Improvement In Thermal Stability Research Articles

Improved Thermal Stability of a Novel Acidophilic Phytase.

Phytase increases the availability of phosphate and trace elements by hydrolyzing the phosphomonoester bond in phytate present in animal feed. It is also an important enzyme from an environmental perspective because it not only promotes the growth of livestocks but also prevents phosphorus contamination released into the environment. Here we present a novel phytase derived from Turicimonas muris, TmPhy, which has distinctive structure and properties compared to other previously known phytases. TmPhy gene expressed in the Pichia system was confirmed to be 41 kDa in size and was used in purified form to evaluate optimal conditions for maximum activity. TmPhy has a dual optimum pH at pH3 and pH6.8 and exhibited the highest activity at 70°C. However, the heat tolerance of the wildtype was not satisfactory for feed application. Therefore, random mutation, disulfide bond introduction, and N-terminal mutation were performed to improve the thermostability of the TmPhy. Random mutation resulted in TmPhyM with about 45% improvement in stability at 60°C. Through further improvements, a total of three mutants were screened and their heat tolerance was evaluated. As a result, we obtained TmPhyMD1 with 46.5% residual activity, TmPhyMD2 with 74.1%, and TmPhyMD3 with 66.8% at 80°C heat treatment without significant loss of or with increased activity.

Development of soy protein isolate-based orally disintegrating film: Improvement of disintegration speed, mechanical properties, and thermal stability by β-Cyclodextrin

The effect of β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD) at different concentrations (0–20% w/w) on the function and properties of soy protein isolate (SPI)-based orally disintegrating films (ODF) was studied. The results of moisture content and contact angle indicate that the inclusion of β-CD enhances the moisture content and surface hydrophilicity of ODF. The thickness ODF samples is between 0.031 and 0.041 mm. Due to the addition of β-CD, ODF disintegration rates increased by 47.86%–64.62%. Scanning electron microscope, and mechanical analysis show that ODF with a β-CD concentration of 10% w/w has the best performance, presenting the smoothest surface, maximum tensile strength (TS) and elongation at break (EB). FTIR spectrum results show that there are physical entanglements and hydrogen bonding interactions between SPI and β-CD, and appropriate concentrations of β-CD (5% w/w and 10% w/w) can transform random coils into β-sheets. Once the concentration exceeding 10% w/w, β-CD will crystallize and precipitate on the ODF surface, which weakens the mechanical properties of the ODF and the strength of the SPI network structure. Thermogravimetric test results show that β-CD improves ODF thermal stability. This research offers a significant theoretical foundation for the advancement of ODF that are protein-based and not hydrolyzed.

Enhancing the Tribological Properties of Low-Density Polyethylene Using Hard Carbon Microfillers.

The application of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) has been confined to packaging applications due to its inadequate mechanical and tribological characteristics. We propose enhancing LDPE by integrating hard carbon spheres (CSs) to improve its strength, frictional characteristics, and wear resistance. LDPE/CS composites were created by blending LDPE with varying CS amounts (0.5-8 wt.%). Analysis using scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy confirmed CS presence in the LDPE matrix, with X-ray diffraction showing no microstructural changes post-blending. Thermal characterization exhibited notable improvements in thermal stability (~4%) and crystallinity (~7%). Mechanical properties such as hardness and Young's modulus were improved by up to 4% and 24%, respectively. Tribological studies on different composite samples with varying surface roughness under various load and speed conditions revealed the critical role of surface roughness in reducing friction by decreasing real contact area and adhesive interactions between asperities. Increased load and speed amplified shear stress on asperities, possibly leading to deformation and failure. Notably, integrating CSs into LDPE, starting at 1 wt.%, effectively reduced friction and wear. The composite with the highest loading (8 wt.%) displayed the most significant tribological enhancement, achieving a remarkable 75% friction reduction and a substantial 78% wear reduction.

Impact of hydrogenation on the stability and mechanical properties of amorphous boron nitride

Interconnect materials with ultralow dielectric constant, and good thermal and mechanical properties are crucial for the further miniaturization of electronic devices. Recently, it has been demonstrated that ultrathin amorphous boron nitride (aBN) films have a very low dielectric constant, high density (above 2.1 g cm−3), high thermal stability, and mechanical properties. The excellent properties of aBN derive from the nature and degree of disorder, which can be controlled at fabrication, allowing tuning of the physical properties for desired applications. Here, we report an improvement in the stability and mechanical properties of aBN upon hydrogen doping. With the introduction of a Gaussian approximation potential for atomistic simulations, we investigate the changing morphology of aBN with varying H doping concentrations. We found that for 8 at% of H doping, the concentration of sp 3-hybridized atoms reaches to a maximum which leads to an improvement of thermal stability and mechanical properties by 20%. These results will be a guideline for experimentalists and process engineers to tune the growth conditions of aBN films for numerous applications.

Hydroxyapatite–lignin hybrid systems as improved poly(vinyl chloride) fillers: From preparation to application

In this study, new, functional hydroxyapatite–lignin hybrid systems were designed and characterized. The efficacy of the mechanical method utilized to obtain these systems was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The hybrid materials were also noted for their good electrokinetic stability and thermal stability.The introduction of 2.5 to 10 wt% hydroxyapatite–lignin systems into an unplasticized PVC blend using a two-step kneading and pressing method resulted in composites with relatively homogeneous distribution, as confirmed by SEM observations. The processing properties of the filler-containing blends were investigated using plastographometric analysis and MFR tests. The introduction of a lignin-predominant hybrid system into the PVC matrix results in a significant improvement of thermal stability, softening temperature, and tensile strength, while maintaining sufficient impact strength for numerous applications. Hybrid materials containing higher amounts of added lignin are promising materials with bacteriostatic properties. This can be utilized to stabilize and prevent the deposition of microorganisms, as well as the formation of biofilms, on material surfaces, thereby limiting the spread of pathogens. New eco-composites based on PVC and a hybrid filler containing lignin show promise in producing components with surfaces resistant to bacterial colonization. Hence, these materials could be used in medical and hospital equipment.

Surface modification of spherical silica micro‐powder using silane coupling agents and their application in epoxy resin‐based composite materials

AbstractIn recent years, the packaging industry has utilized electronic packaging materials with epoxy resin (EP) and high‐performance fillers, exhibiting superior mechanical properties and thermal conductivity. Spherical silica micro‐powder (SSP) is a critical thermal conductive filler but faces challenges due to its inorganic nature. Surface modification is essential to improve SSP's compatibility and dispersion in organic matrices for effective use in EP‐based composites. In this paper, the effects of the following four modification methods on SSP/EP composites were studied: (1) the processes include co‐modification with dimethyldimethoxysilane (DMDMS) and trimethylethoxysilane (MTES), (2) modification with NaOH, (3) co‐modification with DMDMS and MTES in an alkaline environment after NaOH modification, and (4) co‐modification with methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) and propyltrimethoxysilane (PTMOS). Through comprehensive characterization and evaluation, it is evident that modification schemes 1, 3, and 4 significantly enhance SSP's hydrophobicity, dispersibility, and compatibility with EP. This led to the improvement of thermal conductivity and stability of the composite, and modification scheme 4 showed the highest enhancement, with a 42.6% increase in thermal conductivity. Moreover, the mechanical properties of modified composite materials, such as bending strength, impact resistance, and tensile strength, surpass those of unmodified SSP/EP composite materials. The study provides valuable insights for reducing manufacturing costs and enhancing productivity in the electronic packaging sector.

Effect of gamma irradiation and electrospinning applications on the physicochemical, antioxidant, and molecular properties of anthocyanin colorant obtained from black carrot pomace

This research article describes the approach of the electrospinning technique for the development of nanofibers from anthocyanin powder and the possibility of using biodegradable polymers, such as gelatin. The irradiation technique was also examined to improve the technological properties of the AP, which was prepared from black carrot pomace. In the present study, the monomeric anthocyanin content of the anthocyanin powder was reduced from 254.6 to 167.9 mg/g after irradiation treatment. The nano-encapsulated anthocyanin powder with wall material showed stronger color properties compared to those of the irradiated samples. FTIR results revealed that changes in OH stretching and galacturonic acid peaks were observed in anthocyanin powder samples at wave numbers of 3500–3200 cm−1 and 800–1000 cm−1, respectively. The electrospinning technique showed a significant improvement in the thermal stability of the AP compared to that with irradiation. Based on this evidence thus far, it can be concluded that irradiation and electrospinning are promising techniques to develop a natural red colorant from industrial food waste for food, food supplement, and pharmaceutical applications. Industrial relevanceNatural colorants are attracting growing attention as a result of consumer demand. For this reason, the black carrot pomace can be considered an important source of natural colorants from industrial food waste resulting from juice extraction. However, the use of BCP to produce red colorants for various products (eg., food and food supplements) is not an easy task. In this regard, both electrospinning and irradiation are beneficial and effective technologies to produce a red colorant from industrial food waste sources, and improve its technological properties that provide opportunities for clean labeling.

A novel heterogeneous biocatalyst based on graphene oxide for synthesis of pyran derivatives

Graphene oxide modified with tryptophan (GO-Trp) has been introduced as a new heterogeneous acid-base biocatalyst for synthesis of some pyran derivatives. GO was prepared according to the Hummer’s method and tryptophan as a low-cost green amino acid is covalently bonded to the surface of GO without any organic or toxic reagents in a green way. The new catalyst was characterized by different spectroscopic methods such as Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction (XRD), etc. …. The results of XRD patterns showed an increase in the distance between the GO plates in the presence of the modifying agent which specifies the presence of amino acid between the GO layers. XPS analysis also confirmed successful modification through the presence of C–N bonds in the structure of the catalyst. In addition, improvements in thermal stability and changes in the morphology of the samples were observed using thermogravimetric analysis and Field emission scanning electron microscopy analysis respectively. Evaluation of the catalyst performance in the synthesis of some benzo[b]pyran and pyrano[3,2-c] chromene derivatives showed presentable results. Seven benzo[b]pyran (4a–4g) and five pyrano[3,2-c] chromene (4h–4l) derivatives were synthesized. GO-Trp as a safe, natural and efficient catalyst, could be reused up to 5 runs for synthesis of pyran derivatives without any significant decrease in its potency. High purity of the products and desirable yields are other points that make the present work more attractive.

In silico Characterization of Natural Blending Agents in Conjunction with Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) to Solicit Biopolymer film with Improved Thermal Stability

Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is known to exhibit limitations in terms of thermal stability. Its susceptibility to thermal degradation, particularly when exposed to high temperatures, can hinder its performance in various applications. This study addresses the thermal stability limitations of Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) by exploring strategies to enhance its performance through blending with biodegradable polymers. Focusing on the PHB-pectin blend, computational simulations unveil a remarkable 346.92 K increase in the glass transition temperature (Tg), surpassing pure PHB. This elevation indicates strong intermolecular interactions, potentially involving hydrogen bonding, leading to a more rigid and thermally stable polymer system. The heightened Tg has practical implications for critical applications, such as automotive components and electronic devices, where resistance to elevated temperatures is essential. Emphasizing environmental benefits, the study highlights the use of biodegradable and bio-based polymers as eco-friendly alternatives to traditional plastics, contributing to reduced plastic waste. Overall, this research underscores the potential of thermally stable polymers to both enhance material performance and address environmental concerns across diverse industries.

Improvement of Thermal Stability and Sensitivity of Furazan/Furoxan via Ring Closure Generation of Vicinal Amino-Nitro Structure.

Energetic compounds that display high thermal stability and insensitivity properties are essential for applications in mining, gas drilling, etc. In this work, a novel 4-nitro-5-aminoisoxazole energetic moiety oriented to enhance thermal stability and decrease the sensitivity of furazan/furoxan analogues was constructed. The generation of a vicinal amino-nitro structure can be effectively realized in one step by a green and mild ring-closing reaction of nitroacetonitrile potassium salt with chloroxime in aqueous solution. Seven new energetic compounds with good thermal stability (Td: 155.8∼270.3 °C) and low sensitivity (IS: >40 J, FS: 96∼192 N) were synthesized. The nitro-furazan and isoxazole combined product exhibits the advantages of both skeletons, with energetic properties (Dv = 8350 m s-1, P = 30.1 GPa) that may find value in insensitive energetic materials. This strategy promises to achieve a balance between energy levels and stability of furazan/furoxan analogues and offers a new way for the design and synthesis of highly thermally stable compounds that meet special applications.

Development of Curcumin Composite Gel Inhibitor for Preventing Spontaneous Combustion of Coal

ABSTRACT To improve their whole-stage inhibition effects on the spontaneous combustion of coal, curcumin (CCM) and chitosan (CTS) were grafted, and the natural nanomaterial montmorillonite (MMT) was used for intercalation to prepare the composite gel inhibitor CTS-CCM/MMT. Its macro effect and micro mechanism of inhibition were studied. SEM analysis revealed a significant increase in the surface folds and pores of CTS-CCM, suggesting enhanced mechanical properties and thermal stability. XRD and DSC experiments demonstrated a reduction in the diffraction angle 2θ from 21.148° to 20.011° for CTS-CCM/MMT, along with a 21.3% increase in glass transition temperature. This supports the effective improvement of thermal stability through intercalation treatment. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated a higher characteristic temperature point for the inhibitor composite. Infrared diffuse reflection experiments showed deactivation of oxidation activity for the hydroxyl and aliphatic groups through combined inhibition treatment. These findings collectively suggest that the gel exhibits heightened stability and flame retardancy, and can effectively inhibit the entire spontaneous combustion reaction of coal.

Epoxidized Olive Oil as a Sustainable Plasticizer to Polylactic Acid

The consumption of synthetic, non-biodegradable polymer plastics has drawn attention to growing environmental concerns, prompting the development of other materials, particularly bio-based materials. Biopolymer-based biocomposite materials are plasticized to improve their ductility. In this study, five distinct weight ratios of biopolymers (PA/EOO), 90 wt.%, 80 wt.%, 70 wt.%, 60 wt.%, and 50 wt.% were employed as plasticizers for poly-lactic acid (PA) in a fluid molding process. The mechanical, thermal stability, and morphological characteristics of the blends were each examined using a viscometer measurement (R.V.), tensile properties (TP), a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). All composite materials (PA/EOO) mixtures show notable improvements in mechanical properties and excellent thermal stability when compared to pure PA. The maximum PA/EOO elongation at break was around 213 % when the PA/EOO mix was 80 wt %. Attractive morphological results from composite materials (PA/EOO) blends showed that EOO was compatible with PA and that the resulting composite material (PA/EOO) was thought to be an ecologically beneficial mixture because it contained vegetable oil.

4'-C-Acetamidomethyl-2'-O-methoxyethyl Nucleic Acid Modifications Improve Thermal Stability, Nuclease Resistance, Potency, and hAgo2 Binding of Small Interfering RNAs.

In this study, we designed the 4'-C-acetamidomethyl-2'-O-methoxyethyl (4'-C-ACM-2'-O-MOE) uridine and thymidine modifications, aiming to test them into small interfering RNAs. Thermal melting studies revealed that incorporating a single 4'-C-ACM-2'-O-MOE modification in the DNA duplex reduced thermal stability. In contrast, an increase in thermal stability was observed when the modification was introduced in DNA:RNA hybrid and in siRNAs. Thermal destabilization in DNA duplex was attributed to unfavorable entropy, which was mainly compensated by the enthalpy factor to some extent. A single 4'-C-ACM-2'-O-MOE thymidine modification at the penultimate position of the 3'-end of dT20 oligonucleotides in the presence of 3'-specific exonucleases, snake venom phosphodiesterase (SVPD), demonstrated significant stability as compared to monomer modifications including 2'-O-Me, 2'-O-MOE, and 2'-F. In gene silencing studies, we found that the 4'-C-ACM-2'-O-MOE uridine or thymidine modifications at the 3'-overhang in the passenger strand in combination with two 2'-F modifications exhibited superior RNAi activity. The results suggest that the dual modification is well tolerated at the 3'-end of the passenger strand, which reflects better siRNA stability and silencing activity. Interestingly, 4'-C-ACM-2'-O-MOE-modified siRNAs showed considerable gene silencing even after 96 h posttransfection; it showed that our modification could induce prolonged gene silencing due to improved metabolic stability. Molecular modeling studies revealed that the introduction of the 4'-C-ACM-2'-O-MOE modification at the 3'-end of the siRNA guide strand helps to anchor the strand within the PAZ domain of the hAgo2 protein. The overall results indicate that the 4'-C-ACM-2'-O-MOE uridine and thymidine modifications are promising modifications to improve the stability, potency, and hAgo2 binding of siRNAs.

Improvement of antioxidant, emulsification properties and thermal stability of egg white protein by covalent binding to gallic acid/tannic acid and xanthan gum

This study aimed to improve the functional properties of egg white protein (EWP) by covalent modification of EWP with xanthan gum (XG) and gallic acid (GA)/tannic acid (TA) to form covalent complexes. The structure and functional properties of EWP before and after modification were explored. The results showed that the grafting degree of EWP-GA-XG and EWP-TA-XG reached 37.23% and 44.01% respectively measured by the OPA method. The secondary structure of EWP became loose after reaction with GA/TA and XG, with a decrease in the content of α-helix and an increase in the β-sheet content, thus contributing to the improvement of its functional properties. The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging rate and iron reduction ability of EWP-GA-XG (44.94%, 56.38%, 18.29 mg VC/μmol) and EWP-TA-XG (85.45%, 88.39%, 39.26 mg VC/μmol) complexes were significantly improved compared with EWP (7.90%, 12.94%, 0.12 mg VC/μmol). The emulsion activity index and emulsion stability index of EWP-GA-XG (10.05 m2/g, 96.43%) and EWP-TA-XG (11.04 m2/g, 96.53%) complexes were also improved as compared to those of EWP (5.94 m2/g, 51.45%). Moreover, the peak transition temperatures of EWP-GA-XG (138.09 °C) and EWP-TA-XG (143.96 °C) complexes were higher than that of EWP (125.00 °C). This study may provide the theoretical basis for improving the functional properties of EWP and expanding its application in the field of food.

Impact and Compression Behavior of Habesha Moringa/Bamboo Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composites

ABSTRACT Nowadays, synthetic fiber composites are in decline because of their high initial cost and detrimental impact on the environment. The main aim of this work is to develop natural fiber composite materials that are made from moringa and bamboo fibers by using the hand lay-up method by maintaining a constant 40 vol.% of epoxy content. Both the natural composites were treated with NaOH and also compared with their hybrid composite. The mechanical properties, such as compression, hardness, impact, tensile, flexural properties were investigated. Additionally, thermo gravimetric analysis of composites was also carried out. The biggest boost in compressive strength was seen in bamboo with 60% volume, with improvements ranging from a pure resin value of 13.06 to 68.43% compared to moringa 60% and 30–30% moringa-bamboo. The maximum rise in impact strength was recorded by BM-30/30 at 21J. In addition to this, the highest hardness value was observed by moringa-reinforced composites (MM-60) and noted to be around 40.83 HV. Tensile and flexural properties of all the composites reveal improvement as compared with neat epoxy composites. Bamboo exhibits a considerable improvement in thermal stability as compared with other compositions. Scanning electron micrographs were used to analyze the structure-property correlations.

Influence of surface treatments and addition of a reactive agent on the properties of PLA/flax and PLA/bamboo composites

Polylactic acid (PLA) composites reinforced with 10 wt% of flax (FF) or bamboo (BF) fibers were prepared via an internal mixer and/or twin-screw extrusion. Alkali pretreated fibers were soaked in silane to improve adhesion between fibers and matrix. 0.8 wt% of Joncryl™, a grafted copolymer acting as PLA chain extender, was also used alone or in combination with silane treatment of fibers to improve interfacial adhesion. The influence of silane treatment and/or Joncryl on the composite materials on mechanical, thermal and thermomechanical properties of materials processed through injection molding was investigated. Improved adhesion of the fibers to the matrix was shown using a scanning electron microscope. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy indicated that chemical bonds were formed between the silane coupling agent and fibers. X-ray Photo-electron Spectroscopy confirmed that fibers and silane derivatives were effectively coupled. XPS also highlighted that silane coupling agent reacted in higher amounts on bamboo than flax fibers, probably due to a higher amount of lignin in the case of bamboo fibers. Thermogravimetric analyses indicated that silane-treated flax and bamboo increased the thermal stability of the corresponding composites (PLA-SFF and PLA-SFB) compared to non-treated fiber composites. The incorporation of Joncryl alone entailed a degradation of the thermal stability of the corresponding composites (PLAJ-FF and PLAJ-FB) but enhanced the PLA/fibers interfacial adhesion. The combination of Joncryl and silane treatment resulted in strong improvements of thermal stability and interfacial adhesion for the PLAJ-SFF and PLAJ-SBF composites. Increase in tensile moduli and decrease in tensile strengths with the incorporation of the pristine fibers were noted. For silane-treated fibers, the tensile modulus and the strength of the corresponding composites were improved when adding Joncryl alone or in combination with silane. From also rheological and molar weight measurements, it could be concluded that Joncryl acts both as PLA chain extender and coupling agent.

Structural Characteristics and Improved Thermal Stability of HDPE/Calcium Pimelate Nanocomposites

In the present research work, calcium pimelate (CaPim) was synthesized and investigated as an additive for high-density polyethylene (HDPE). HDPE/CaPim nanocomposites were prepared by melt-mixing, with CaPim content ranging from 0.1% to 1%, affording white homogeneous materials. The chemical structure of the nanocomposites and the incorporation of CaPim was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy. The surficial morphology and the additive distribution were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction measurements showed that the thermal transitions and crystal structure of HDPE are not affected by the incorporation of CaPim, while the mechanical properties are retained overall. This study focuses on the thermal degradation of HDPE nanocomposites, investigating the degradation mechanism and kinetic parameters through various analytical methods. Isoconversional techniques, including the Friedman method, Vyazovkin analysis, and Ozawa Flynn Wall analysis, were employed to calculate activation energies (Eα). The degradation mechanism and kinetic triplet were determined based on a multivariate non-linear regression method (model-fitting). Finally, the presence of a CaPim additive was shown to increase the Eα of thermal degradation, consistent with the calculated dependence of Eα on the degree of conversion and the improved thermal stability of the HDPE matrix.

Enhancing Flame Retardancy and Thermal Insulation Performance of Silicone Rubber Composites Using Silicon Carbide

This study focuses on modifying silicone rubber using silicon carbide (SiC) to enhance the flame retardancy and thermal insulation properties of the composites. The study characterizes the thermal stability, mechanical properties, and flame retardancy of the composite materials. The results demonstrate the effective improvement in thermal stability achieved by incorporating SiC into the silicone rubber composites. At a SiC addition level of 6 wt.%, the composite material shows optimal thermal stability with an initial decomposition temperature of 487°C, which is 84°C higher compared to the pure matrix. Additionally, the SiC/SR composites system exhibits a char yield of 72.13% at 900°C, representing an approximately 9% increase compared to the pure SR matrix. Simultaneously, the incorporation of SiC significantly enhances the flame retardancy of silicone rubber. At a SiC addition level of 10 wt.%, the LOI (Limiting Oxygen Index) value increases by 10.5% to reach 30.4%, surpassing the non-additive sample. Moreover, the UL-94 classification of the composite material is V-0, meeting the standard for flame retardant materials.

Development of Highly Heat-Resistant Polyimide Separator to Improve Thermal Stability and Performance in Electric Vehicle Batteries

Development of Highly Heat-Resistant Polyimide Separator to Improve Thermal Stability and Performance in Electric Vehicle Batteries

Structural and functional characterization of mung bean protein-peach gum conjugate through the Maillard reaction as a novel encapsulation agent

This study used peach gum (PG) and mung bean protein isolate (MBPI) as an encapsulation agent. This study used peach gum (PG) and mung bean protein isolate (MBPI) as an encapsulation agent. The present investigation was undertaken to examine and refine the conjugation process of MBPI-PG, while concurrently evaluating the impact of Maillard modification on functional properties through the wet heat method. Through the analyses of SDS-PAGE, glycation degree, SEM micrographs, and FT-IR spectroscopy, it was ascertained that optimal glycosylation conditions were achieved at a pH of 8.5 and a temperature of 90 °C for a duration of 1 h. Conjugation resulted in the enhanced of solubility, emulsifying properties, and DPPH radical scavenging activity of MBPI. In comparison to their un-conjugated one, the observed improvements in thermal stability and solubility of proteins were attributed to the process of glycation. Collectively, the findings imply that the conjugation with PG imparts additional functional attributes to MBPI, thereby potentially enhancing its applicability in the food industries as a novel encapsulation agent.