Improved Reaction Time Research Articles

DNA Dye Sytox Green in Detection of Bacteriolytic Activity: High Speed, Precision and Sensitivity Demonstrated With Endolysins.

Introduction: Increasing number of deaths from multi-drug resistant bacterial infections has caused both the World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to repeatedly call for development of new, non-traditional antibacterial treatments. Antimicrobial enzymes, including those derived from bacteriophages, known as endolysins or enzybiotics, are considered promising solutions among the emerging therapies. These naturally occurring proteins specifically destroy bacterial cell walls (peptidoglycan) and as such, are capable of killing several logs of bacteria within minutes. Some endolysins cause lysis of a wide range of susceptible bacteria, including both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms, whereas other endolysins are species- or even strain-specific. To make wide use of endolysins as antibacterial agents, some basic research issues remain to be clarified or addressed. Currently available methods for testing endolysin kinetics are indirect, require large numbers of bacteria, long incubation times and are affected by technical problems or limited reproducibility. Also, available methods are focused more on enzymatic activity rather than killing efficiency which is more relevant from a medical perspective.Results: We show a novel application of a DNA dye, SYTOX Green. It can be applied in comprehensive, real-time and rapid measurement of killing efficiency, lytic activity, and susceptibility of a bacterial population to lytic enzymes. Use of DNA dyes shows improved reaction times, higher sensitivity in low concentrations of bacteria, and independence of bacterial growth. Our data show high precision in lytic activity and enzyme efficiency measurements. This solution opens the way to the development of new, high throughput, precise measurements and tests in variety of conditions, thus unlocking new possibilities in development of novel antimicrobials and analysis of bacterial samples.

Relationship Between Physical Fitness Variables and Reaction Time in eSports Gamers

eSports gaming requires quick and accurate reactions in response to complex visual stimuli for optimal performance. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between components of physical fitness and reaction time (RT) in eSports gamers. 27 eSports gamers participated. Visit 1 included physical fitness assessments. Visit 2 included a familiarization with the Stroop Task. During Visit 3, subjects completed the Stroop Task again; data from this visit was used for analyses. For congruent, incongruent and control trials, an inverse efficiency score (IES) was calculated. Pearson correlations were used to determine the relationship between components of physical fitness and mean RT. There was a significant correlation between mean RT and cardiorespiratory fitness (r=-.338, p=.043). IES was significantly related to cardiorespiratory fitness in incongruent (r=-.373, p=.028) and control (r=-.333, p=.045) trials. Results suggest that increased cardiorespiratory fitness can improve reaction time and also induce greater efficiency.

The Effects of Static and Dynamic Stretching Exercises’ Order on Some Physical Fitness Factors in Elementary School Children

Background: Stretching exercises, in static and dynamic states, are used at the beginning of any sport activity in schools. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the order of static and dynamic stretching on some physical fitness factors in children. Materials and Methods: This study was semi-experimental with repeated measures design. 30 participants were selected from female students studying in the fourth grade of elementary school in Miyaneh city, Iran, with cluster sampling. Subjects performed 3 stretching protocols (without stretching, dynamic after static stretching, and static after dynamic stretching) and dependent variables including reaction time, agility, power, speed and flexibility were measured before and after these protocols. In static stretching, stretch was maintained for 15 sec and in dynamic stretching, 5 repetitions of stretch (each repetition 15 sec) in 3 sets, with 10-sec rests between them, were performed. ANOVA with repeated measures and Bonferroni post hoc test were used to compare the effects of the 3 stretching protocols on the dependent variables. Results: The mean and standard deviations of the subjects’ age in this study was 10.18±0.8 years. Both dynamic after static and static after dynamic stretching had significant effects on reaction time (p=0.001), and flexibility (p=0.008 and p=0.003 respectively), but they didn’t show any significant effect on agility, power and speed (p=1.000). Moreover, the order of stretches had no significant effect on measured factors (p>0.05). Conclusions: Both stretching protocols improve reaction time and flexibility in children, but do not influence their agility, power and speed. Changing the order of performing of static and dynamic stretching does not make any change in the records of reaction time, agility, power, flexibility and speed.

Effect of Music Therapy and Frenkel Exercise on Reaction Time in Geriatric Population-A Comparative Study

Background: Co-ordination is a key factor for smooth movements in human body. To study coordinationof an individual measuring reaction time is an important tool.Prolonged reaction time in addition with difficulty in recognition of stimuli affects co-ordinationspecially in geriatric population. Frenkel’s exercises improves reaction time, thus improves coordination.Listening to music is enjoyed by all and has shown to be useful in cognitive functions.Studies have shown that listening to music enhances co-ordination and improves reaction time.Objective: To compare effects of Frenkel exercise with classical music and effects of Frenkel exerciseswith heavy metal music on simple and choice reaction time (SRT and CRT) in geriatric population.Methods: 60 geriatric individuals with age group 65-70 years were examined for simple and choicereaction time. Individuals were divided into 2 groups equally. Group A received classical music withFrenkel exercises and group B heavy metal music with Frenkel exercise. Participants were givenFrenkel exercise 2 weeks daily for 30 minutes and post reaction readings were taken for reaction time.Results: After analysing the results by Mann Whitney U test,Mean pre SRT group A was 499.29, mean pre SRT group B was 540.80. Mean post SRT group A was379.76, mean post SRT group B was 586.56 (p<0.001)Mean pre-CRT group A was 970.70, mean pre-CRT group B was 1107.6 (p<0.001). Mean post CRTgroup A was 894.30, mean post CRT group B was 1151.7 (p<0.001)Conclusion: There is significant difference in simple and choice reaction time after receiving classicalmusic and heavy metal music with Frenkel exerciseTraining for co-ordination can yield significant improvement on receiving classical music as an adjuvantto Frenkel exercise.

Characterizing and Improving Reaction Times for E. coli-Based Cell-Free Protein Synthesis.

Cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) is a platform biotechnology that has enabled the on-demand synthesis of proteins for a variety of applications. Numerous advances have improved the productivity of the CFPS platform to result in high-yielding reactions; however, many applications remain limited due to long reaction times. To overcome this limitation, we first established the benchmarks reaction times for CFPS across in-house E. coli extracts and commercial kits. We then set out to fine-tune our in-house extract systems to improve reaction times. Through the optimization of reaction composition and titration of low-cost additives, we have identified formulations that reduce reaction times by 30-50% to obtain high protein titers for biomanufacturing applications, and reduce times by more than 50% to reach the sfGFP detection limit for applications in education and diagnostics. Under optimum conditions, we report the visible observation of sfGFP signal in less than 10 min. Altogether, these advances enhance the utility of CFPS as a rapid, user-defined platform.

A literature review on behavioral attributes of yoga postures and cognition

Background: Hatha Yoga is the science of training one's mind and body through the practice of shatkarma, asana, pranayama, mudra, and samadhi. The objective of this literature review is to provide a theoretical rationale to identify (a) the specific attribute of the yoga poses which have been used in yoga protocol of various studies but not explicitly explored and (b) the minimum time required to hold a posture to bring the corresponding change in the performance among aforesaid cognitive function(s). Materials and Methods: Keywords such as yoga and cognition, yoga and working memory, yoga posture and cognition, and yoga and attention have been used to retrieve 24 empirical studies from Google Scholar. Those studies which have included only the yoga poses (asanas) as part of the yoga intervention in improving the cognitive functions were included in the review. Results: Traditions of Yoga such as Hatha and Iyengar Yoga emphasizes on postural alignment and accuracy, these asanas improve a variety of psychological, physiological, and cognitive functions. One study showed an improvement in cognitive functions and in another study, yoga practitioners showed improved reaction time. Conclusion: Due to inadequate empirical studies on yoga posture and cognition, it is not recommended to definitively conclude about the role of said attributes in improving cognitive performance. Future studies should involve longitudinal and randomized designs, large sample size, and homogeneous sample in terms of age-, gender-, and disease-specific population. The details of the studies are described in the manuscript.

Comparison of Reaction Time Between eSports Players of Different Genres and Sportsmen

Quick reactions are considered important in both, traditional and electronic sports and research findings suggest that reaction time can be optimized by both sports activity and playing action video games. In this study, reaction and motor times of 18 professional and 21 non-professional eSports players from different genres and 36 non-professional traditional sportsmen were compared using the Vienna Test System. No differences between the groups were found in simple visual, acoustic, and choice reaction times. Differentiated by game genre, players from sports simulations had significantly shorter reaction times than MOBA players in the acoustic and choice reaction test. The results of this study suggest that traditional sports and eSports may improve reaction times to a similar amount. Furthermore, various game genres require different reaction times or may affect related abilities in different ways.

Dijital Oyunları İleri Yaşlı Bireylerin Bilişsel İşlevlerini Artırır Mı?

Cognitive skills are essential for the performance of basic and instrumental daily living activities such as self-care, medication, and finance management. A decline in cognitive abilities with increasing age thus hinders older adults’ ability to remain independent in society and negatively influences their quality of life. Therefore, many studies have investigated ways that can maintain and effectively improve such skills. Digital games have become a favored leisure activity by all age groups and are played for entertainment and stress relief. In this context, the ease with which digital games can be played within the home and their entertaining nature have led researchers to examine their effectiveness in enhancing older adults’ cognitive skills. Although the findings indicate cognitive advantages, such as improved reaction times, working memory, and task-switching abilities, many questions require further clarification before claiming that digital game play is an effective cognitive training regime. Therefore, the current review aims to examine the cognitive advantages of digital games for older adults and suggests future research directions. The following topics need to be further explored: the existence of far transfer effects, that is, whether such improvements lead to better performance of daily activities, the long-term maintenance of enhanced skills and the underlying responsible mechanisms, the ecological validity of digital games, and digital games’ provision of benefits beyond cognitive simulations. Furthermore, the importance to consider placebo effects, which was suggested by Boot, Blakely, and Simons (2011) and Boot, Simons, Stothart, and Stutts (2013), is emphasized.

Pleasant Emotions Widen Thought-Action Repertoires, Develop Long-Term Resources, and Improve Reaction Time Performance: A Multistudy Examination of the Broaden-and-Build Theory Among Athletes.

The authors investigated relationships between emotions, coping, and resilience across two studies. In Study 1a, 319 athletes completed dispositional questionnaires relating to the aforementioned constructs. In Study 1b, 126 athletes from Study 1a repeated the same questionnaires 6months later. In Study 2, 21 athletes were randomly allocated to an emotional (e.g.,pleasant or unpleasant emotions) or control group and undertook a laboratory-based reaction-time task across three time points. Questionnaires and salivary cortisol samples were collected before and after each performance with imagery-based emotional manipulations engendered during the second testing session. Partial longitudinal evidence of the broaden-and-build effects of pleasant emotions was found. Pleasant emotions may undo lingering cognitive resource losses incurred from previous unpleasant emotional experiences. In Study 2, pleasant and unpleasant emotions had an immediate and sustained psychophysiological and performance impact. Taken together, this research supports the application of broaden-and-build theory in framing emotional interventions for athletes.

Applications of Fish Oil Supplementation for Special Operators.

Fish oil supplementation (FOS) is beneficial for human health and various disease states. FOS has recently received attention related to its anabolic and anti-catabolic effects on skeletal muscle and cognitive performance. Since Special Operations Forces (SOF) personnel endure rigorous combat and training environments that are mentally and physically demanding, FOS may have important applications for the SOF Warfighter. The purpose of this narrative review is to explore the evidence for FOS and its application to multiple physiological and psychological contexts experienced by SOF personnel. For physical performance, FOS may promote lean body mass (LBM) accretion; however, there seems to be minimal impact on strength, power, or endurance. During physiological stress, FOS may preserve strength, power, LBM (during muscle disuse, not weight loss) and enhance recovery. For cognition, FOS likely improves reaction time, mental fatigue, and may reduce the incidence and severity of mild traumatic brain injury; however, FOS has minimal impact on attentional control and mood states. No safety concerns were evident. In conclusion, there are multiple applications of FOS for SOF personnel. Due to the minimal safety concerns and potential anabolic, anti-catabolic and cognitive benefits, FOS is a viable method to promote and sustain SOF Warfighter physical and cognitive performance. Although promising, the FOS trials to date have not been conducted in the context of the multi-stressor environments experienced by SOF personnel, thus, future studies should be conducted in a SOF population.

Comparison of reaction time between eSports players of different genres and sportsmen

Quick reactions are considered important in both, traditional and electronic sports and research findings suggest that reaction time can be optimized by both sports activity and playing action video games. In this study, reaction and motor times of 18 professional and 21 non-professional eSports players from different genres and 36 non-professional traditional sportsmen were compared using the Vienna Test System. No differences between the groups were found in simple visual, acoustic, and choice reaction times. Differentiated by game genre, players from sports simulations had significantly shorter reaction times than MOBA players in the acoustic and choice reaction test. The results of this study suggest that traditional sports and eSports may improve reaction times to a similar amount. Furthermore, various game genres require different reaction times or may affect related abilities in different ways.

Comparison of reaction time between eSports players of different genres and sportsmen

Quick reactions are considered important in both, traditional and electronic sports and research findings suggest that reaction time can be optimized by both sports activity and playing action video games. In this study, reaction and motor times of 18 professional and 21 non-professional eSports players from different genres and 36 non-professional traditional sportsmen were compared using the Vienna Test System. No differences between the groups were found in simple visual, acoustic, and choice reaction times. Differentiated by game genre, players from sports simulations had significantly shorter reaction times than MOBA players in the acoustic and choice reaction test. The results of this study suggest that traditional sports and eSports may improve reaction times to a similar amount. Furthermore, various game genres require different reaction times or may affect related abilities in different ways.

Environmental impact and performance assessment of a new Zigbee‐based shotgun training system

AbstractOnly a few research works have studied the risks involving young athletes in shooting activities such as noise and risk of projectile impact. Besides, limited studies have explored the environmental concerns caused by remaining projectile fragments scattered into the environment. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in integrating computing, modeling, and IoT‐based applications and used connected add‐ons (e.g., steams Virtual Reality VR, virtual guns, and game controllers) in sports activities displayed in virtual reality gaming environments. The aim of this paper is, first, to present a multi‐aspect Zigbee‐based protocol system used to assess and to improve reaction time and score prediction abilities of Shotgun sports practitioners indoor and outdoor. Second, B‐percept would be presented as a training solution to reduce environmental scattered wastes of used Clays. After 8 weeks of training, there was significant improvement (p < .001) of participants' reaction time by using the B‐percept simulator. In addition, improvement in real clay shotgun results (p < .0002) but it was difficult to correctly predict more than 60% of correct scores after the test. The results of this study encourage continuing to improve the B‐percept to use wireless moving targets for training purposes.

Individuals Prioritize the Reach Straightness and Hand Jerk of a Shared Avatar over Their Own.

SummaryCyber space enables us to “share” bodies whose movements are a consequence of movements by several individuals. But whether and how our motor behavior is affected during body sharing remains unclear. Here we examined this issue in arm reaching performed by a shared avatar, whose movement was generated by averaging the movements of two participants. We observed that participants exhibited improved reaction times with a shared avatar than alone. Moreover, the reach trajectory of the shared avatar was straighter than that of either participant and correlated with their subjective embodiment of the avatar. Finally, the jerk of the avatar's hand was less than either participant's own hand, both when they reached alone and in the shared body. Movement straightness and hand jerk are well known characteristics of human reach behavior, and our results suggest that during body sharing, humans prioritize these movement characteristics of the shared body over their own.

The effects of Guarana (Paullinia cupana) supplementation on the cognitive performance of young healthy adults – a Systematic Review

Objectives Guarana (Paullinia cupana) from the Sapindaceae family, native to the Amazon basin, is a natural stimulant herb that can be found in popular energy drinks, pharmaceutical shops or local herb shops. With the use of natural health products increasing, guarana has gained a fair amount of popularity in the past years. In this systematic review, we examined the effects of guarana supplementation on cognitive performance. A secondary objective was to compare guarana with caffeine on cognitive performance. Methods Searches were made in PubMed using the terms ‘Guarana’ or ‘Paullinia cupana’. Filters focused on Controlled Clinical trials. Inclusion criteria were met by studies using interventions with guarana, while focusing on guarana’s effects on cognition. Participants needed to be young, healthy adults. Studies not published in English or Greek were excluded. The last date of our search was March 7, 2019. Results A total of 29 studies were identified and screened. After screening, 17 studies were excluded. The remaining 12 studies were found eligible for data extraction. After reading the full text of the 12 studies, 3 studies were excluded. In the end, 9 studies were found eligible for our systematic review (n = 369 participants). In these studies, guarana showed to improve reaction time and accuracy of performance at cognitive tasks. No significant differences were found when comparing guarana with caffeine. Conclusion Guarana seems to improve reaction time and accuracy of performance at tasks, but no significant effects were found when compared with caffeine. High quality randomized controlled clinical trials with a low risk of bias are needed to further study the herb.

Mid-Task Physical Exercise Keeps Your Mind Vigilant: Evidences From Behavioral Performance and EEG Functional Connectivity.

Accumulating efforts have been made to discover effective solutions for fatigue recovery with the ultimate aim of reducing adverse consequences of mental fatigue in real life. The previously-reported behavioral benefits of physical exercise on mental fatigue recovery prompted us to investigate the restorative effect and reveal the underlying neural mechanisms. Specifically, we introduced an empirical method to investigate the beneficial effect of physical exercise on the reorganization of EEG functional connectivity (FC) in a two-session experiment where one session including a successive 30-min psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) (No-intervention session) compared to an insertion of a mid-task 15-min cycling exercise (Intervention session). EEG FC was obtained from 21 participants and quantitatively assessed via graph theoretical analysis and a classification framework. The findings demonstrated the effectiveness of exercise intervention on behavioral performance as shown in improved reaction time and response accuracy. Although we found significantly altered network alterations towards the end of experiment in both sessions, no significant differences between the two sessions and no interaction between session and time were found in EEG network topology. Further interrogation of functional connectivity through classification analysis showed decreased FC in distributed brain areas, which may lead to the significant reduction of network efficiency in both sessions. Moreover, we showed distinct patterns of FC alterations between the two sessions, indicating different information processing strategies adopted in the intervention session. In sum, these results provide some of the first quantitative insights into the complex neural mechanism of exercise intervention for fatigue recovery and lead a new direction for further application research in real-world situations.

Relationship Between Enhanced Cognitive Function And Autonomic Nervous Activity After A Subjectively Selected Intensity Exercise

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify a practical method for engaging in exercise that could improve cognitive function. We tested whether cognitive function improves after exercise at subjectively selected intensity by using ratings of perceived exertion (RPE). In addition, we examined the relationship between the improvement in cognitive function and cardiac autonomic nervous system. METHODS: Twelve participants performed cognitive tasks in a running or resting condition with a randomized crossover design. In the running condition, the participants ran on a treadmill for 10 min at the running speed correspond to the RPE10-12 for each participant. Cognitive tasks including the Spatial Delayed Response task and Go/No-Go task were performed before and after running or resting. Cardiac autonomic nervous activity was obtained by calculating from heart rate variability during cognitive tasks. RESULTS: In the running condition, the RPE was 11.1 ± 0.8 immediately after running. Running at the RPE10-12 significantly improved reaction time in the Go trials (688 ± 191 [Pre] vs 568 ± 159 ms [Post], P < 0.05). In the resting condition, cognitive performance was unchanged throughout the experiment (628.5 ± 163.1 ms [Pre] vs 666.9 ± 139.7 ms [Post], P > 0.05). Parasympathetic nervous activity remained lower after running at RPE10-12 (586 ± 424 ms2 [Pre] vs 373 ± 322 ms2), but sympathetic nervous activity was not changed. Moreover, the Δ reaction time (Post-Pre) tended to be positively correlated with Δ parasympathetic nervous activity (r = 0.514, P = 0.088). In contrast, Δ reaction time was not associated with Δ sympathetic nervous activity (r = 0.177, P = 0.581). CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrated that subjectively selected intensity of exercise can improve cognitive function. The improvement in cognitive function after exercise may be associated with cardiac autonomic nervous activity.

Effects Of Esport Specific Supplementation On Esport Performance And Physiological Measurements

Esports, or competitive video gaming, requires persistent cognitive functioning, alertness, quick reaction time, and mental clarity. As Esports has gained attention, more research is justified to elucidate performance enhancing strategies. Interestingly, Esport supplements aimed to improve reaction time, focus, and energy levels have yet to be heavily investigated. PURPOSE: To examine the impact of an Esport specific supplement on Esports performance and physiological responses. METHODS: Fifteen males (age = 22.0 ± 1.1 yrs, ht = 181.7 ± 10.2 cm, wt = 83.6 ± 14.5 kg, gaming = 13.9 ± 6.6 hrs) participated in the study. After completion of a baseline familiarization session including an Esports aim trainer (AT), subjects completed 2 performance sessions in a counterbalanced crossover design. Participants were given an Esports supplement (SUP) [caffeine, L-Theanine, Ginkgo Biloba, Vitamin B6, D3, B12] or placebo (PLA) 30 minutes prior to starting AT. During AT sessions, 3 rounds of 3 tests were completed each session: classic (CLA), reflex (RE), simple (SIM), and 1 round of time trial (TT). During each test, score (SCO), accuracy (ACC), and time per hit (TPH) were recorded, as well as time to completion (TTC) during CLA and TT. Before and after AT, BP and 5min resting HR and HrV were assessed. Subjects were asked mental fatigue and alertness prior to and after AT, along with SRPE after AT. Paired samples t-tests with an alpha level at p< 0.05 were used to compare measurements of HR, HrV, BP, peak ACC, peak SCO, peak TPH, and peak TTC between SUP and PLA. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between SUP or PLA in regard to ACC (CLA 91.3 ± 3.0 vs 90.3 ± 4.4 %, RE 40.7 ± 12.9 vs 39.2 ± 12.0 %, SIM 61.7 ± 14.1 vs 61.7 ± 17.8 %, TT 48.0 ± 14.9 vs 49.7 ± 14.2 %, p ≥ 0.05), SCO (CLA 116357.1 ± 60706.9 vs 113642.9 ± 51013.7, RE 45839.3 ± 29161.1 vs 42339.3 ± 27287.2, SIM 40964.3 ± 22276.6 vs 38892.9 ± 24041.8, TT 16714.3 ± 20364.7 vs 20000.0 ± 18630.0, p ≥ 0.05), TPH (CLA 0.6 ± 0.1 vs 0.6 ± 0.1 sec, SIM 1.9 ± 0.5 vs 1.9 ± 0.5 sec, TT 1.8 ± 0.5 vs 1.7 ± 0.5 sec, p ≥ 0.05), and TTC (CLA 85.9 ± 23.1 vs 90.7 ± 15.4 sec, TT 177.5 ± 59.7 vs 161.7 ± 53.1 sec, p ≥ 0.05). CONCLUSION: SUP did not improve Esports performance during AT compared to PLA. This could be due to dosage, AT used, and level of experience of participants.

Effects Of Ammonium Salt Inhalation On Reaction Time And Resistance To Fatigue In Male Athletes

Strong scents stimulate the central nervous system, potentially increasing reaction time. Ammonium salt inhalants have no known physiological effect, but there is evidence of positive psychological effects on performance. Many athletes believe ammonium salt inhalants provide an edge or a feeling of ‘wakefulness’. PURPOSE: To analyze the effect of ammonium salt inhalants on reaction time, power, and resistance to fatigue in male collegiate athletes. METHODS: Ten male athletes (21 + 0.82 yrs, 178.33 + 6.97 cm, 85.12 + 15.57 kg) were familiarized with the testing procedures during session one. Two randomized treatment sessions (ammonium salt inhalants or control) were performed 48 hr apart. In session two, subjects inhaled one treatment before each of three trials of reaction time test and vertical jump (VJ). After running to fatigue on the Anaerobic Treadmill Test (ATT) subjects inhaled the substance, then resumed the test to exhaustion. In session three, the same procedures were followed with the opposite inhalant. RESULTS: Reaction time after inhaling ammonium salt (0.645 + 0.060 s) was not significantly different from reaction time after inhaling the control treatment (0.646 + 0.098 s; t(9) = 0.032; p = 0.975). VJ after inhaling ammonium salt (54.51 + 5.00 cm) was not significantly different after inhaling the control treatment (55.93 + 6.58 cm; t(9) = 1.038; p = 0.326). ATT run time increased after fatigue when inhaling ammonium salt (12.873 + 4.60 s), but not significantly compared to inhaling the control treatment (11.30 + 4.55s; t(9) = 1.29; p = 0.227). CONCLUSION: Ammonium salt inhalants did not significantly improve reaction time, VJ, or ATT run time after fatigue in male collegiate athletes. Ammonium salts may have greater efficacy for anaerobic exercise performance compared to power performance.

Altered somatosensory evoked potentials associated with improved reaction time in a simple sensorimotor response task following repetitive practice.

IntroductionRepetitive practice of sensorimotor tasks is widely used for neurorehabilitation; however, it is unknown how practice alters sensory processing (e.g., recognition, discrimination, and attentional allocation) and associated cognitive processing, such as decision‐making. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether long‐latency somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) reflecting sensory processing, attention, and decision‐making are altered by sensorimotor learning.MethodsFifteen participants performed a simple sensorimotor response task (thumb opposition in response to surface electrical stimulation), with experimental recording sessions before and after three days of practice. We then compared multiple SEP waveforms and reaction times (RTs) between pre‐ and postpractice trials.ResultsThe RT was reduced after practice of three days, and we found a significant positive correlation between ΔRT and ΔN140lat at F3, Cz, and C3′, ΔRT and ΔN250lat at F3, and there was a significant negative correlation between ΔRT and ΔP300amp at C3′.ConclusionThe present study suggests that motor learning improves somatosensory processing and attentional allocation via neuroplasticity and that these alterations are reflected by specific SEP changes.