Improvement Of Electrical Properties Research Articles

Manipulating Pb Vacancies Achieved Ultra‐High Thermoelectrics in Quaternary Pb0.95Na0.04Te1‐xSex via Fine‐Tuning Se Solubility

AbstractOptimizing carrier concentration in PbTe materials can be achieved effectively through the chemical doping of sodium. Nevertheless, the valence balance can lead to the presence of “deleterious defects” in the PbTe matrix, resulting in low sodium solubility at room temperature. Herein, a strategy for fine‐tuning Pb vacancies to improve sodium solubility is developed. By a trace amount of Se‐doping, the solubility of Na in Pb0.99Te1‐xSex through the preservation of Pb vacancies in the matrix is substantially increased. Additionally, a large number of dense dislocations in the grains, which greatly reduced the lattice thermal conductivity is induced. A high power factor of ≈26 mW cm−1 K−2 and low lattice thermal conductivity of ≈0.43 W m−1 K−1 at 823 K in Pb0.95Na0.04Te0.97Se0.03 is achieved. Ultimately, a high figure of merit, ZT ≈2.2, is obtained at 823 K in quaternary PbTe compound. The current findings not only demonstrate that the introduction of trace amounts of Se and Pb vacancies in the PbTe matrix can effectively enhance Na solubility and minimize thermal conductivity, attaining synergistic improvement in electrical and thermal properties, but also indicate that the synergistic effect of Pb vacancies with a specific dopant is an alternative approach for enhancing ZT.

Zirconium doped indium oxide thin films as transparent electrodes for photovoltaic applications

In this work we report on ultra-thin Zirconium doped In2O3 transparent conductive films grown at room temperature via RF-Magnetron co-sputtering. Samples from 15 nm to 90 nm thick, and low Zr atomic concentration (0.6–0.9 at.%), were annealed at T = 200 °C after the deposition. The phase-transition from amorphous to crystalline, confirmed by XRD measurements, leads to an improvement of both electrical and optical properties. The thinnest film (15 nm) shows electrical resistivity as low as 5 × 10−4 Ωcm, with carrier mobility of 20 cm2V−1s−1, and optical transmittance up to 80 % in visible and near-infrared range. IZrO electrode performances were tested through external quantum efficiency (EQE) measurements on a semi-finite Silicon Heterojunction bi-facial solar cell. The EQE values for 90 nm thick film are comparable to that of standard ITO when IZrO films are implemented as front electrodes. These results suggest that ultra-thin IZrO films may be successfully used to reduce costs and the amount of Indium used in Indium-based transparent conductive oxide layers for solar cells.

Theoretical simulation of pre-sintering effect and improvement of electrical transport properties of La0.7Ca0.18Sr0.12MnO3 film prepared by spin coating method

Perovskite manganites Lax(Ca1-ySry)1-xMnO3 have drawn the plentiful attention owing to their distinctive physical properties. Their unique properties make them an ideal candidate for high-sensitivity and uncooled bolometric applications. Optimized La0.7Ca0.18Sr0.12MnO3 (LCSMO) films were grown on (00l) LaAlO3 substrate at different pre-sintering temperature (Tps) via sol–gel spin coating method. According to the test results of microstructure, internal strain, Mn ion valences and surface morphology, electrical transport properties are restricted by MnO6 octahedron distortion and film crystallinity affected by the change in Tps. The microstructure growth was improved and the surface morphology tended to grow in a cross-like structure with high crystallinity by optimizing Tps. Double exchange mechanism and internal strain were enhanced with the increase in Tps. Thereby, due to the enlarging MnOMn bond angle and enhancing MnO covalency, the temperature (Tk) corresponding to temperature coefficient of resistivity (TCR) was increased gradually as Tps increased. The TCR value of LCSMO film reached a maximum value (10.82 %/K) and Tk reached room temperature (302.03 K) at Tps = 1123 K. The theoretical foundation of the pre-sintering effect has been supplemented, helping to understand the influence of pre-sintering on film growth and electrical transport properties.

Enhanced Thermoelectric Performance of Cu2Se Alloys by Simultaneous Engineering of Thermal and Electrical Transport Properties through S and Te Co‐Doping

Cu2Se‐based binary compounds have recently fetched the attention of researchers due to their remarkable electrical and extremely low thermal properties. In addition, Cu2Se‐based quaternary chalcogenides are expected to present exceptional thermoelectric performance. Cu2Se1−x−ySxTey‐like compounds are synthesized via microwave‐assisted hydrothermal method and their respective thermal and electrical transport properties are studied in this research work. The phase purity and homogeneity are examined by X‐ray diffraction and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectrometry analysis. The introduction of S and Te elements into Cu2Se matrix enhances Seebeck coefficient resulting in improved electrical performance illustrating a maximum power factor of 989.4 μWK−2 m−1 at 673 K. Furthermore, S‐ and Te‐co‐doped samples exhibit reduced total thermal conductivity values with lowest value of 0.808 WK−1 m−1 for Cu2Se0.96S0.02Te0.02 sample in comparison to 1.18 WK−1 m−1 for the pristine sample. The simultaneous improvement in electrical and thermal properties results in enhanced figure of merit of 0.82 for Cu2Se0.96S0.02Te0.02 sample at 673 K.

Studies on Mechanical and Dielectric Properties of the Ni(OH)2 Filler Reinforced Polymer Composite Materials for Structural Application

Polymer composite materials play a vital role in many automotive and wind turbine industries because of their high mechanical properties. The present work emphasises the improvement of polymer composites used for different environmental conditions. The glass and basalt fibers with epoxy and vinyl ester matrix have been prepared individually with 3 % Ni(OH)2 filler. The mechanical and dielectric properties were investigated separately for each material. The mechanical properties of the glass fiber with vinyl ester and Ni(OH)2 filler showed better results. The dielectric strength of the glass fiber with vinyl ester and Ni(OH)2 filler material in a saline environment showed only a 38.16 % reduced dielectric value before saline treatment. The FE validation was also validated using Digimat- FE software for evaluating the void stress in the filler matrix. From the validation the glass fiber with epoxy resin and Ni(OH)2 filler showed the lowest von-Mises stress and shear stress values compared to the other materials. The overall results highlight the improvement of mechanical and electrical properties after the addition of Ni(OH)2 filler materials in offshore environment to meet the demands of the wind turbine industry.

Effect of fluorine doping on the improvement of electrical and photocatalytic properties of ZnO films

ZnO:F thin films were produced by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis (USP) technique. For photovoltaic and photocatalytic applications, the properties of ZnO films have been tried to be improved by adding the flourine (F) element. The average optical transmittance was higher than 85%. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra depict blue, green and yellow emission in deposited films. Photocatalytic activity of ZnO and ZnO:F thin films was evaluated with methylene blue (MB) organic pollutant under UV irradiation. 5% doped ZnO:F film successfully decomposed ~ 80% using MB as photocatalyst. The lowest resistivity (3.54 × 10–3 Ωcm), high carrier concentration (2.52 × 1020 cm−3) and high hall mobility (8.28 cm2V−1 s−1) were observed in ZnO:F (5%) film. With this study, it was concluded that F-doped ZnO films were effective in the degradation of MB, which is widely used in the food and pollutant industries. Therefore, it makes ZnO:F films a promising material in both optoelectronic and photocatalytic applications due to their optimum properties.

Electrical Property Improvements of Multiple Dopant ZnO/Bi2O3 Varistor By Liquid Phase Method

Although ZnO Varistor is widely used in surge protection due to its unique I-V characteristics, its key influencing factors of grain size and uniformity are difficult to be guaranteed by traditional solid phase method. In this paper, the ZnO/Bi2O3 varistor was prepared by liquid phase co-deposition method and the sintering temperature also has been optimized. For samples prepared by the liquid-phase method, as the sintering temperature increases, the grain size gradually increases, the grain distribution becomes initially more uniform and later more disordered, and the crystallinity gradually increases. In comparison to solid-phase method, samples prepared by liquid-phase method exhibit smaller grain sizes and more uniform grain size distribution. Based on this, samples sintered at 1100 °C by the liquid-phase method demonstrate optimal electrical performance: the voltage gradient is 520 V/mm, the nonlinear coefficient is 44, and the leakage current is 5.8 μA/cm2. This paper has theoretical support for the study of preparation of varistor for achieving excellent electrical performance for being used in the field of surge protection.

On-Chip Modification of Titanium Electrothermal Characteristics by Joule Heating: Application to Terahertz Microbolometer.

This study demonstrates the conversion of metallic titanium (Ti) to titanium oxide just by conducting electrical current through Ti thin film in vacuum and increasing the temperature by Joule heating. This led to the improvement of electrical and thermal properties of a microbolometer. A microbolometer with an integrated Ti thermistor and heater width of 2.7 µm and a length of 50 µm was fabricated for the current study. Constant-voltage stresses were applied to the thermistor wire to observe the effect of the Joule heating on its properties. Thermistor resistance ~14 times the initial resistance was observed owing to the heating. A negative large temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) of -0.32%/K was also observed owing to the treatment, leading to an improved responsivity of ~4.5 times from devices with untreated Ti thermistors. However, this does not improve the noise equivalent power (NEP), due to the increased flicker noise. Microstructural analyses with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), transmission electron diffraction (TED) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) confirm the formation of a titanium oxide (TiOx) semiconducting phase on the Ti phase (~85% purity) deposited initially, further to the heating. Formation of TiOx during annealing could minimize the narrow width effect, which we reported previously in thin metal wires, leading to enhancement of responsivity.

High Electrical and Mechanical Properties Obtained in a Polyimide‐Based Nanocomposite with Sandwich Structure via Multidimensional Design

AbstractAs an excellent polymer material, polyimide (PI) plays an important role in practical applications. However, traditional filler doping modification is hard to simultaneously improve the dielectric properties and mechanical properties of the film. Here, PI–boron nitride (BN) nanosheets/PI–sodium titanate nanotubes (STNs)/PI–BN composite films with sandwich structure are prepared by in situ polymerization and multilayer coating processes, which significantly enhance the electrical and mechanical properties of dielectric films. With only 0.5 wt% fillers doping, the AC breakdown strength of the composite film can reach 183.7 kV mm−1, which is 16.41% higher than that of pure PI. When the filler doping is 1.5 wt%, the corona aging time of the composite film achieves 311.7% higher than that of pure PI film. In addition, the composite film exhibits outstanding elongation at break (58%) and tensile strength (138.92 MPa) performance. The 2D BN of the outer layer and 1D STNs of the middle layer effectively block the injection of charge carriers while improving the internal polarization response. A mechanism related to microstructure and interface is proposed to explain the improvement of electrical and mechanical properties in detail. This work provides a useful idea for the accurate design of high‐performance dielectric films.

First-principles study on the high-strength and high-conductivity modification mechanism of C7035 copper alloy by Ni, Si, and Co solid solution

In order to investigate the effects of matrix solid solution, precipitate phases, and microscale interfaces on the mechanical and electrical properties of copper alloys, we employed first-principles calculations based on density functional theory study aimed to understand how alloying elements enhance the strength and conductivity of copper. The results demonstrated that doping Co atoms into the copper matrix using the Dop2 structure model exhibited the most significant improvement in both mechanical and electrical properties. The Young's modulus was doubled compared to pure copper, and the hardness increased several times. The electrical conductivity reached 59.8 % of the International Annealed Copper Standard (IACS), showing a 6.6 % enhancement compared to Si doping. To validate computational results, we conducted experiments that confirmed the accuracy of the predicted mechanical and electrical properties. Furthermore, the introduction of Co effectively reduced electron losses at the interface between the precipitate phase and the copper matrix. The electron transmission rate through the Co2Si (211)/Cu (111) interface reached 78.6 %, representing a 94.1 % improvement compared to the Ni2Si (111)/Cu (111) interface. In conclusion, Co can simultaneously enhance the mechanical and electrical properties of Cu–Ni–Si alloys, providing theoretical guidance for the design and fabrication of high-strength and high-conductivity copper alloys.

Improvement in electrical properties of Bi-2212 superconducting materials substituted with large-scale nano-sized tin

In the current work, the effect of nano-sized Sn (50 nm)/Sr partial replacement on the superconducting properties such as crystal structure, quality of intra- and intergrain boundary coupling, dc electrical resistivity, and dc magnetization in the Bi-2212 ceramic superconductors were investigated. Ceramic superconductors with nominal composition of Bi2Sr2-x(Sn)xCa1Cu1.75Na0.25Oy where x = 0.25, 0.30, 0.35 and 0.40 were prepared by solid-state reaction method and characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), dc electrical resistivity, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and magnetic hysteresis (M–H) measurements. Phase examination of by XRD indicated that the doping of x = 0.25 ratio nano-sized SnO2 to the strontium sites improved the formation of the Bi-2212 high-temperature superconducting phase. SEM micrographs showed that the morphological structure of all samples consisted of plate-like grains, which were separated from each other by grain boundaries, indicating the Bi-2212 superconducting phase. The highest superconductivity transition temperature among the samples was measured as the Tconset = 86 K at x = 0.25 in Bi2Sr2-x(Sn)xCa1Cu1.75Na0.25Oy. M–H loops of the Bi2Sr2-x(Sn)xCa1Cu1.75Na0.25Oy sample at x = 0.25 ratio is larger compared to other examples, indicating improvement intergrain connectivity as well as enhanced flux pinning centers. In addition, the critical current (Jc) values of the samples were calculated from M–H measurement using Bean’s critical current model. The best Jc values were obtained as 570 A/cm2 at 15 K, which is a relatively high value for BSCCO superconductors with polycrystalline structure.

Water vapor assisted aramid nanofiber reinforcement for strong, tough and ionically conductive organohydrogels as high-performance strain sensors.

Conductive organohydrogels have gained increasing attention in wearable sensors, flexible batteries, and soft robots due to their exceptional environment adaptability and controllable conductivity. However, it is still difficult for conductive organohydrogels to achieve simultaneous improvement in mechanical and electrical properties. Here, we propose a novel "water vapor assisted aramid nanofiber (ANF) reinforcement" strategy to prepare robust and ionically conductive organohydrogels. Water vapor diffusion can induce the pre-gelation of the polymer solution and ensure the uniform dispersion of ANFs in organohydrogels. ANF reinforced organohydrogels have remarkable mechanical properties with a tensile strength, stretchability and toughness of up to 1.88 ± 0.04 MPa, 633 ± 30%, and 6.75 ± 0.38 MJ m-3, respectively. Furthermore, the organohydrogels exhibit great crack propagation resistance with the fracture energy and fatigue threshold as high as 3793 ± 167 J m-2 and ∼328 J m-2, respectively. As strain sensors, the conductive organohydrogel demonstrates a short response time of 112 ms, a large working strain and superior cycling stability (1200 cycles at 40% strain), enabling effective monitoring of a wide range of complex human motions. This study provides a new yet effective design strategy for high performance and multi-functional nanofiller reinforced organohydrogels.

Synergistic improvement of mechanical, electrical and thermal properties by graphene nanoplatelets in polyaniline incorporated rubbery thermoplastic composites

Here, thermoplastic natural rubber (TPNR) blend filled with polyaniline (PANi) and graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) was fabricated via melt blending and compression moulding. The synergistic influence of including 1–5 wt% GNPs with 3 wt% PANi in nanocomposites on the mechanical via tensile test, Impedance electrical test, thermal stability via thermogravimetric analysis test and morphologic observation were examined. Inclusion of 2 wt% of GNPs increased by 62.8 % on tensile strength and 151.8 % on Young's modulus of TPNR/PANi. The highest electrical conductivity and thermal stability were achieved in the same nanocomposite composition. With a low loading of GNPs, an electrical conductivity of 2.6 E−9 S/cm was achieved which potential to be a new semi-conductive material. At this optimum content, the scanning electron microscopy micrograph revealed a homogenous distribution of GNPs in the TPNR/PANi blend as well as good matrix-filler interaction. To be practical in real application, cost-effectiveness is another important aspect to be determined. In this work, researchers evaluated the cost-performance of each system (TPNR, TPNR/PANi and TPNR/PANi/GNP) based on material costs, mechanical and electrical properties. Different general trends (positive, negative and synergistic) of cost-efficiency relationship were obtained for different material system and the priority greatly depends on their intended uses.

Characteristics of NaNbO3 templates and improvement of electrical properties of textured KNLNS-BNKT ceramics

In this study, plate-like perovskite NaNbO3 (NN) templates were formed from Bi2.5Na3.5Nb5O18 (BiNN5) precursors via a molten salt method. The structure and microstructure of BiNN5 precursors and NN templates were studied. As a result, the platelike BiNN5 precursor particles have a bismuth layer perovskite structure, which is the basis for forming the synthesized plate-like NN particles that have a high aspect ratio with a width of 2-7 μm, a length of 5-12 μm and a thickness of 0.5-1 μm. From NN templates, we fabricated textured lead-free 0.98(K0.48Na0.48Li0.04)(Nb0.95Sb0.05)O3 − 0.02Bi0.5(Na0.4K0.1)TiO3 (KNLNS- BNKT) ceramic by the grain orientation technique. Experimental results show that the KNLNS-BNKT ceramics have a single-phase orthorhombic structure in which textured KNLNS-BNKT ceramics with 67% grain orientation. The electrical properties of the oriented ceramic are significantly improved compared to the non-oriented ceramic fabricated by the traditional method. Specifically, the electrical properties of the resulting KNLNS-BNKT oriented ceramics have a high dielectric constant (ε = 1323, an increase of 17%); large remnant polarization (Pr = 13.5 mC/cm2, an increase of 11.9%); high piezoelectric coefficient (d33 = 205 pC/N, an increase of 32%) and high electromechanical coupling coefficient (kp = 0.4, an increase of 11%).

The effect of Li/Ce co‐doping on structural and electrical properties of Sr2−x(Li, Ce)x/2Nb2O7 piezoelectric ceramics

AbstractAs a typical perovskite‐like layered structure (PLS) ceramic, Sr2Nb2O7 (SNO) possesses a high Curie temperature TC value above 1300°C, which is expected to work in higher temperature environment. However, pure SNO presents a piezoelectric constant d33 value of ∼ 1 pC/N. Hence, (Li, Ce) ions are doped in SNO ceramics, which increases the distortion of oxygen octahedrons and enhances the intrinsic contribution of piezoelectric properties. The increased domain size with large proportion of high response areas means that the extrinsic contribution is also improved. The introduction of (Li, Ce) ions can also promote ceramic's grain growth and reduce oxygen vacancies, leading to the improvement of electrical properties. The optimal component Sr1.96(Li, Ce)0.02Nb2O7 ceramics exhibit a d33 value of 3.1 pC/N, a higher resistivity of 1.65×106 Ω·cm at 700°C and an excellent thermal stability (a d33 value of 3.0 pC/N after annealing at 1200°C for 2 h). This work provides an effective approach with simple process and low cost for the application of PLS materials in high‐temperature environments.

Overcoming the Trade‐off Between Efficient Electrochemical Doping and High State Retention in Electrolyte‐Gated Organic Synaptic Transistors

AbstractTo achieve superior device performance such as low threshold voltage Vth, high maximum on‐current Ion,max, and long retention time in electrolyte‐gated organic synaptic transistors, efficient electrochemical doping and high state retention are essential. However, these characteristics generally show a trade‐off relationship. This work introduces an effective strategy to increase retention time while promoting efficient electrochemical doping. The approach involves blending two polymer semiconductors (PSCs) that have the same backbone but different types of side chains. Polymer synaptic transistors (PSTs) with the blend film showed the lowest Vth, highest Ion,max, longest retention time, and superior cyclic stability compared to PSTs that used films containing only one of the PSCs. The improvement in electrical and synaptic properties achieved through the blend strategy is consistently reproducible and comprehensive. It is attributed this improvement to the increased redox activity and constrained morphological changes observed in the blended PSCs during electrochemical doping, as confirmed by several electrochemical characterizations. This work is the first to increase retention time in PSTs without increasing the crystallinity of polymer film or sacrificing the electrochemical doping efficiency, which has been regarded as an unavoidable compromise in this field. This method provides an effective way to tune synaptic properties for various neuromorphic applications.

Improvement of electrical and mechanical properties of laser welded lap joints via dimensional optimization

With the proliferation of electric drivetrains, the development and optimization of joining techniques for the fabrication of battery packs became a prime manufacturing topic. Decreasing the electrical resistance and increasing the mechanical strength of the welds at the individual cell level are of great importance not only for productivity and efficiency but also for safety and sustainability purposes. Lasers offer an advanced, highly automatable solution for battery cell joining. Usually, the optimization focuses on the laser parameters or the scanning speed. However, the most widespread battery welding geometry, the so-called lap geometry, allows alternative possibilities for joint property optimization. The novelty of our approach is that we focus on systematic experimental investigation of the effects of dimensional parameters and the layout of the weld pattern. Systematic experiments reveal that the shape and size of the weld area have substantial effect on the properties of the laser welded joint. Our results prove that a rather substantial gain can be achieved in both the electrical and mechanical properties when the weld consists of at least two parallel bead segments. We also show that it is beneficial by both means if the segments have the greatest individual length and placed apart at the maximum feasible distance. The orientation of the straight segments affects the mechanical and electrical behavior differently: strongest welds consist of weld segments oriented in parallel, while the smallest resistance can be achieved using segments oriented perpendicular to the direction of current flow, respectively.

Enhancement of Dielectric Response and Optical Bandgap Tuning with Improving Surface Morphology of Recyclable Polyvinyl Alcohol–CeO2 Polymer Nanocomposites

Motivated from the extraordinary properties of CeO2 nanomaterial, this article is directed toward the synthesis of recyclable polyvinyl alcohol–CeO2 polymer nanocomposite with variable wt% of CeO2 and investigating their improvements in structural, electrical, optical, and surface properties. The crystalline size and micro‐strain are measured using X‐ray diffraction (XRD) data. Ultraviolet–visible–near‐infrared spectrophotometer is used to study the optical characteristics. Absorbance with redshift is found to enhance; while optical bandgap is reduced from 2.51 to 2.36 eV on increasing wt% of CeO2 nanofiller. The mechanism of reduction in bandgap is supported by the XRD analysis. Refractive index is found to vary from 2.54 to 2.59 and the range of Urbach energy varies from 1.19 to 0.42 eV on increasing the amount of nanofillers. Surface morphology, dielectric constant, and electrical conductivity are also found to improve with increasing wt% of nanofiller. The dielectric constant is improved from 60 to 120 at 1.5 Hz. The rise in conductivity with increasing wt% of CeO2 and rising frequency is due to the enhancement of mobility of the charge carriers and ionic hopping mechanism in conduction process. Characterization outcomes suggest that the prepared composites can be claimed as useful in fabricating the flexible optoelectronic devices.

Fabrication of functionalised graphene-PAEK nanocomposites for different manufacturing processes

ABSTRACTAchieving good dispersion of graphene (GNP), in polyetheretherketone (PEEK), is challenging due to the high melt viscosity, solvent resistance and processing temperature of PEEK. In addition, certain manufacturing processes tend to enhance the anisotropy due to GNP orientation within the structure. This study investigated the fabrication of nanocomposite parts through hot compression moulding (C-MOULD) and powder bed fusion (PBF) processes, using powder with GNPs fused to the surface of polymeric particles, through a process called mechanofusion. The method applies mechanical forces of compression, shear and impact to generate a mechanical bond between materials, in this case, O2 functionalised GNP and a developmental polyaryletherketones (PAEK) grade powder. The novelty of this work is in the combination of processes used for manufacturing (material preparation and actual manufacturing processes), which are scalable and efficient in comparison with existing methods (such as solvent mixing or melt-compounding). The mechanofusion GNP-PAEK composite powders were successfully printed for the first time using the EOS P800 system with notable improvements in electrical and mechanical properties. This study highlights that the mechanofusion process could be used as an efficient process for making multifunctional nanocomposite materials and this can be combined with additive manufacturing (AM) processes to produce complex components.

Platinum loading and electrolyte volume fraction simultaneous gradient distributions in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell: Improving electrical performance and mass transfer

Platinum loading and electrolyte content affect the surface area of electrochemical reaction and proton conductivity, respectively, and protons and oxygen are not uniformly distributed in the catalyst layer. Therefore, platinum loading and electrolyte content can be set to be simultaneous non-uniform distributions to further enhance the species utilization and cell performance. In this study, a non-isothermal, two-dimensional, two-phase fuel cell model is set up and coupled with the catalyst layer agglomerate model. The electrolyte content and platinum loading uneven distributions influence on products and reactants transmission and electrical property is explored. Results indicate that electrolyte volume fraction and platinum loading coinstantaneous graded distribution is more helpful in the species transfer and electrical property improvement. The maximum power density of coinstantaneous graded distribution of platinum content and electrolyte loading along the channel direction is increased by 3.40% compared with the uniform distribution, and is 2.94% higher than the superposition of the maximum power density when the graded distributions of electrolyte volume fraction and platinum loading are separately set. Moreover, the platinum content and electrolyte content gradient distributions do not make liquid water saturation present an evident segment variation along the channel direction, while the opposite is true for oxygen concentration.