to some demographic variables, it was seen that the most dominant modes of transportation were road and air. On the other hand because of Konya’s conditions like education / health and business (industry), road, air and railway transportations are preferred.

Access to ports and the welfare gains from domestic transportation infrastructure

This paper quantifies the welfare gains from international and intranational trade cost reductions when inner regions of a country access international markets via coastal ports. Improvement in domestic transportation infrastructure reduces trade costs between inner regions and international markets while leaving coastal regions’ international trade costs unaffected. This asymmetric reduction in international trade costs improves inner regions’ global market access and amplifies their welfare gains from trade cost reductions. Our quantitative application to China shows that improved access to coastal ports amplifies the welfare gains for inner regions by 16%, and the effects are more significant for regions farther away from the ports.

Transport infrastructure, accessibility and residential property values: evidence from Hong Kong

PurposeHong Kong, like many other developed cities and countries, invests heavily in transport development. This study investigates whether the speculative benefits of future improvements in accessibility, brought about by impending transport development, will be capitalized into nearby residential property values even prior to the opening of the development.Design/methodology/approachDeviating from the standard hedonic price approach, the present study employed a fixed-effects model with a large data set of residential property transactions in the vicinity of three-stations situated along a newly proposed mass-transit-railway line in Hong Kong.FindingsThe results suggest that the values of residential properties close to stations do reflect the accessibility enhancements to be brought about by transport improvements even before the opening of the line. Results revealed a 6.5% of property value premium after the announcement of construction; and higher up to 6.7% after the operation of the line. This indicates that forthcoming new transport-infrastructure development produces changes in spatial price-gradients for neighbouring residential properties. Findings indicate that potential buyers/investors recognized the positive benefits of the planned transportation development, even before completion of the project, and are ready to pay a premium for those properties close to railway stations, representing clear evidence that residential property prices/values, near stations, reflect anticipated accessibility enhancements brought about by transport improvements.Originality/valueThis study, using a novel approach – a fixed-effects model to capture the speculative benefits of future improvements in transport infrastructure – provides a positive hypothesis that expected benefits of future improvements in accessibility are capitalized into property values.