Improvements In Metabolic Health Research Articles

Obesity and chronic disease in younger people

In your editorial on obesity,1 Yates et al talk in apocalyptic terms about the rise in its prevalence. Their description of its ‘devastating consequences’ is amplified to an impressive degree by the repeated use of figures referring to relative rather than absolute risk. They propose an ‘urgent need for high quality research’ and go on to comment approvingly on the paper from the Bristol team,2 concluding that it provides evidence that ‘primary care can be used to engage effectively with, and manage, childhood obesity’. To be honest, I'm not that good at analysing research papers but I felt it would be worthwhile seeing whether the paper delivered on this promise. Unless I am missing something, the main results I can see from this paper are as follows: Of 152 eligible patients at the start of the trial, only 39 of them (25%) made it through to the end of the 12-month intervention period. Reductions in body mass index (BMI) seen in those who did last the course (in both the primary and secondary care groups) were modest to say the least — and the authors comment that the mean change in BMI ‘is too small to be certain of an improvement in metabolic health’. There is no follow up beyond the 12-month trial period to see if there is any sustained reduction in BMI. A more realistic conclusion, therefore, is that this model of an obesity clinic is equally ineffective in primary and secondary care. Something perhaps to bear in mind before we rush to provide such services as part of the ‘re-focusing of healthcare priorities’ that your editorial recommends.

Effects of a high-protein, low-carbohydrate v. high-protein, moderate-carbohydrate weight-loss diet on antioxidant status, endothelial markers and plasma indices of the cardiometabolic profile

There are concerns that weight-loss (WL) diets based on very low carbohydrate (LC) intake have a negative impact on antioxidant status and biomarkers of cardiovascular and metabolic health. Obese men (n 16) participated in a randomised, cross-over design diet trial, with food provided daily, at approximately 8.3 MJ/d (approximately 70 % of energy maintenance requirements). They were provided with two high-protein diets (30 % of energy), each for a 4-week period, involving a LC (4 % carbohydrate) and a moderate carbohydrate (MC, 35 % carbohydrate) content. Body weight was measured daily, and weekly blood samples were collected. On average, subjects lost 6.75 and 4.32 kg of weight on the LC and MC diets, respectively (P < 0.001, SED 0.350). Although the LC and MC diets were associated with a small reduction in plasma concentrations of retinol, vitamin E (α-tocopherol) and β-cryptoxanthin (P < 0.005), these were still above the values indicative of deficiency. Interestingly, plasma vitamin C concentrations increased on consumption of the LC diet (P < 0.05). Plasma markers of insulin resistance (P < 0.001), lipaemia and inflammation (P < 0.05, TNF-α and IL-10) improved similarly on both diets. There was no change in other cardiovascular markers with WL. The present data suggest that a LC WL diet does not impair plasma indices of cardiometabolic health, at least within 4 weeks, in otherwise healthy obese subjects. In general, improvements in metabolic health associated with WL were similar between the LC and MC diets. Antioxidant supplements may be warranted if LC WL diets are consumed for a prolonged period.

The Effects of Resistance Training on Metabolic Health With Weight Regain

To determine whether resistance training effectively maintains improvements in cardiometabolic syndrome risk factors during weight regain, 9 individuals lost 4% to 6% of their body weight during an 8- to 12-week diet- and aerobic exercise-induced weight loss phase followed by a controlled weight regain phase (8-12 weeks), during which they regained approximately 50% of the lost weight while participating in a supervised resistance training program. Following weight loss (6.0%+/-0.3%), body mass index, body fat percentage, waist circumference, all abdominal adipose tissue depots, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, insulin, and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) were significantly reduced, while quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index (QUICKI) and cardiorespiratory fitness (maximal oxygen consumption) significantly increased. During weight regain (48.3%+/-3.3% of lost weight), body fat percentage, waist circumference, and maximal oxygen consumption were maintained and muscular strength and lean body mass significantly increased. Abdominal adipose tissue depots, insulin, HOMA, and QUICKI did not significantly change after weight regain. Resistance training was effective in maintaining improvements in metabolic health during weight regain.

Physical activity at the government-recommended level and obesity-related health outcomes: a longitudinal study (Early Bird 37)

Background:In the UK and USA, government guidelines for childhood physical activity have been set (⩾60 min/day at ⩾3 metabolic equivalents of thermogenesis (METs)), and body mass index (BMI) chosen as...

Congenital idiopathic nystagmus in identical twins.

Using an infrared recording system we examined the nystagmus waveforms of a pair of monozygotic twin girls and found them to be dissimilar. It is proposed that in view of the common mode of inheritance the differences are a result of environmental influences.