Improvement In Cognitive Function Research Articles

Evaluation of seizure semiology, genetics, magnetic resonance imaging, and electroencephalogram findings in children with Rett syndrome: A multicenter retrospective study

ObjectivesThis study aimed to evaluate seizure semiology, electroencephalogram (EEG), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and genetic findings, as well as treatment choices in Rett syndrome (RTT). MethodsA retrospective analysis was conducted on one hundred and twenty cases diagnosed with RTT with a genetic mutation. Data were obtained from nine participating centers. ResultsIn this study, 93.3 % of patients were female, with typical RTT found in 70 % of cases. Genetic etiology revealed MECP2, FoxG1, and CDKL5 in 93.8 %, 2.7 %, and 1.8 % of cases, respectively. Atypical RTT clinics were observed in 50 % of male cases, with the first EEG being normal in atypical RTT cases (p = 0.01). Generalized tonic-clonic and myoclonic epilepsy were the most common seizure semiologies, while absence and focal epilepsy were less prevalent. Valproate, levetiracetam, lamotrigine, and clobazam were the most commonly used antiepileptic drugs, affecting the severity and frequency of seizures (p = 0.015, p=<0.001, p = 0.022, and p=<0.001, respectively). No significant differences were observed in EEG findings. The initiation of anti-seizure medications significantly altered seizure characteristics (Table 4). A ketogenic diet and vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) correlated with a 50 % improvement in cognitive function, while steroid treatment showed a 60 % improvement. Remarkably, seizures were substantially reduced after VNS application. ConclusionThis study underscores the importance of genetic diagnosis in RTT cases with a clinical diagnosis. These preliminary results will be further validated with the inclusion of clinically diagnosed RTT cases in our ongoing study.

A cognitive neural circuit biotype of depression showing functional and behavioral improvement after transcranial magnetic stimulation in the B-SMART-fMRI trial

We previously identified a cognitive biotype of depression characterized by treatment resistance, impaired cognitive control behavioral performance and dysfunction in the cognitive control circuit, comprising the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dLPFC) and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC). Therapeutic transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to the left dLPFC is a promising option for individuals whose depression does not respond to pharmacotherapy. Here, 43 veterans with treatment-resistant depression were assessed before TMS, after early TMS and post-TMS using functional magnetic resonance imaging during a Go–NoGo paradigm, behavioral cognitive control tests and symptom questionnaires. Stratifying veterans at baseline based on task-evoked dLPFC–dACC connectivity, we demonstrate that TMS-related improvement in cognitive control circuit connectivity and behavioral performance is specific to individuals with reduced connectivity at baseline (cognitive biotype +), whereas individuals with intact connectivity at baseline (cognitive biotype −) did not demonstrate significant changes. Our findings show that dLPFC–dACC connectivity during cognitive control is both a promising diagnostic biomarker for a cognitive biotype of depression and a response biomarker for cognitive improvement after TMS applied to the dLPFC.

Cognitive Outcomes following Virtual Reality Rehabilitation in Patient with Traumatic Brain Injury: A Prospective Randomized Comparative Study

Abstract Introduction Comprehensive rehabilitation is essential to enhance the quality of life and cognitive performance of traumatic brain injury (TBI) survivors. Virtual reality (VR) has emerged as a promising tool for TBI rehabilitation due to its ability to provide an engaging and tailored environment. Materials and Methods This was a randomized comparative study conducted at tertiary hospital and included individuals aged between 18 and 60 with mild-to-moderate cognitive impairment due to TBI. The participants were divided into a case group receiving intensive VR rehabilitation and a control group receiving standard care. Cognitive assessments were conducted before and after treatment, and during follow-up. Results VR rehabilitation demonstrated significant improvements in cognitive function. The VR group exhibited remarkable progress in the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Tower of London (TOL), and Trail Making Test (TMT) scores. Baseline MoCA, TOL, and TMT scores (mean value) of case group 16.5, 11.75, and 14.05 and for control group 17, 10, and 13 were respectively. All the parameters of case group improved at the time of discharge (MoCA: 24.3, TOL: 22, TMT: 27.5) and in follow-up (MoCA: 28.5, TOL: 32.5, TMT: 42.07) as compared with control group at discharge (MoCA: 19, TOL: 13, TMT: 17) and in follow-up (MoCA: 21, TOL: 15, TMT: 19), which shows significant improvement in case group (p &lt; 0.001) as compared with control group. Conclusion VR rehabilitation significantly improves cognitive outcomes in TBI patients. It has the potential to be a significant tool in TBI rehabilitation.

PEMOCS: Evaluating the effects of a concept-guided, PErsonalised, MOtor-Cognitive exergame training on cognitive functions and gait in chronic Stroke—study protocol for a randomised controlled trial

BackgroundMany stroke survivors remain with residual cognitive and motor impairments despite receiving timely acute and sub-acute rehabilitation. This indicates that rehabilitation following stroke should be continuous to meet the needs of individual stroke patients. Both cognitive and motor functions are essential for mastering daily life and, therefore, should be aimed at with rehabilitation. Exergames, motor-cognitive exercises performed using video games, are an auspicious method to train both motor and cognitive functions and at the same time may foster the long-term motivation for training. This study aims to assess the effect of concept-guided, personalised, motor-cognitive exergame training on cognitive and motor functions in chronic stroke survivors.MethodsThis study is a single-blinded, randomised controlled trial. Assessments are performed at baseline, after a 12-week intervention, and at a 24-weeks follow-up. Chronic stroke patients (≥ 18 years old, ≥ 6 months post-stroke) able to stand for 3 min, independently walk 10 m, follow a two-stage command, and without other neurological diseases apart from cognitive deficits or dementia are included. Participants in the intervention group perform the exergame training twice per week for 30 (beginning) up to 40 (end) minutes additionally to their usual care programme. Participants in the control group receive usual care without additional intervention(s). Global cognitive functioning (total Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score) is the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes include health-related quality of life, specific cognitive functions, single- and dual-task mobility, and spatiotemporal gait parameters. The target sample size for this trial is 38 participants. Linear mixed models with the post-outcome scores as dependent variables and group and time as fixed effects will be performed for analysis.DiscussionSuperior improvements in global cognitive functioning and in the abovementioned secondary outcomes in the intervention group compared to the control group are hypothesised. The results of this study may guide future design of long-term rehabilitation interventions after stroke.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05524727). Registered on September 1, 2022.

The Effects of Multidisciplinary Intensive Rehabilitation on Cognitive and Executive Functions in Parkinson's Disease: A Clinical Database Analysis.

Background/Objectives: This study is based on data collected from a medical health record review to assess whether multidisciplinary intensive rehabilitation treatment in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients can improve global cognitive functioning and executive functions. Methods: The data related to PD patients were extrapolated from a clinical database called "NeuroRehab". A total of 104 PD patients (51 males; 53 females) performed 6 weeks of multidisciplinary intensive rehabilitation treatment in clinical practice from January 2019 to May 2023. This training program was characterized by three daily sessions of 60 min of activities (muscle relaxation and stretching exercises, moderate physical aerobic exercise, and occupational therapy). The patients were classified and stratified according to disease severity (according to the Hoehn and Yahr scale), postural instability and gait difficulty (PIGD) or tremor-dominant (TD) subtypes, disease duration (DD), and the presence of dyskinesias. The effect of multidisciplinary intensive rehabilitation treatment on cognitive and executive functions was evaluated through the administration of cognitive tests, such as the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB). All the parameters were evaluated at the baseline (T0) and at the end of the rehabilitation program (T1). Results: The multidisciplinary intensive rehabilitation treatment significantly improved cognitive performance. The MMSE, MoCA, and FAB test scores after the rehabilitation program (T1) were significantly higher compared to the scores obtained at the baseline (T0). Moreover, further analyses on subgroups of the patients who scored below the cut-off in the MMSE showed that at least 50% of patients overcame the cut-off score. Interestingly, the same analyses performed for the MoCA and FAB revealed a higher rate of improvement in cognitive functions, with normal scores in both tests after 6 weeks of multidisciplinary intensive rehabilitation treatment. Conclusions: This study revealed the potential effects of a 6-week multidisciplinary rehabilitation program in improving cognitive status in a PD inpatient cohort.

Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation along with cognitive training on cognitive functions and activities of daily living in patients with Parkinson's disease: A pilot randomized controlled trial

AbstractBackgroundCognitive impairment is one of the most common symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). In recent years, the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) have been investigated on various disabilities related to PD, including sensory and motor deficits and fatigue.AimTo investigate effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) along with cognitive training on attention, working memory, reaction time (RTI), response inhibition, and activities of daily living performance.MethodsThis pilot randomized, single‐blinded, and sham‐controlled trial was performed on 32 people with PD who were blocked randomized equally into intervention and control groups. Intervention group received ten 20‐min sessions of tDCS during ten 45‐min sessions of cognitive training, while control group received ten 20‐min sessions of sham‐tDCS during ten 45‐min sessions of cognitive training. Anodal electrode of tDCS (2 mA) was placed over left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), while cathode was over right supraorbital region. A blinded assessor performed pretest, posttest, and follow‐up assessments using the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale and four subtests of the CANTAB computer test including Match to Sample Visual Search, spatial span task, stop signal task, and RTI.ResultsThe results showed significant differences within groups over time in the mean scores of attention (F = 24.73, p = 0.00), working memory (F = 19.06, p = 0.000), RTI (F = 8.63, p = 0.005), response inhibition (F = 15.75, p = 0.000), and activity of daily living performance (F = 6.73, p = 0.013).ConclusiontDCS (anodal electrode over the left DLPFC and cathodal electrode over the right supraorbital region) along with cognitive training could facilitate improvement of cognitive functions and activities of daily living performance compared to routine cognitive exercises in people with PD.

Effectiveness of vortioxetine in elderly patients with major depressive disorder in real-world clinical practice: Results from the RELIEVE study.

Data demonstrating the real-world, long-term effectiveness of vortioxetine in elderly patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) are clinically useful to confirm findings from randomized trials. RELIEVE was a multinational, 24-week, observational, prospective study in outpatients with MDD initiating vortioxetine treatment in routine care settings (NCT03555136). Here, we report data from a subgroup of 130 patients aged ⩾ 65 years. The primary study outcome was changed from baseline in patient functioning assessed using the Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS). Other clinical outcomes included depression severity (Patient Health Questionnaire-9 [PHQ-9] and Clinical Global Impressions-Severity [CGI-S]), cognitive performance (Digit Symbol Substitution Test [DSST]) and symptoms (Perceived Deficits Questionnaire - Depression-5 item [PDQ-D-5]), and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) (EuroQoL 5 Dimensions 5 Levels [EQ-5D-5L]). Clinically meaningful and statistically significant improvements in patient functioning, depressive symptoms, cognitive function, and HRQoL were observed at week 24. Least squares mean SDS, PHQ-9, CGI-S, PDQ-D-5, DSST, and EQ-5D-5L scores improved from baseline by 6.5, 5.7, 1.2, 3.2, 4.4, and 0.11 points, respectively (p < 0.01 for all). Adverse events were observed in 23.1% of patients. Consistent with previous clinical studies of vortioxetine, this study supports the effectiveness and safety of vortioxetine in treating elderly patients with MDD in a real-world setting over a 6-month period. Patients showed clinically relevant and sustained improvements in psychosocial functioning, depressive symptoms, and cognitive function after receiving vortioxetine, which was generally well tolerated. Main study limitations include the open-label study design and lack of a placebo or comparator group.

Neurological functional outcome of early versus delayed cranioplasty following decompressive craniectomy at a tertiary care centre

Cranioplasty performed after a decompressive craniectomy (DC) for traumatic brain injury (TBI), stroke, or aneurysmal bleed has a role of restoring cerebral protection and craniofacial cosmesis as well as improving neuromotor function. There has been no consensus with regards to the ideal timing of cranioplasty (CP) after DC. A retrospective cohort study was carried out at a tertiary care hospital on patients who had undergone early (less than or equal to 12 weeks) and late (greater than 12 weeks) cranioplasty using autologous cranial bone after DC. Functional independence measure (FIM) tools were used to compare neuromotor and cognitive function outcome between the two groups. Appropriate statistical tools were used to compare neuromotor and cognitive function improvement as well as complication rates between early and late cranioplasty. A total of 31 adult patients of cranioplasty (21 male and 10 female) were evaluated. Sixteen had undergone early and 15 late cranioplasty. Comparison for neuromotor and cognitive function using FIM tools revealed statistically significant neuromotor and cognitive advantages in the early cranioplasty group. Overall complication rates between the two groups varied but were statistically insignificant. Performing an early cranioplasty provides advantages of improvement of neuromotor and cognitive function through early restoration of cerebrospinal fluid and intracerebral haemo-dynamics. It further avoids the potential problems of developing the ‘Syndrome of the Trephined’ (otherwise known as sinking skin flap syndrome) and resorption of the autologous bone.

Lactoferrin, chitosan double-coated oleosomes loaded with clobetasol propionate for remyelination in multiple sclerosis: Physicochemical characterization and in-vivo assessment in a cuprizone-induced demyelination model.

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disorder of the CNS characterized by continuous myelin damage accompanied by deterioration in functions. Clobetasol propionate (CP) is the most potent topical corticosteroid with serious side effects related to systemic absorption. Previous studies introduced CP for remyelination without considering systemic toxicity. This work aimed at fabrication and optimization of double coated nano-oleosomes loaded with CP to achieve brain targeting through intranasal administration. The optimized formulation was coated with lactoferrin and chitosan for the first time. The obtained double-coated oleosomes had particle size (220.07 ± 0.77 nm), zeta potential (+30.23 ± 0.41 mV) along with antioxidant capacity 9.8 μM ascorbic acid equivalents. Double coating was well visualized by TEM and significantly decreased drug release. Three different doses of CP were assessed in-vivo using cuprizone-induced demyelination in C57Bl/6 mice. Neurobehavioral tests revealed improvement in motor and cognitive functions of mice in a dose-dependent manner. Histopathological examination of the brain showed about 2.3 folds increase in corpus callosum thickness in 0.3 mg/kg CP dose.Moreover, the measured biomarkers highlighted the significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity of the formulation. In conclusion, the elaborated biopolymer-integrating nanocarrier succeeded in remyelination with 6.6 folds reduction in CP dose compared to previous studies.

Electroacupuncture activates the peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor pathway to improve thephenotype of cerebral palsy.

This study explores the efficacy of electroacupuncture (EA) in treating cerebral palsy (CP) in Sprague-Dawley (SD) pups, specifically CP animal models, and its molecular mechanisms. Gait analysis and Y-maze were used to detect the improvement of motor ability and cognitive function of CP rats after EA treatment. Transcription sequencing was used to determine the key pathway for EA to improve the symptoms of CP. PPAR agonists were used to verify the causal relationship between the pathway and the improvement of CP phenotype. The motor ability and cognitive function of CP pups were improved after EA treatment. The results of transcriptome sequencing suggest that the improvement of CP phenotype may be caused by the activation of PPAR pathway. PPAR pathway is widely activated in the epithelium of CP pups treated with EA, which is verified by qPCR. Rosiglitazone (Ros), a PPAR agonist, can improve CP phenotype while activating PPAR pathway, which proves the causal relationship between PPAR pathway activation and CP phenotype improvement. Our study demonstrated behavioral improvements and enhanced cognitive functions in CP models after EA treatment by activating PPAR pathway, suggesting new perspectives for CP rehabilitation, and providing theoretical support for acupuncture treatment of CP.

What are physical exercise interventions in older age? Literature review for physical and cognitive function

Background and Study Aim. The elderly represent a growing age group and an integral part of modern society. The aging process introduces significant health challenges, making exercise an essential component in maintaining quality of life and well-being among the elderly. This study reviews the impact of physical exercise interventions on the physical and cognitive functions of the elderly population. Material and Methods. The search for this study was conducted using the ScienceDirect and PubMed databases. The search strategy employed a combination of keywords ("Elderly Physical Exercise" AND "Physical Exercise Intervention" AND "Elderly Fitness and Cognitive" AND "Physical Exercise for Physical and Cognitive Functions" AND "Physical and Cognitive Benefits" AND "Elderly Physical Exercise Prevalence"). This search adhered to the PRISMA guidelines. Initially, 1,854 publications were identified through the database searches (ScienceDirect: 981 articles; PubMed: 873 articles). After applying the exclusion criteria, only 11 articles remained. Results. It has been found that physical exercise interventions for the elderly significantly impact their physical and cognitive functions. In the first group, exercises such as home-based e-Health programs, multicomponent exercises, moderate aerobic exercises, dance training, and balance training have been identified. All these have been shown to provide substantial benefits. These programs enhanced not only physical function but also cognitive performance and the overall quality of life for older adults without physical and cognitive health complaints. This showcases the potential of physical exercise interventions to prevent morbidity and reduce disability. The second group focused on physical exercise interventions for older adults with degenerative disease complaints, such as type 2 diabetes and multiple sclerosis. Dual-task exercise programs and tai chi chuan exercises have demonstrated improvements in cognitive function for this demographic. They also improved physical fitness. The research also points out some limitations related to the implementation and budgeting for these programs. Conclusions. The literature review suggests that physical exercise interventions play a crucial role in maintaining physical and cognitive functions in older adults. Exercise programs tailored to the specific health conditions of individuals can significantly improve the quality of life and reduce the risk of declining physical and cognitive functions in the elderly population.

Effects of a Taiwanese Adaptation of the Group Cognitive Stimulation Therapy Program on Mild-To-Moderate Dementia: A Quasi-Experimental Trial

ABSTRACT Cognitive stimulation therapy (CST) was found to significantly improve cognitive function and quality of life (QOL) in patients with mild-to-moderate dementia in the UK. However, indigenous research on older adults with dementia in Taiwan is scarce. Therefore, this study developed and investigated the effects of a Taiwan version of group CST (CST-T) through a quasi-experimental trial. Excluding the dropouts, there were 13 experimental participants (M = 78.9 ± 9.0) and 13 control participants (77.9 ± 5.6). The results indicated significant improvements in cognitive function, QOL, and daily life functioning in the experimental group compared with the control group, and these effects remained evident at a 3-month follow-up.

The Effects of Dietary Intervention and Macrophage-Activating Factor Supplementation on Cognitive Function in Elderly Users of Outpatient Rehabilitation.

Age, genetic, and environmental factors are noted to contribute to dementia risk. Neuroplasticity, protection from degeneration and cell death, and early intervention are desirable for preventing dementia. The linkage between neurons and microglia has been a research focus. In this study, we examined the effects of dietary modification (a reduction in advanced glycation end products [AGEs]) and macrophage-activating factor (MAF; a macrophage regulator) supplementation on cognitive function in elderly participants undergoing rehabilitation. Participants were older than 60 years of age and had been attending a daycare rehabilitation facility for at least three months without cognitive dysfunction, severe anemia, terminal cancer, or neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease. The exercise protocol at the rehabilitation facility was not changed during the study period. Forty-three participates were randomly divided into three groups: a control group receiving placebo, a group receiving dietary guidance, and a group receiving dietary guidance and MAF supplementation. The amyloid-β40/42 ratio, dietary AGE intake, plasma AGE levels, dietary caloric intake, and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) screen test were evaluated. Four participants withdrew from the study. MCI screening scores significantly improved in the MAF supplementation group, especially after 6 months. Dietary modulation was also more effective than placebo at improving cognitive function after 12 months. Only the control group exhibited significantly increased plasma AGEs while the dietary modulation and MAF supplementation groups showed no change in plasma AGEs after 12 months. MAF supplementation improved cognitive function, especially after 6 months, in elderly people undergoing rehabilitation. Dietary modulation was also effective for improving cognitive function after 12 months compared to that in the control group. It was difficult to supervise meals during dietary guidance at the daycare service. However, simple guidance could show improvements in cognitive function through diet.

A Review of Post-Stroke Cognitive Impairment and the Potential Benefits of Stingless Bee Honey Supplementation.

Post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) is a common decline in cognitive abilities that occurs within 3 months after a stroke. During recovery, stroke survivors often experience varying degrees of cognitive decline, with some patients experiencing permanent cognitive deficits. Thus, it is crucial to prioritise recovery and rehabilitation after a stroke to promote optimal protection of and improvement in cognitive function. Honey derived from stingless bees has been linked to various therapeutic properties, including neuroprotective effects. However, scientific evidence for the mechanisms through which these honey supplements enhance cognitive function remains limited. This narrative review aims to provide an overview of the causes of PSCI, current treatments, the biomarkers influencing cognition in post-stroke patients and the potential of stingless bee honey (SBH) as a neuroprotective agent against the progression of PSCI.

FEATURES OF DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF AEROBICS IN THE SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION

The article examines the impact of aerobics and physical education programs including aerobics on the physical and mental health of the younger generation. The purpose of the study is to analyse the peculiarities of using aerobics in different countries of the world and to identify the positive/negative aspects of physical activity. The article employs methods of retrospective and comparative analysis of primary sources, as well as generalization and systematization of innovative points regarding the integration of aerobics into edu- cational programs. It has been stated that aerobics is a universal form of physical activity that can be adapted to the needs of each person, regardless of gender. Today, aerobics is a popular form of fitness that includes a va- riety of training styles and methods, from classic group classes to modern interactive online training. It not only helps to strengthen the cardiovascular system, but also enhances the general tone of the body and im- proves mood. To get the most out of training, it is important to consider individual physiological charac- teristics and goals. Aerobics has been increasingly integrated into physical education programs in various countries such as Great Britain, Australia, the United States of America, China, the Philippines, and South Korea. Integrating aerobics into a physical education program helps develop discipline and self-discipline, as well as promotes a healthy and active lifestyle among the growing generation, giving them the tools to stay fit throughout life. Regular physical activity, including aerobic exercise, can improve cognitive func- tion and concentration, which has a positive effect on the academic achievement of young people. Positive aspects are as follows: improvement of cardiovascular health; improvement of mood and mental health; weight control due to assistance in burning calories, which helps maintain a healthy weight and prevent obesity; improving physical shape, increasing endurance and strengthening muscles; formation of disci- pline; improvement of cognitive functions; promoting socialization, helping to make new friends and gain- ing support from like-minded people in group aerobics. Meanwhile, certain negative consequences that may arise from improper organization of aerobics classes have been identified, including the risk of inju- ry, overloading the cardiovascular system, the necessity of adhering to proper technique, and psychologi- cal stress. The characteristic features of modern health aerobics are: accessibility and ease of performing exercises; increased emotionality of classes due to musical accompaniment and different movements; high effectiveness of the health-improving effect due to the continuity of physical exercises aimed at the devel- opment of general endurance, flexibility and strength, as well as improving the work of the cardiovascular, respiratory systems and musculoskeletal system; a high level of scientific substantiation of training meth- ods, constant development of the material and technical base and development of new types of equipment for aerobics. Quality of life and level of well-being mainly depend on a person’s ability to live fully and ac- tively, unencumbered by health problems. That is why, nowadays, aerobic exercises are becoming more and more popular, as they contribute to health and general strengthening of the body. Conclusion. A comparative analysis of the role and significance of aerobics in the physical education systems of developed countries highlights the importance of integrating physical activity into the curricu- lum for the overall health and well-being of the younger generation.

HDAC6 modulates the cognitive behavioral function and hippocampal tissue pathological changes of APP/PS1 transgenic mice through HSP90-HSF1 pathway.

The aim of this study was to investigate histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) modifies the heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) and heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1) affect the levels of pathological markers such as Aβ oligomers (Aβo) and Tau phosphorylation (p-Tau) in APP/PS1 double transgenic mice hippocampal tissues or HT22 neurons as well as the changes in cognitive behavioral functions of mice. (1) APP/PS1 transgenic mice (6 months old, 25 ~ 30g) were randomly assigned to 5 experimental groups, C57BL/6J mice (6 months old, 25 ~ 30g) were used as 4 control groups, with 8 mice in each group. All mice underwent intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) cannulation, and the experimental groups were administered with normal saline (APP + NS group), HDAC6 agonist tubastatin A hydrochloride (TSA) (APP + TSA group) or HDAC6 agonist theophylline (Theo) (APP + Theo group), HSP90 inhibitor Ganetespib (Gane) (APP + Gane group), or a combination of pre-injected Gane by TSA (APP + Gane + TSA group); the control group received i.c.v. injections of Gane (Gane group), TSA (TSA group), Theo (Theo group) or NS (NS group), respectively. (2) Mouse hippocampal neurons HT22 were randomly divided into a control group (Control) and an Aβ1-42 intervention group (Aβ). Within the Aβ group, further divisions were made for knockdown HSP90 (Aβ + siHSP90 group), overexpression HSP90 (Aβ + OE-HSP90 group), knockdown HSF1(Aβ + siHSF1 group) and knockdown HSF1 followed by overexpression HSP90 (Aβ + siHSF1 + OE-HSP90 group), resulting in a total of 6 groups. Morris water maze test was used to evaluate the cognitive behavior of the mice. Western blot and immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence were performed to detect the levels of HDAC6, HSP90, HSF1, Aβ1-42, Tau protein, and p-Tau in the hippocampal tissue or HT22 cells. qRT-PCR was used to measure the levels of hdac6, hsp90, and hsf1 mRNA in the hippocampus or nerve cells. (1) The levels of HDAC6, Aβ1-42 and p-Tau were elevated, while HSP90 and HSF1 were decreased in the hippocampal tissue of APP/PS1 transgenic mice (all P < 0.01). Inhibiting HDAC6 upregulated the expressions of HSP90 and HSF1 in the hippocampal tissue of APP/PS1 mice, while decreasing the levels of Aβ1-42 and p-Tau as well as improving the spatial cognitive behavior in mice (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). The opposite effects were observed upon HDAC6 activation. However, inhibiting HSP90 reduced the expression of HSF1 (P < 0.01) and increased the levels of Aβ1-42 and p-Tau (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) but did not significantly affect the expression of HDAC6 (P > 0.05). No significant changes were observed in the aforementioned indicators in the 4 control groups (P > 0.05). (2) In the Aβ1-42 intervention group, HDAC6 and Aβ1-42, p-Tau expression levels were elevated, while HSP90 and HSF1 expressions were all decreased, and cell viability was reduced (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Overexpression of HSP90 upregulated HSF1 expression, decreased the levels of Aβ1-42 and p-Tau, and increased cell viability (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Knocking down HSP90 had the opposite effect; and knocking down HSF1 increased the levels of Aβ1-42 and p-Tau and decreased cells viability (all P < 0.01), but did not result in significant changes in the expression levels of HSP90 (P > 0.05). Inhibiting HDAC6 can upregulate the expressions of HSP90 and HSF1 but reduce the levels of Aβ1-42 and p-Tau in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice and improvement of cognitive behavioral function in mice; Overexpression of HSP90 can increase HSF1 but decrease Aβ1-42 and p-Tau levels in the hippocampal neurons and increase cell activity. It is suggested that HDAC6 may affect the formation of Aβ oligomers and the changes in Tau protein phosphorylation levels in the hippocampus of AD transgenic mouse as well as the alterations in cognitive behavioral functions by regulating the HSP90-HSF1 pathway.

Effect of Omega-3 Adjuvant Therapy on Cognitive Improvement and Levels of Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (GDNF) in Schizophrenia Patients Receiving Risperidone Therapy

Background: Schizophrenia is a disorder with severe and persistent psychotic manifestations accompanied by cognitive impairment. Treatment with atypical antipsychotic therapy (APG-2) provides only minimal benefit for the cognitive impairment of schizophrenia patients. Many efforts are currently being expanded to find new treatments that can serve as “co-treatments” to improve neurocognition from aspects of neurobiology and neuroplasticity. Several studies found that omega-3 fatty acids can improve cognitive function in schizophrenia patients.Objective: The objective is to assess the impact of omega-3 adjuvant therapy on improving cognitive function and elevating glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) levels in individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia who are undergoing risperidone treatment.Method: A research study utilizing experimental analysis, including pre-tests and post-tests with non-random group selection, was conducted at Dadi Regional Special Hospital in South Sulawesi, Indonesia, between May and July 2023. Sample testing was carried out at the HUMRC Research Laboratory. The study involved 44 participants divided into two groups: a treatment group comprising 22 individuals who received 4 mg/day risperidone along with Omega-3 supplements for eight weeks and a control group of 22 individuals who received only 4 mg/day risperidone. Cognitive function was evaluated using the MoCA-Ina tool, while GDNF serum levels were determined through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Significance was assessed through the Chi-square, Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney, Pearson and Spearman correlation tests.Results: There was an improvement in cognitive function and a significant increase of GDNF serum levels in schizophrenia patients who received omega-3 adjuvant therapy over 8 weeks compared to individuals with schizophrenia who solely received the antipsychotic risperidone. Conclusion: Supplementing standard risperidone therapy with omega-3 adjuvant can enhance cognitive function and elevate GDNF levels.

The Impact of Early Growth Response 1 (Egr1) on Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity and Cognitive Function: Narrative Review

Introduction: EGR1 (Early Growth Response 1) gene expression is a molecular response that occurs in the brain as a result of synaptic activity and environmental stimuli. Early growth response 1 (EGR1) expression can be affected by several factors, including exercise or physical training. This review aims to determine the effect of EGR 1 expression on hippocampal synaptic plasticity function. Method: Literature search using data-based Pubmed, Science Direct, and Scopus online. The data used is from the year 1978 until the year 2022. Searched using English keywords such as EGR 1 and hippocampus. Results: Animal and human studies show that physical exercise can increase the expression of the EGR1 gene in the brain. This enhanced EGR1 expression is associated with increased synaptic plasticity, which includes changes in the strength and connectivity of synapses between neurons. Synaptic plasticity refers to the ability of the nervous system to change the strength and efficiency of communication between neurons. Physical exercise has been shown to increase synaptic plasticity by increasing dendritic growth and continuity, increasing neurogenesis (the formation of new neurons), and increasing synaptic connections between neurons. Physical exercise can increase EGR1 expression and synaptic plasticity. Increased EGR1 expression and synaptic plasticity induced by physical exercise are associated with improvements in cognitive functions, including memory, learning, and thinking ability. Conclusion: There is evidence that exercise can increase EGR1 expression and synaptic plasticity in the brain, especially in the hippocampus, to improve cognitive function.

The impact of resistance training on memory, gait and oxidative stress during periestropause in rats

Aging, especially in female, is complex, involving various factors such as reproductive sensitivity, cognitive and functional decline, and an imbalance in the redox system. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of long-term resistance training as a non-pharmacological strategy to mitigate the impairment of recognition memory, hippocampal redox state, and ambulation in aging female Wistar rats during the periestropause period. Thirty Wistar rats aged 17 months, in periestropause, were distributed into non-trained (NT) and resistance training (RT; stair climbing 3 times per week for 4 months) groups. Before (17 months) and after (21 months) of the RT period, the rats underwent tests for ambulation, elevated plus maze (EPM), open field, and object recognition. Biochemical and histological analyses were conducted on the hippocampus of these animals. Analysis of the results revealed that at 21 months, females in the NT group (21Mo/NT) exhibited a decreased in length (p=0.0458) and an increased in past width (p<0.0479) compared to their measurements at 17 months. However, after 4 months of RT, the female rats aged 21 months (21Mo/RT group) experienced changes in gait components, showing an increase in length (p<0.0008) and a decrease in stride width. Regarding memory, the object recognition test indicated potential cognitive improvement in 21Mo/RT animals, with significant interaction between intervention and age across all three stages of the test (total exploration time, p=0.0001; Test 1, p=0.0003; Test 2, p=0.0014). This response was notable compared to animals in the 21Mo/NT group, which showed a decline in memory capacity (p<0.01). The data showed a significant difference in relation to the age of the animals (p<0.01). The hippocampal redox state markers showed reduced lipid oxidative (p=0.028), catalase (p=0.022), and superoxide dismutase (p=0.0067) in the RT group compared to the NT group. Hippocampal cells from the 21Mo/RT group showed increased citrate synthase enzyme activity (p<0.05) and Nissl body staining (p<0.05). The results of this study demonstrate that RT performed during the periestropause phase leads to significant improvements in functional abilities, cognitive performance, and neuroplasticity in aging female rats.

Innovation Learning with POE: Improve Understanding Student to Equality Square

Purpose of the study: This research aims to evaluate the effectiveness of using Predict, Observe, Explain (POE) worksheets in improving students' understanding of quadratic equations. Methodology: The study employed a mixed-method approach, specifically the sequential explanatory type. It involved quantitative data collection through pre- and post-tests, as well as qualitative data from structured interviews with teachers and students. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and independent sample t-tests Main Findings: This study presents several significant main findings. Firstly, the experimental group exhibited a notable improvement in cognitive function compared to the control group. Secondly, there was a positive correlation between the level of physical activity and cognitive performance. Lastly, regular physical exercise was associated with a lower risk of cognitive decline in older adults. These findings underscore the importance of physical activity in maintaining cognitive health and provide valuable insights for cognitive health maintenance among older adults. Novelty/Originality of this study: This study introduces evidence supporting the link between physical activity and cognitive function in older adults, providing insights into effective strategies for mitigating cognitive decline through exercise interventions. The findings contribute to existing knowledge by emphasizing the importance of lifestyle factors in preserving cognitive health.