Improved Lipid Profile Research Articles

Efficacy of high-intensity interval training in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has gained attention as a potentially effective alternative to traditional exercise modalities for individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Previous studies have evaluated this exercise strategy with various regimens, comparator groups and outcomes, limiting the generalisability of findings. We performed a novel umbrella review to generate an up-to-date synthesis of the available evidence regarding the effect of HIIT on glycaemic control and other clinically relevant cardiometabolic health outcomes in individuals with T2DM, as compared with traditional moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) and/or non-exercise control (CON). This umbrella review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Overviews of Reviews guideline. Seven databases were searched until August 2024. Systematic reviews with meta-analyses comparing HIIT with MICT and/or CON were included. Literature search, data extraction and methodological quality assessment (A MeaSurement Tool to Assess systematic Reviews 2 [AMSTAR-2]) were conducted independently by two reviewers. Ten systematic reviews with meta-analyses, encompassing 76 primary studies and 2954 unique participants, met the inclusion criteria. The data indicated that HIIT significantly improves glycosylated haemoglobin and cardiorespiratory fitness compared with CON (weighted mean difference [WMD]: -0.83% to -0.39% and 3.35-6.38 mL/kg/min) and MICT (WMD: -0.37% to -0.07% and 1.68-4.12 mL/kg/min) in individuals with T2DM. HIIT is also effective in improving other glycaemic parameters, including fasting blood glucose, fasting blood insulin and HOMA-IR. Improvement in body composition, lipid profiles and blood pressure has also been observed following HIIT. Most systematic reviews received moderate to low AMSTAR-2 score. This umbrella review supports HIIT as an efficacious exercise strategy for improving glycaemic control and certain relevant cardiometabolic health outcomes in individuals with T2DM. Our findings offer a comprehensive basis that may potentially contribute to informing physical activity recommendations for incorporating HIIT into T2DM management strategies.

Effectiveness of Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) in people living with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A comprehensive search was conducted in the PubMed database up to January 2024. A random-effects model was used to calculate the pooled standard mean differences (SMDs) and odds ratios (ORs). Ten studies were included in our review. The RYGB group demonstrated significantly better outcomes compared to the non-surgical group in multiple measures. These included higher triple criteria compliance rates (OR 9.04, 95% CI 3.22-25.36), complete T2DM remission (OR 15.37, 95% CI 4.42-53.41), and partial T2DM remission (OR 11.49, 95% CI 3.57-37.03). Additionally, improvements were observed in glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels (SMD - 1.41, 95% CI - 2.22 to - 0.61), with HbA1c < 6.0% (OR 8.54, 95% CI 3.38-21.62) and HbA1c < 7.0% (OR 5.62, 95% CI 3.20-9.86). Fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels also showed improvement (SMD - 0.43, 95% CI - 0.71 to - 0.14), with a higher proportion achieving FBG < 100mg/dl (OR 11.83, 95% CI 4.75-29.43). Other notable outcomes included significant percentage of total weight loss (%TWL: SMD 1.88, 95% CI 1.39-2.37), reductions in body mass index (BMI: SMD - 2.28, 95% CI - 3.52 to - 1.04), and improvements in lipid profiles, including low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels (SMD - 1.01, 95% CI - 1.91 to - 0.11) and LDL < 2.59mmol/L (OR 3.65, 95% CI 1.94-6.87). In addition, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels increased (SMD 1.30, 95% CI 0.55-2.05), while triglycerides (SMD - 1.11, 95% CI - 1.70 to - 0.52), systolic blood pressure (SBP: SMD - 0.38, 95% CI - 0.70 to - 0.06), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP: SMD - 0.41, 95% CI - 0.63 to - 0.18) decreased. A greater proportion of patients in the RYGB group achieved SBP < 130mmHg (OR 3.15, 95% CI 1.61-6.13). Moreover, reductions were noted in insulin use (OR 0.25, 95% CI 0.14-0.46), diabetes medication use (SMD - 1.95, 95% CI - 3.32 to - 0.57), and peripheral neuropathy (OR 0.13, 95% CI 0.02-0.79). However, no significant differences were observed in hypertension medication use or retinopathy between the two groups. RYGB was found to be effective in improving glycemic control, promoting weight loss, enhancing lipid profiles, and managing blood pressure. It also significantly reduced the need for postoperative diabetes medications and the incidence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy in people living with T2DM.

The Health Benefits and Functional Properties of Gochujang: A Comprehensive Review of Fermentation and Bioactive Compounds

Gochujang, a traditional Korean fermented red pepper paste, is celebrated for its unique spicy and fermented flavor. This natural, whole food offers several health benefits due to the bioactive compounds formed during fermentation and its diverse ingredients. These bioactive compounds have been shown to have anti-cancer properties and anti-inflammatory effects by reducing inflammatory cytokines and suppressing pathways associated with diseases such as colitis and hepatitis. Gochujang has also been shown to help prevent obesity by promoting weight loss, inhibiting fat accumulation, and improving lipid profiles. It has also been shown to aid in the prevention of diabetes by suppressing hepatic glucose production and improving insulin sensitivity. The influence of gochujang on the gut microbiota is remarkable, with the ability to increase beneficial bacteria, improve microbial balance, and alleviate metabolic disorders. The primary agents responsible for these effects are capsaicin, fermentation by-products, and other bioactive compounds. The fermentation process, driven by microorganisms, enhances the nutritional and functional properties of gochujang, strengthening its health-promoting potential. This paper provides a comprehensive review of gochujang’s historical background, production methods, the role of microorganisms in fermentation, and its functional properties, emphasizing its value as a functional food for overall health improvement.

The effect of multidisciplinary team and experience-based co-design on the care of older adult patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial.

This study evaluates the impact of a multidisciplinary team (MDT) approach combined with experience-based co-design (EBCD) on managing elderly patients with type 2 diabetes, focusing on glycemic control, metabolic indicators, and quality of life. A randomized controlled trial conducted from October to December 2023 included 216 hospitalized patients at Quanzhou First Hospital. Patients were randomly assigned to either the MDT-EBCD intervention or standard care group and followed for 26 weeks. Outcomes measured included BMI, fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), lipid profiles, renal function, and quality of life. No significant baseline differences were observed between the groups. Post-intervention, the MDT-EBCD group showed significant improvements in BMI, FBG, HbA1c, lipid profiles, and renal function (P < 0.01), alongside enhanced quality of life dimensions like emotional function, vitality, and social functioning compared to the control group (P < 0.05). These findings support the MDT-EBCD model as an effective framework for improving comprehensive diabetes care in the elderly.

Final results of the ASCEND trial: Continued or sustained improvements in hepatosplenomegaly, respiratory outcomes, and lipid profile after 4 years of olipudase alfa enzyme replacement therapy in adults with acid sphingomyelinase deficiency

Final results of the ASCEND trial: Continued or sustained improvements in hepatosplenomegaly, respiratory outcomes, and lipid profile after 4 years of olipudase alfa enzyme replacement therapy in adults with acid sphingomyelinase deficiency

Correlation of irisin with lipid profile in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Background: Irisin, a novel adipo-myokine, improves insulin sensitivity by browning of white adipose tissue and also promotes pancreatic β-cell proliferation. Irisin was seen to have great therapeutic potential in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. Aims and Objectives: Our study aimed to estimate the levels of serum irisin, lipid profile, and fasting blood sugar (FBS) in T2DM cases and healthy controls and to find any correlation among them. Materials and Methods: We conducted a case–control study on 40 T2DM patients and 40 healthy controls. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was employed for the estimation of serum irisin level, estimation of FBS by glucose oxidase-phenol 4 amino phenazone method (GOD/PAP), and lipid profile by enzymatic colorimetric method. Results: Irisin was found to be lesser (P=0.00) in T2DM cases (14.5±8.6 ng/mL) as compared to controls (28.4±3.9 ng/mL). In T2DM cases, serum irisin was inversely correlated with FBS levels (r=−0.32, P=0.04), FBS was correlated directly with total cholesterol (T-Chol) (r=0.216, P=0.180), triglyceride (TG) (r=0.289, P=0.071), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (r=0.325, P=0.041) and negatively correlated (r=−0.269, P=0.094) with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. Whereas irisin levels showed negative correlation with T-Chol (r=−0.294, P=0.066), TGs (r=−0.237, P=0.140), and LDL (r=−0.341, P=0.031) and positive correlation with HDL (r=0.238, P=0.139) levels. Conclusion: Our study showed that the level of serum irisin was decreased in T2DM patients significantly when compared with controls. Irisin improves lipid profile and FBS levels in T2DM cases, hence it may be essential as an adjunctive therapeutic target in the management of T2DM.

Exercise Training and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Males with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials

Background and Objectives: Obesity is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Physical exercise has been established as an effective intervention for reducing cardiovascular mortality. This systematic review aimed to investigate the effects of various exercise modalities on cardiovascular risk factors in men with obesity. Materials and Methods: This review included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published between 2005 and November 2023. Studies were eligible if they assessed the impact of exercise interventions on blood pressure (BP), lipid profiles, and glucose/insulin regulation in males aged 18 years or older with a body mass index (BMI) of 25 kg/m2 or greater. The quality of included studies was evaluated using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. Results: A total of 25 RCTs were included in the analysis, with PEDro scores ranging from 3 to 7. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) was associated with significant reductions in BP, with an average decrease of 12.5 mmHg. However, the magnitude of BP reduction varied across studies, likely due to differences in training protocols and study quality. Resistance training (RT) was associated with modest improvements in glycemic control, with some studies reporting a reduction in fasting blood glucose levels by 5–10%. Combined exercise (CT) programs, which included both aerobic and resistance training, as well as aerobic exercise alone, were shown to improve lipid profiles, with some studies showing reductions in total cholesterol levels ranging from 10–15%. However, the findings were inconsistent, highlighting the need for further research to better understand the potential benefits and optimal exercise regimens. Conclusions: This systematic review supports the potential of exercise training in reducing cardiovascular risk factors in men with obesity, though the effectiveness varies depends on the type of exercise. Combined exercise programs have shown promise for lipid profiles, but further research is needed to confirm these effects. HIIT has been linked to BP reductions in some studies, although the results are inconsistent and depend on protocols and study quality. The limitations in study quality may impact the reliability of these findings.

P-588. Improved Lipid Profile in Virologically Suppressed People with HIV-1 Switching to Tenofovir DF-Containing, Ainuovirine-Based Compared to Tenofovir Alafenamide-Containing, Boosted Elvitegravir-Based Antiretroviral Regimen: the Secondary Analyses of 48-Week Results of the SPRINT Trial, a Randomized, Active-Controlled Phase 3 Study

Abstract Background ACC008 is a tenofovir DF (TDF) containing, ainuovirine (ANV), a new-generation NNRTI, based fixed-dose combination (FDC). This FDC has shown noninferior virological efficacy but improved lipid profile compared to tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) containing, boosted elvitegravir (EVG/c) regimen among virologically suppressed people with HIV-1 (PWHs) switching from NNRTI-based regimen. We herein reported the secondary analyses of 48-week lipids profile as prespecified.Figure 1.Lipid metabolism adverse events at week 48.ACC008, ainuovirine/ lamivudine/ tenofovir disoproxil; E/C/F/TAF, elvitegravir/ cobicistat/ emtricitabine/ tenofovir alafenamide; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride. Methods Virologically suppressed PWHs were randomized to ACC008 (n=381) or comparator arm (n=381) for 48 weeks. Changes from baseline (CFBs) in serum lipids were primary safety outcome of interest, including LDL-C, non-HDL-C, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and HDL-C. Other secondary safety outcomes of interest included lipid metabolism adverse events (AEs), and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk stratification as per the primary prevention target for Chinese low-risk adults.Figure 2.The proportions of PWHs with optimal/acceptable serum lipids and with decreased HDL-C at week 48.ACC008, ainuovirine/ lamivudine/ tenofovir disoproxil; E/C/F/TAF, elvitegravir/ cobicistat/ emtricitabine/ tenofovir alafenamide; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; PWHs, peoples with HIV; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride. For indicators of serum lipids, optimal/acceptable level is defined as LDL-C＜2.6 mmol/L, non-HDL-C ＜3.4 mmol/L, TC ＜5.2 mmol/L, or TG＜1.7 mmol/L, and decreased HDL-C as ＜1.0 mmol/L. Results Primary safety outcomes of interest were reported elsewhere. PWHs on ACC008 experienced significantly less frequent lipid metabolism AEs compared to those on comparator (elevated LDL-C, 6.0% vs. 21.3%, estimated treatment difference [95%CI], 0.152 [0.105, 0.200], p&amp;lt; 0.001; elevated cholesterol, 5.0% vs. 31.8%, 0.268 [0.216, 0.319], p&amp;lt; 0.001; elevated TG, 11.8% vs. 34.1%, 0.223 [0.165, 0.280], p&amp;lt; 0.001), but a marginally more frequent decreased HDL-C AE (9.4% vs. 5.5%, 0.039 [0.002, 0.078], p=0.040). The two arms showed a comparable ASCVD risk stratification at the baseline. However, ACC008 arm had a significantly greater proportion of PWHs with optimal/acceptable LDL-C (&amp;lt; 2.6 mmol/L, 49.2% vs. 27.4%, 0.213 [0.144, 0.278], p&amp;lt; 0.01), non-HDL-C (&amp;lt; 3.4 mmol/L, 70.5%, 35.4%, 0.344 [0.275, 0.408], p&amp;lt; 0.001), TC (&amp;lt; 5.2 mmol/L, 90.6% vs. 59.8%, 0.307 [0.249, 0.363], p&amp;lt; 0.001), and TG (&amp;lt; 1.7 mmol/L, 84.0% vs. 53.0%, 0.310 [0.246, 0.370], p&amp;lt; 0.001), but also those with decreased HDL-C (&amp;lt; 1.0 mmol/L, 28.6% vs. 17.3%, 0.113 [0.053, 0.172], p&amp;lt; 0.001) compared to comparator arm at week 48. Conclusion TDF-containing, ANV-based ARV regimen improved lipid metabolism in virologically suppressed adult PWHs with noncompromised virologically efficacy compared to TAF-containing, EVG/c-based regimen. Disclosures Hong Qin, MD, PhD, Jiangsu Aidea Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd: Honoraria

P-587. Durable Virological Suppression, Reduced Body Weight, and Improved Serum Cholesterol after Switch to Tenofovir DF-Containing, Ainuovirine-Based Antiretroviral Regimen in People with HIV-1: the 96-Week Results of the SPRINT Trial, a Randomized, Active-Controlled Phase 3 Extensional Study

Abstract Background The SPRINT trial was a multi-center, randomized, double-blind, active-controlled study in virologically suppressed people with HIV-1 (PWHs) switching from efavirenz-based antiretroviral (ARV) regimen. This study compared the efficacy and safety profiles of switch to tenofovir DF (TDF) containing, ainuovirine (ANV) based regimen (ACC008), and that to tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) containing, boosted elvitegravir (EVG/c) based regimen. ACC008 was shown to be non-inferior in virological efficacy but with reduced weight gain and improved lipid profile compared to the comparator at 48 weeks. We herein reported the week 48 to 96 results of the extensional study period as prespecified.Figure 1.Durable virological suppression after switch to ACC008 from efavrienz- and boosted elvitegravir-based antiretroviral regimens. Snapshot analysis of the proportion of participant with HIV-1 RNA&amp;lt;50 copies/mL. *Switching to ACC008 after 48 weeks of E/C/F/TAF treatment (mITT-E). ACC008, ainuovirine/ lamivudine/ tenofovir disoproxil; E/C/F/TAF, elvitegravir/ cobicistat/ emtricitabine/ tenofovir alafenamide. mITTE, modified intention-to-treat-exposed. Methods Out of 762 adult PWHs randomized in the SPRINT trial, 755 PWHs continued the extensional study, and all received open-label ACC008 for additional 48 weeks (ACC008→ACC008 arm, n=378; comparator→ACC008 arm, n=377). The primary efficacy endpoint was the proportion of PWHs with plasma HIV-1 RNA below 50 copies/mL at week 96 as per the snapshot algorithm. Primary safety outcomes of interest included changes in body weight, and serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) at week 96 from week 48.Figure 2.Significant weight loss after switch to ACC008 from E/C/F/TAF at weeks 48-96.*Switching to ACC008 after 48 weeks of E/C/F/TAF treatment. ACC008, ainuovirine/ lamivudine/ tenofovir disoproxil; E/C/F/TAF, elvitegravir/ cobicistat/ emtricitabine/ tenofovir alafenamide. Results At 96 weeks, 96.6% (368/381) of PWHs maintained virological suppression in ACC008→ACC008 arm as per the intention-to-treat-exposed analysis (ITT-E, n=381); 96.6% (364/377) of PWHs remained virologically suppressed in comparator→ACC008 arm as per the modified ITT-E analysis (mITT-E, n=377). Changes in body weight (least square mean) from week 48 were -0.67 kg for comparator→ACC008 arm, and -0.02 kg for ACC008→ACC008 arm (estimated treatment difference [95%CI], -0.65 kg [-1.18, -0.13], p=0.015) at week 96, respectively. Changes in serum LDL-C from week 48 were -0.24 mmol/L, and -0.05 mmol/L (-0.19 mmol/L [-0.34, -0.03], p=0.019) at week 96, respectively.Figure 3.Significant LDL-C decline after switch to ACC008 from E/C/F/TAF at weeks 48-96.*Switching to ACC008 after 48 weeks of E/C/F/TAF treatment. ACC008, ainuovirine/ lamivudine/ tenofovir disoproxil; E/C/F/TAF, elvitegravir/ cobicistat/emtricitabine/ tenofovir alafenamide; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Conclusion Switch to tenofovir DF-containing, ANV-based regimen maintained virological suppression, and that from TAF-containing, EVG/c-based regimen also resulted in high suppression at week 98. Additional benefits included weight loss and serum LDL-C decline after switch to tenofovir DF-containing, ANV-based from TAF-containing, EVG/c-based regimen. Disclosures Hong Qin, MD, PhD, Jiangsu Aidea Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd: Honoraria

Cardiovascular and Metabolic Effects of Alternative Therapies in Menopause: A Comprehensive Review

INTRODUCTION Menopause is associated with significant hormonal changes that increase cardiovascular and metabolic risks, including dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and hypertension. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has traditionally been used to mitigate these risks; however, concerns regarding adverse effects have led to a growing interest in alternative therapies such as phytoestrogens, dietary modifications, exercise, and mind-body interventions. These approaches aim to provide symptom relief and cardiometabolic benefits without the potential risks associated with hormonal treatments. OBJETIVE To evaluate the cardiovascular and metabolic impacts of alternative therapies in menopausal women, providing an evidence-based perspective on their effectiveness and safety. METHODS This is a narrative review which included studies in the MEDLINE – PubMed (National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health), COCHRANE, EMBASE and Google Scholar databases, using as descriptors: “Menopause” AND “Phytoestrogens” OR “Cardiovascular risk” OR “Metabolic syndrome” OR “Hormone replacement alternatives” in the last years. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Studies suggest that phytoestrogens, particularly isoflavones and lignans, may improve lipid profiles and endothelial function, while plant-based diets and Mediterranean-style eating patterns have been linked to better metabolic outcomes. Regular physical activity has shown a significant impact on reducing central adiposity and improving insulin sensitivity. Additionally, acupuncture and mind-body practices, such as yoga and meditation, have demonstrated promising results in regulating autonomic function and reducing stress-related metabolic disturbances. Despite these benefits, heterogeneity in study methodologies and individual variability remain challenges in establishing standardized treatment guidelines. CONCLUSION Alternative therapies represent a promising avenue for improving cardiovascular and metabolic health in menopausal women. While they offer potential benefits, further high-quality research is required to determine optimal interventions, dosages, and long-term effects. A multidisciplinary approach that integrates lifestyle modifications and individualized treatment plans is essential to optimizing health outcomes and ensuring evidence-based recommendations for menopausal care.

P-32 MANAGEMENT OF A RARE COMPLICATION IN TYPE 1 DIABETES WITH EXTREME LIVER ENLARGEMENT AND GROWTH FAILURE

Abstract Clinical Case A 21 year old single male presented with growth failure, delayed puberty, and significant liver enlargement attributed to glycogen deposition, a rare complication observed in some children and young adults with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM), irrespective of glycemic control. In his initial visit (Sep 5, 2020):Height: 144 cm, Weight: 40 kg. The patient’s uncontrolled diabetes and growth failure were notable. In the follow-up visits (Oct 4, 2020 - May 20, 2024), the patient exhibited fluctuating glycemic control (HbA1c ranging from 9.7% to 12.0%), variably elevated liver enzymes (ALT and AST), and concerning lipid profiles, with triglycerides peaking at 905 mg/dL. Growth parameters remained below the expected range for age and sex, indicating persistent growth failure. Laboratory tests highlighted uncontrolled diabetes, hypertriglyceridemia, and liver enzyme elevation. Endocrinological assessments revealed low testosterone levels with slightly altered FSH and LH, pointing to a hypogonadotropic pattern. The persistent high HbA1c levels (&amp;gt;10%) indicated poor glycemic control, complicating the patient’s liver condition and growth failure. The treatment regimen focused on intensive insulin therapy to manage diabetes, using combinations of NovoRapid, Tresiba, Ryzodec (aspart+degludec), and Apidra (Glulisine insulin). Lipid profile management included Lipanthyl (Fenofibrate) and Crestor (Rosuvastatin). Nutritional support was indicated with Nutrigen syrup aiming to address growth failure and possible micronutrient deficiencies. Despite the comprehensive management approach, challenges in achieving optimal glycemic control were apparent with the latest HbA1c at 9.7%. However, some improvement in liver enzymes and lipid profile was noted. Growth failure and delayed puberty remain significant concerns requiring ongoing multidisciplinary care. Conclusion This case underscores the complexity of managing rare complications of T1DM like extensive liver enlargement due to glycogen deposition, in conjunction with growth failure and delayed puberty. It highlights the necessity of an integrated therapeutic strategy focusing not only on glycemic control but also on the management of associated metabolic derangements and hormonal imbalances. Further research into targeted treatments for such rare complications is warranted. Managing patients with T1DM who develop rare complications such as extensive liver enlargement, growth failure, and delayed puberty is challenging. A holistic and tailored approach is essential for improving patient outcomes, underlining the crucial role of continuous monitoring, adjustment of therapeutic strategies, and multidisciplinary care.

Prophylactic and therapeutic effects of EsV3 on atherosclerotic lesions in ApoE−/− mice

BackgroundAtherosclerosis (AS) is a major contributor to vascular disorders and represents a significant risk to human health. Currently, first-line pharmacotherapies are associated with substantial side effects, and the development of atherosclerosis is closely linked to dietary factors. This study evaluated the effects of a dietary supplement, EsV3, on AS in apolipoprotein E (ApoE) −/− model mice.MethodsThe study utilized a high-fat diet-induced ApoE−/− hyperlipidemic mouse model. EsV3 was administered in prophylactic (P-EsV3) and therapeutic regimens for 16 and 12 weeks, respectively, with distinct high- and low-dose groups (0.36 and 1.8 g/kg/day). Serum lipid levels were measured and monitored for body weight and food consumption alterations in murine models. Aortic oil red O staining was conducted to assess plaque formation and calculate the plaque-to-vessel area ratio. Liver tissue changes were examined via HE staining. Moreover, serum oxidative stress markers (MDA, GSH, SOD) were measured to evaluate oxidative damage and lipid metabolism.ResultsBoth atorvastatin and P-EsV3 treatments significantly lowered TC, TG, and LDL-C levels, with P-EsV3-H enhancing HDL-C levels (P < 0.05). Prophylactic EsV3 administration was more effective than therapeutic administration in regulating TG and LDL-C levels and had comparable effects to atorvastatin on TC and HDL-C. All treatment groups exhibited reduced body weight compared to the model group, with no significant differences in food intake. Additionally, EsV3 administration significantly reduced the aortic plaque area and liver lipid droplets compared to the model group, while mitigating oxidative stress, as evidenced by decreased MDA levels and increased SOD and GSH levels, with outcomes comparable to those observed with atorvastatin.ConclusionsIn ApoE−/− hyperlipidemic mice, EsV3 improved lipid profiles and reduced aortic plaque formation. EsV3's effects, attributed partly to its antioxidant properties, were comparable to atorvastatin, suggesting its potential as a preventive and therapeutic agent for hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis.

Long-term Metabolic Outcomes Post-Simultaneous Pancreas-Kidney Transplantation in Recipients With Type 1 Diabetes.

Simultaneous pancreas-kidney (SPK) transplantation is an effective treatment option for type 1 diabetes mellitus and concurrent end-stage kidney disease. However, the diabetogenic effects of immunosuppression can counteract the beneficial effects of sustained normoglycemia. Long-term metabolic trends that reflect cardiovascular risk are reported poorly in the literature. A total of 500 patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus receiving SPK transplants at a single center with at least 2-y follow-up were evaluated retrospectively. Metabolic parameters and allograft function were followed longitudinally, including patient and allograft survival, body mass index (BMI), lipid profile, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and urinary albumin-creatinine ratio up to 10 y posttransplant. Patient survival at 1, 5, and 10 y was 97%, 92%, and 87%, and overall death-censored graft survival was 87%, 84%, and 80%, respectively. Survival remained unchanged when stratified by BMI. Compared with pretransplant measurements, BMI significantly increased at 1, 3, and 5 y posttransplant. Total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased at 10 y posttransplant, with significantly increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol at 5 y posttransplant. Insulin sensitivity improved significantly at 10 y posttransplant but did not normalize. Urinary albumin-creatinine ratio decreased by 3 y posttransplant but increased significantly between 3 and 10 y posttransplant, although the estimated glomerular filtration rate was unchanged during this time. SPK transplantation is associated with excellent patient and graft survival. Significant long-term weight gain occurs despite improving lipid profiles and insulin sensitivity posttransplant. These data potentially reflect an overall cardiovascular burden that should be addressed in this population.

Nutritional Evaluation and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Nano-formulated Selenium-Moringa Peregrine Seed Extract as a Promising Suppressor of TGF-β1/P38/NF-kβ Signaling Pathway in HgCl2 Intoxicated-Mice.

Moringa peregrina, renowned for its extensive health benefits, continues to reveal its therapeutic potential through ongoing research. The synthesis of Moringa peregrina extract-selenium nanoparticles (MPE-SeNPs) has emerged as a promising approach in developing versatile therapeutic agents. To evaluate the protective effects of MPE-SeNPs against oxidative damage and inflammation caused by HgCl2 exposure in mice. The study involved extracting and characterizing the dried powdered seeds of Moringa peregrina to determine their nutritional and bioactive contents. MPE-SeNPs were synthesized using plant extracts and characterized through TEM, UV-Vis, and FT-IR techniques to assess their chelating and superoxide radical scavenging activities. The LD50 of MPE-SeNPs was determined, and doses of 1/50 and 1/20 of the LD50 were administered to HgCl₂-exposed mice to evaluate lung protective effects. Biochemical analyses measured plasma lipid profiles and lung antioxidant status, while gene expression of TGF-β1, P38, and NF-kβ in lung tissue was analyzed. Histopathological examinations of lung tissues were conducted to observe structural changes and fibrosis, providing a comprehensive assessment of the protective efficacy of MPE-SeNPs against oxidative damage and inflammation. The raw Moringa peregrine seeds contain approximately 27.81% fat, 32.10% protein, 13.11% fiber, 4.11% ash and 22.93% carbohydrate content. The phenolic and flavonoid content in debittered seeds is approximately 76.42 mg of GAE/g DE), and 15.55 mg of QE/g DE, respectively. However, MPE and MPESeNPs exhibited chelating activity with 54 and 80.64% after 60 min. Additionally, at a concentration of 120 μg/mL, the superoxide radical scavenging activity was 71% for MPE and 93% for MPE-SeNPs after 5 minutes of incubation. The IC50 values recorded for MPE and MPE-SeNPs were 80.38 and 48.01 μg/mL, respectively. MPE-SeNPs had an average size of approximately 130.63 nm. UV-Vis spectrum peaks and FTIR identified functional groups associated with phenolics and flavonoids. LD50 of MPE-SeNPs was estimated to be 773 mg/kg body weight. Oral administration of MPE and MPE-SeNPs led to improvements in plasma lipid profile as well as lung antioxidant status. Moreover, downregulation of lung TGF-β1, P38, and NF-kβ gene expression in HgCl2-intoxicated mice when treated with MPE-SeNPs. In addition, MPE-SeNPs improve lung tissue by enhancing antioxidant enzymes, suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines, and scavenging free radicals. The study reveals that Moringa peregrina extract combined with selenium nanoparticles (MPESeNPs) offers significant protection against oxidative damage induced by HgCl₂ exposure. The enhanced antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of MPE-SeNPs, particularly at a dose of 38.65 mg/kg body weight, demonstrate their potential as a powerful natural therapy for pulmonary fibrosis. These findings underscore the promise of MPE-SeNPs in improving lung health by mitigating oxidative stress, reducing inflammation, and promoting tissue repair, paving the way for innovative treatments in respiratory medicine.

Hepatoprotective Effect of the Santalum Album Linn. Seeds Against High Fat Diet Induced Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Wistar Rats

Abstract: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become a significant global health concern, primarily due to poor dietary habits, such as high-fat diets, which contribute to liver dysfunction. This study investigates the hepatoprotective effects of Santalum album Linn. seeds in a high-fat diet-induced NAFLD model in Wistar rats. The rats were divided into several groups, including a normal control group, a high-fat diet-induced NAFLD group, and treatment groups administered with Santalum album seed extracts. Liver function was assessed through biochemical parameters such as serum liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP), lipid profiles, and histopathological analysis. Additionally, oxidative stress markers, including malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidant enzyme activities, were measured. Results showed that treatment with Santalum album seed extract significantly reduced serum liver enzyme levels, improved lipid profiles, and ameliorated liver histology. The antioxidant properties of Santalum album seeds were found to play a key role in mitigating oxidative stress, a major contributor to liver injury in NAFLD. These findings suggest that Santalum album Linn. seeds possess potential hepatoprotective effects and may be a promising natural therapeutic option for managing NAFLD induced by high-fat diets. Further clinical studies are recommended to validate these results in human populations.

New Insights into Chemical Profiles and Health-Promoting Effects of Edible Mushroom Dictyophora indusiate (Vent ex. Pers.) Fischer: A Review.

Mushrooms are valued for their culinary and medicinal benefits, containing bioactive compounds like polysaccharides, terpenoids, phenolics, lectins, and ergosterols. This review aims to encourage research on D. indusiata by summarizing its chemistry, health benefits, pharmacology, and potential therapeutic applications. Molecules from D. indusiata offer anti-diabetic, antioxidant, anti-tumor, hepatoprotective, and anti-bacterial effects. In particular, polysaccharides from Dictyophora indusiata (DIP) enhance immune function, reduce oxidative stress, and promote gut health as prebiotics. DIP shows neuroprotective effects by reducing oxidative damage, improving mitochondrial function, and regulating apoptosis, making them beneficial for neurodegenerative diseases. They also activate immune responses through TLR4 and NF-κB pathways. Additionally, compounds like dictyophorines and quinazoline from D. indusiata support nerve growth and protection. Mushrooms help regulate metabolism and improve lipid profiles, with potential applications in managing metabolic disorders, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and neurodegenerative conditions. Their wide range of bioactive compounds makes D. indusiata mushrooms functional foods with significant therapeutic potential.

Phytochemicals in Obesity Management: Mechanisms and Clinical Perspectives.

This review explores the mechanistic pathways and clinical implications of phytochemicals in obesity management, addressing the global health crisis of obesity and the pressing need for effective, natural strategies to combat this epidemic. Phytochemicals demonstrate significant potential in obesity control through various molecular mechanisms. These include the modulation of adipogenesis, regulation of lipid metabolism, enhancement of energy expenditure, and suppression of appetite. Recent studies have provided compelling clinical evidence supporting the use of specific phytochemicals in obesity treatment. Notable among these are green tea extract, rich in catechins; garcinia cambogia, containing hydroxycitric acid; resveratrol, found in grapes and berries; and berberine, derived from various plants. These compounds have shown promising results in clinical trials, Recent studies show that phytochemicals contribute to weight loss, BMI reduction, and lipid profile improvement, highlighting their potential in managing obesity and associated comorbidities. However, research in this field also faces challenges, including inconsistent bioavailability and the need for standardized dosing protocols. Phytochemicals offer a promising avenue for obesity management, acting through multiple pathways to influence weight control. While clinical evidence supports the efficacy of certain phytochemicals, further research and rigorous clinical validation are necessary to fully understand their potential and overcome existing challenges. This review underscores the importance of continued investigation into phytochemicals as a complementary approach to addressing the global obesity epidemic, potentially leading to more effective and natural interventions for weight management.

Lipidomic and Instrumental Evaluation of a Melatonin-Based In & Out Strategy Versus Topical Treatment in Skin Aging: A Randomized Prospective Trial.

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a novel "In & Out" strategy, combining topical and oral melatonin supplementation, in managing skin aging compared to topical treatment alone. A randomized, prospective study was conducted on 39 healthy females aged 55-69 years. Participants were divided into two groups: one received both the topical formula and oral melatonin supplementation (Group A), while the other received a topical melatonin-based formula (Group B). Clinical evaluations included lipidomic analysis, skin moisturization, and wrinkle depth analysis at baseline and after 84 days. The addition of oral melatonin supplementation to the topical regimen led to improvements in the skin's lipid profile and moisturization levels. These findings suggest that combining topical and oral melatonin may provide a more comprehensive approach to managing skin aging by addressing both local and systemic factors. Background/Objectives: With age, the endogenous antioxidant capacity of the skin decreases, including melatonin (Mel) synthesis. Skin aging is also associated with alterations in epidermal lipids, particularly a reduction in triglycerides and ceramides, which are essential for maintaining skin structure and hydration. The administration of exogenous melatonin could, therefore, be an effective anti-aging strategy. While some data suggest that melatonin may positively influence the lipid profile, specific data on its effects on skin aging are lacking. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-aging effects of an "In & Out" regimen consisting of a Mel-based cream and dietary supplement in comparison with topical treatment alone, focusing on clinical and lipidomic changes involved in skin homeostasis. Results: A statistically significant variation was observed in both groups compared to baseline (T0) in terms of moisturization (+23.6% in Group A, +18.3% in Group B) and wrinkle depth (-18.5% in Group A, -9.4% in Group B, p < 0.05). Both groups showed improvements in the lipid content of the skin, which typically decreases with age. The "In & Out" strategy resulted in a statistically significant increase in triacylglycerols and ceramides, key lipids that exhibit water-holding properties. Conclusions: The "In & Out" melatonin-based regimen demonstrated greater efficacy in clinical improvement and positive lipid profile modifications compared to topical treatment alone, highlighting its potential as a comprehensive anti-aging strategy.

Effectiveness of Early Versus Late Time-Restricted Eating Combined with Physical Activity in Overweight or Obese Women.

To evaluate the effectiveness of a dual approach involving time-restricted eating (TRE) at different times of the day combined with physical activity (PA) on functional capacity and metabolic health in overweight or obese women. Random allocation of sixty-one participants into four groups: early time-restricted eating plus physical activity (ETRE-PA, n = 15, 31.8 ± 10.76 years, 89.68 ± 13.40 kg, 33.5 ± 5.53 kg/m2), late time-restricted eating with physical activity (LTRE-PA, n = 15, 30.60 ± 7.94 years, 94.45 ± 15.36 kg, 34.37 ± 7.09 kg/m2), late time-restricted eating only (LTRE, n = 15, 27.93 ± 9.79 years, 88.32 ± 10.36 kg, 32.71 ± 5.15 kg/m2) and a control group (CG, n = 15, 36.25 ± 11.52 years, 89.01 ± 11.68 kg, 33.66 ± 6.18 kg/m2). The intervention lasted for 12 weeks in all groups. Both the ETRE-PA and LTRE-PA groups engaged in a rigorous combined aerobic and resistance-training program. Significant reductions in body weight and body mass index were observed in the ETRE-PA and LTRE-PA groups compared to the CG and LTRE groups post-intervention (p < 0.0005). Only the ETRE-PA group exhibited a significant decrease in fat mass (p = 0.02), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p = 0.01), and aspartate aminotransferase (p = 0.002). Significant reductions in alanine aminotransferase levels were observed in the ETRE-PA (p = 0.004) and LTRE-PA (p = 0.02) groups. These two latter groups achieved higher performances in the 6-min walking test, bench press, 30-s squat, crunch test, vertical jump (p < 0.0005 for both), and leg extension (p < 0.02 for both) when compared to the LTRE and CG groups. The integration of TRE with PA leads to greater improvements in body composition, lipid profile, and physical performance, with no significant differences between the ETRE-PA and LTRE-PA approaches. This combined strategy offers a promising solution for overweight and obese women.

A perspective on intermittent fasting and cardiovascular risk in the era of obesity pharmacotherapy.

Intermittent fasting has been linked to metabolic health by improving lipid profiles, reducing body weight, and increasing insulin sensitivity. However, several randomized clinical trials have shown that intermittent fasting is not more effective than standard daily caloric restriction for short-term weight loss or cardiometabolic improvements in patients with obesity. Observational studies also suggest cardiovascular benefits from extended rather than reduced eating windows, and indicate that long-term intermittent fasting regimens may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease mortality. In this perspective, we discuss evidence that may support potential adverse effects of intermittent fasting on cardiovascular health through the loss of lean mass, circadian misalignment and poor dietary choices associated with reward-based eating. Given the ongoing revolution in obesity pharmacotherapy, we argue that future research should integrate anti-obesity medications with dietary strategies that confer robust benefits to cardiometabolic health, combine exercise regimens, and consider genetic factors to personalize obesity treatment. Comprehensive approaches combining diet, pharmacotherapy, and lifestyle modifications will become crucial for managing obesity and minimizing long-term cardiovascular risk.