Improved Water Supply Research Articles

Гідродинамічне функціонування водосховища річки Лобо в західно-центральному Кот-д’Івуарі

Built to improve water supply for the populations of the city of Daloa, the Lobo River reservoir is no longer functioning properly due to human activities near its reservoir. This study, based on a 2D hydrodynamic model, carried out with the Mike21 HD software, allowed the reconstruction of the flows in the Lobo River reservoir. The results of the simulation indicate that the hydrodynamic model could reproduce the variation of water levels at the free surface of the reservoir. Also, the results are very sensitive to the boundary conditions of the model but also to the initial conditions. The results of the influence of pumping on the dynamics of water levels in the Lobo River reservoir showed that water levels are not significantly modified by pumping (less than 1.3 mm). Therefore, pumping has little impact on the hydrodynamics of the Lobo River because the pumped flows are much less than the inflow to the reservoir.

Integration of social, economic, and environmental dimensions in designing rural water supply systems, A study in Sri Lanka

This present study attempted to understand the applicability of the existing social and environmental determinants in rural communities to design and manage a water supply system and to introduce a novel approach to incorporate concepts of the social-environmental index (SEI) with principal component analysis (PCA) and water quality monitoring. On top of that, identification of ground-level strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) to implement a sustainable water supply system in the study area. Semi-structured questionnaire surveys were analyzed (n = 110 in Bulathkohupitiya, Deiyanwala, and Ganepalla and n = 100 in Anhettigama, Theligama, and Miyanawita sampling sites) among water-deficient communities through random sampling techniques to explore socio-economic, demographic, and environmental factors. Related to water analysis, the water quality of water sources was monitored. Then, PCA was conducted, SEI was calculated, and key informants and focus group discussion were followed to understand stakeholder perspectives. Finally, SWOT was conducted to assess the sustainable implementation of RWSS. In terms of SEI, Bulathkohupitiya (SEI = 1869.7) and Miyanawita (SEI = 765.2) were higher significance areas for water supply and sanitation improvement. SWOT analysis highlighted the elevated total coliform and Escherichia coli bacterial colonies of potential water sources alarmed the risk of fecal contaminations upstream and expressed a need for ensuring the safe drinking treated water in the locality. The key stakeholders asserted water and sanitation as a key issue intersectional with health, economic, and social aspects while focus group discussions pointed the women participation in water supply and sanitation.

Investing in water supply resilience considering uncertainty and management flexibility

This paper demonstrates how to make investment decisions that optimally improve water supply resilience, taking into consideration both future uncertainty and management flexibility. The demonstration is done by evaluating investment strategies for a 38 Ml/d water treatment plant serving an urban area with approximately 75 000 inhabitants, where there is uncertainty with respect to future population growth, industrial production, external demand and the amount of rainfall due to climate change. It is shown that the quantification and comparison of the possible reductions in service and intervention costs over comparably long periods enables the optimal investment decisions – that is, the ones with the optimal trade-offs between stakeholders. Additionally, it can be seen that the used methodology enables the consistent and transparent consideration of (a) the concerns of multiple stakeholders, (b) the future deep uncertainty associated with key concerns and (c) the flexibility of infrastructure managers to make decisions in the future using new information. The methodology also ensures that managers have clear plans of action and considerable insight into the extent of required future financing.

Case Report of Typhoid Fever (Salmonella typhi)

Typhoid fever is a major health problem globally. Typhoid fever is an enteric fever characterized by systemic illness along with abdominal pain and fever in a "step-ladder" pattern. Typhoid fever is one of the major causes of mortality and morbidity in overcrowded and unhygienic areas though comprehensive research and public health interventions have decreased the occurrence. Patient is having sign symptoms as gastrointestinal symptoms, malaise, hepatomegaly, and high liver enzymes presented with a two-week fever. As a differential diagnosis, a Widal test is done and two blood cultures were requested; both came out positive, confirming the diagnosis of typhoid fever caused by Salmonella typhi. Treatment with ceftriaxone and metronidazole was stared prior to confirmation of the diagnosis, with a partial response; later, pharmacological therapy was altered based on ciprofloxacin susceptibility testing, with a satisfactory clinical response. We look at how to diagnose and treat enteric fever, with an importance to typhoid fever.
 Symptoms or important clinical finding:- A 6 year old male was admitted in A.V.B.R.H on date 12/03/2021 with chief complaint of abdominal discomfort, malaise, problems such as fever since 2 weeks, gastrointestinal symptoms, lethargy, hepatomegaly, and an increased liver enzyme.
 Diagnosis therapeutic intervention and outcome: A case is diagnosed as Typhoid Fever. After physical examination and investigation, doctor was detected a case of 6 week.
 Therapeutic intervention and outcome: Also provide a calcium supplements and iron supplements present case was stable but according to ultrasonography finding. Outcome- Good sanitation, improved water supply, and a suitable sewage waste matter system, as well as the successful use of existing typhoid vaccinations, can all help to avoid typhoid fever.
 Nursing Perspective: Administration fluid replacement .i.e DNS and RL monitored vital signs per hourly. Maintained temperature chart 2 hourly strictly, maintained intake output chart properly. Tablet paracetamol, antibiotics given as per doctor’s order.
 Conclusion: Good sanitation, improved water supply, and a suitable sewage waste matter system, as well as the successful use of existing typhoid vaccinations, can all help to avoid typhoid fever.

Research and Application of Key Technologies for Dynamic Control of Reservoir Water Level in Flood Season

In today’s reservoir operation study, it is urgent to solve the issues on improving flood resource utilization, maximizing reservoir impoundment, and guaranteeing water supply through real-time regulation optimization under the premise of ensuring flood control safety and taking risks properly. Based on previous studies, the key real-time operation technologies for dynamic control of reservoir water levels in flood season are summarized. The Danjiangkou Reservoir was taken as an example, the division of flood stages, reservoir water level requirements for improving water supply guarantee, dynamic control indexes of reservoir water level for beneficial use in stages during the flood season, and flood control dispatching indexes are proposed. Moreover, a practicable real-time flood forecast operation scheme for Danjiangkou Reservoir was compiled. Its application in 2017 indicated that the established scheme can provide strong technical support to ensure the overall benefits of Danjiangkou Reservoir, including flood control, water supply, and power generation.

Assessment of the quality of the southern Bug waters within the Khmelnytsky region and biotechnological ways to solve their purification

Water resources are the national wealth of each state, an important natural resource, and determine the development opportunities of most sectors of the economic complex of Ukraine. The Southern Bug River is the largest river, the basin of which is completely located in Ukraine. Due to the intensive growth of anthropogenic impact on the studied reservoir and the economic use of its resources, the quality of water in it has significantly decreased. To improve the quality of water in rivers, it is optimal to use biotechnological methods, which provide many opportunities for effective solutions to issues related to monitoring, assessment, and treatment of polluted watercourses. The aim of our study was to assess water safety, the current ecological status of the Southern Bug River within the Khmelnytsky region in three areas (Maryanivske Reservoir, Kopystyn, Shchedrivske Reservoir) and use in domestic needs, with analysis of potential risks to human health, development of new biotechnological and improvement of existing measures to improve water supply. The experimental part of the work was performed on the basis of the Khmelnytsky Regional Department of Water Resources in the laboratory at the address Khmelnytsky, st. Soborna, 29. We conducted a chemical assessment of the Southern Bug River on three indicators: salt composition (I1), tropho-saprobiological (I2), and specific toxic substances (I3). Research of river waters was carried out in order to control the MPC (maximum permissible concentrations) of substances for use in household and food needs of the population and to propose biotechnological methods of river water purification within the Khmelnytsky region. According to our research on hydrochemical characteristics, the water contained elevated levels of NH4, NO2, NO3, PO4, the average values of HSC (chemical oxygen demand) exceeded the MPC in all areas by 2 to 5 times. This may be due to exposure to organic compounds of natural origin. The content of nitrites, nitrates is within normal limits, but the content of ammonium salt exceeds the MPC up to 20 times in the village Kopystyn and from 2 to 7 times in the village of Letychiv. According to many indicators of the salt block, the maximum concentration limit was not exceeded, except for the village Kopystyn, the concentration of Magnesium (Mg) was 84.33 mg/dm3 at a rate of 40.00 mg/dm3. According to specific toxic substances, the water belonged to the III class 4 quality category, Chromium (Cr) was not detected, Manganese (Mn) and Copper (Cu) were within normal limits, although the Copper content was high. The concentration of Iron (Fe) varies in different areas and during the year, there is a case of excess Iron in the village. Kopistin up to 0.86 mg/dm3 at a rate of 0.30 mg/dm3. Iron affects the intensity of phytoplankton development and the qualitative composition of the microflora, so its concentration is subject to seasonal fluctuations. To improve the quality of water in the Southern Bug River, we have proposed the use of biotechnological methods, including those that provide many opportunities to effectively address issues related to monitoring, assessment, and treatment of polluted watercourses.

Improved water supply and water handling technologies: Revealed complements but perceived substitutes for safe water quality

We analyze the impact of public water infrastructure and water handling technologies on the water quality and water handling behavior of households in rural Benin using both quasi-experimental and experimental household-level panel data. We find that the installation of improved village-level water sources induces households to reduce water disinfection efforts at home, indicating that households perceive improved public water infrastructure as a substitute for improved water handling to obtain safe drinking water. Consequently, point-of-use drinking water quality does not change. A reduction of contamination with E. coli at points of use can only be achieved if interventions providing drinking water technologies at the water source are complemented by household-level interventions and efforts to teach households how to maintain good water quality.

Prevalence, risk factors and short-term consequences of adverse birth outcomes in Zimbabwean pregnant women: a secondary analysis of a cluster-randomized trial.

Globally, 15 million children are born preterm each year and 10.7 million are born at term but with low birthweight (<2500 g). The Sanitation Hygiene Infant Nutrition Efficacy (SHINE) cluster-randomized trial enrolled 5280 pregnant women between 22 November 2012 and27 March 2015 to test the impact of improved water supply, sanitation and hygiene, and improved infant feeding, on child growth and anaemia. We conducted a secondary analysis to estimate the prevalence and risk factors of miscarriage, stillbirth, preterm birth, size small for gestational age (SGA), low birthweight (LBW), perinatal mortality, and neonatal mortality, and to estimate the effects of adverse birth outcomes on infant survival and growth. The prevalence of adverse birth outcomes was: miscarriage: 5.0%[95% confidence interval (CI), 4.4, 5.7]; stillbirth:2.3% (95% CI 1.9, 2.7);preterm birth: 18.2% (95% CI 16.9, 19.5); SGA: 16.1% (95% CI 15.0, 17.3); LBW: 9.8% (95% CI 9.0, 10.7); andneonatal mortality:31.4/1000 live births (95% CI 26.7, 36.5). Modifiable risk factors included maternal HIV infection, anaemia, lack of antenatal care and non-institutional delivery. Preterm infants had higher neonatal mortality [risk ratio (RR): 6.1 (95% CI 4.0, 9.2)], post-neonatal infant mortality [hazard ratio (HR): 2.1 (95% CI 1.1, 4.1)] and stunting at 18 months of age [RR: 1.5 (95% CI 1.4, 1.7)] than term infants; 56% of stillbirths and 57% of neonatal deaths were among preterm births. Neonatal mortality and stillbirth are high in Zimbabwe and appear to be driven by high preterm birth. Interventions for primary prevention of preterm birth and strengthenedmanagement of preterm labour and ill and small neonates are required to reduce neonatal mortality in Zimbabwe and other African countries with similar profiles.

Development of approaches for ecologization of water supply in the city

The objective of this research is to develop recommendations on ecologization of water supply in the city. The authors revealed the main problems, peculiar to intercity systems of water supply and having negative impact on the environment. The negative environmental impacts of water supply problems were systematized. The priority directions of the solution of the matter of ecologization of water supply in the cities were defined. The main of these directions, i.e. the choice of innovative materials for the water supply systems, their advantages and advantages of modern pipes in various specified operating conditions was considered as a debatable question. The results of the conducted research can promote the ecologization of water supply in the cities of the Russian Federation. Some offers on water supply improvement, as well as the reasons expressed as the discussion can be useful during planning repair and replacement of water supply systems, choosing materials and technologies, during justification of ecological-and-economic efficiency of improvements.

“Putting Suppliers on the Map:” Centering Upstream Voices in Water Funds Outreach

AbstractAs water funds and other watershed investment programs expand around the world, there is growing interest in designing equitable programs that provide both upstream and downstream benefits. While research demonstrates that diverse values underlie upstream participation, existing communication and outreach materials from non‐governmental organizations (NGOs), governments, development banks, and others tend to highlight the goals of downstream actors (e.g., improving water supply for cities), with little attention to upstream perspectives. We present a case study in response to this gap, where we collaborated with a water fund and a river users association in Colombia to co‐produce a website entitled “Putting Suppliers on the Map” in which interviews and photography illuminate the perspectives of upstream participants and the intermediary organization. The website offers multiple lessons for communication and environmental education in water funds by shifting focus to the motivations of upstream participants, including trust‐building among upstream and downstream participants via intermediary actors, and informing downstream water users of the essential role of these processes for program success. Analyzing the website testimonials, we show that the vast majority of participants were motivated not only by overlapping instrumental and relational values associated with conservation, but also by a variety of personal and community goals. We found that the largest barrier to participation over time was the need to build trust between the water fund and rural communities and to align water fund goals with participants' motivations. By making visible the motivations and challenges of upstream actors, the website reverses the standard direction of environmental education (in which high‐level actors or downstream groups educate upstream residents). In‐so‐doing, the website aims to help downstream actors envision more productive and equitable ways of interacting with upstream participants.

Assimilation of Ground and Satellite Snow Observations in a Distributed Hydrologic Model for Water Supply Forecasting

AbstractRunoff from the Upper Colorado River Basin (UCRB) is an important water resource in the western United States. The majority of annual runoff is derived from spring snowmelt, and therefore April–July water supply volume (WSV) forecasts produced by the Colorado Basin River Forecast Center are critical to basin water management. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of snow data assimilation (DA) in a distributed hydrologic model on WSV forecasting error and skill in headwater catchments of the UCRB. To do this, a framework was built to use the Localized Ensemble transform Kalman filter to update modeled snow water equivalent (SWE) states in the Hydrology Laboratory‐Research Distributed Hydrologic Model with SNOTEL SWE observations and spatially and temporally complete MODIS Snow Covered‐Area and Grain size data. The DA approach was assessed by evaluating ensemble streamflow prediction forecasts over a 20‐year period for 23 catchments in the UCRB. Overall, the DA approach improved water supply forecast skill in 80% of pilot basins with an average improvement in the median continuous rank probability skill score of 4%. A research‐to‐operations transition was facilitated by automating the implementation of the DA approach. This work demonstrates the capacity for gridded and point snow products to be used to objectively update model states in an operational forecasting setting.

Analysis of soil and water conservation practices by community throughout the Upper Citarum River Watershed: motivational, technical and institutional aspects

Forest degradation in the Upper Citarum Watershed requires an approach to changing farming patterns that applies techniques of soil and water conservation. The objective of the paper is to examine the extent to which the community in the Upper Citarum Watershed has practiced soil and water conservation techniques in its farming practices, as well as institutional support and community motivation in the application of the conservation practices. This study used a survey of 499 farmers to collect data in Bandung and West Bandung districts. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistic analysis. Results of the study indicate that the soil and water conservation practices have been implemented by 45% of the farm household. The households practicing conservation techniques have higher revenue compared to those who not practicing. The sources of information that households learned come from fellow local farmers, while the most reasons motivating households to practice soil and water conservations are to prevent erosion and improve water supply. The local Agriculture and Forestry Service Offices and Watershed Agency are the dominant sources of assistance with the form of assistance are either materials or training. This study recommends improving spatial planning, providing market incentives and assistance, and supporting the agroforestry system.

The effect of information on preferences for improved household water supply in Indonesia and Nepal

ABSTRACT Information-based interventions are increasingly used to influence preferences or behaviour. Although information does not directly influence behaviour, it is still commonly used because it is inexpensive and provides immediate impacts. The objective of this study is to compare the impacts of information provision on households’ stated preferences for improved water supply systems in Surabaya, Indonesia, and Kathmandu, Nepal. Surabaya and Kathmandu face different challenges in household water supply services. Stated preferences were elicited by using randomized conjoint analysis. In addition to the preference elicitation, the impacts of information on the willingness to pay were also estimated.

Study the optical properties of drinking water supply by KUKL and KVWSIP in Kathmandu Valley

The optical properties of two water supply samples Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited (KUKL) and Kathmandu Valley Water Supply Improvement Project (KVWSIP) in the Kupondole Area, Lalitpur, Nepal show that the transmittance of light is higher for KVWSIP sample water than for KUKL. A large amount of work has been done to test the purities of KUKL and KVWSIP water supplies (chemically), but even their optical properties have not been studied. This method has no hazardous side effects or requires chemical method testing. In comparing the optical properties, the authors recommended that the public take KVWSIP water for good health and wealth rather than KUKL if they have an option.This is because KUKL is more contaminated and has more total dissolved solids (TDS) particles, while KVWSIP has fewer TDS particles. Therefore, if people take KVWSIP water in their daily life, they obtain relief from different types of water-related diseases.

Perceptions of Natural Resources Use in Rwanda - A Partial Proportional Odds Model

The scarcity of natural resources is a challenge in Rwanda. Although Rwanda has improved water supplies, projections show a further increase in water demand. Particularly, agriculture continues to place further demands on water resources through intensification and industrialization. Similarly, although the dependence on biomass for cooking has improved over the past two decades in Rwanda, the ratio is still high and is projected to increase. Unfortunately, the heavy dependence on biomass is damaging to the environment in general, forests in particular. As the consumption of water and charcoal increases, it is important to study how people perceive their consumption. Research shows that people who perceive their consumption of natural resources are more likely to conserve them as they can see how much they are consuming. This study investigated perceptions of water and charcoal consumption among farmers in northern Rwanda. A survey was used to collect data from 323 farmers involved in a poultry development project in the district of Musanze, northern Rwanda. A Partial Proportional Odds Model (PPOM) was used to analyse the effect of different factors on the perception of natural resource consumption. Results indicate that the perception of charcoal consumption was associated with three variables: living in the urban section of the district, the amount of feed consumed by chicken, and elevation at which the coop is located. Results from this study can improve how food security projects are implemented by incorporating people’s perceptions of their consumption of natural resources.

Occurrence and transport of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in a Yangtze River water diversion project during water diversion and flooding

Water diversion is increasingly utilized for water supply, flood control, irrigation, and water quality improvement in many water bodies globally. Our findings indicate that micropollutants such as perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) can be transported via dual-source water diversion projects during water diversion and flood discharge, which may negatively impact both receiving water bodies. However, the sources, spatiotemporal variations, and fluxes of PFAAs under water diversion projects remain unclear. Here we report patterns of 18 PFAA compounds in the surface water at 14 sites of a dual-source water diversion project (Wangyu River) connecting the Yangtze River and Taihu Lake in China. We found multiple contamination hotspots with PFHxA and PFOA dominantly originating from industrial and domestic sources during water diversion from the Yangtze River to Taihu Lake. During the severe flooding in summer 2020, PFAA concentrations ranged from 82.0 to 114.0 ng L−1, while the concentrations and relative contributions of individual perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs) increased along the mainstream due to the tributaries’ contribution and high contamination level in the lake. Based on the spatiotemporal patterns of PFAA pollution, the flux of total PFAAs including both dissolved-phase and SS-phase into Taihu Lake was estimated as 26.6 kg in January 2020 as a reference value for water diversion. To our knowledge, this is the first report to describe the sources, occurrences, and transport of PFAAs in a dual-source water diversion project during water diversion and flooding. The results provide a novel perspective regarding the ecological safety of dual-source water diversion projects.

Effective Demand for In-Line Chlorination Bundled with Rental Housing in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Delivering safe water in cities of lower- and middle-income countries remains elusive even where there is a piped supply. Passive, in-line chlorination upstream of the point of water collection reduces child diarrhea without the behavior change required for point-of-use water treatment products or manual chlorine dispensers. We conducted a price experiment to measure effective demand (willingness and ability to pay) for an in-line chlorination service using tablet chlorinators among 196 landlords of rental housing properties in Dhaka, Bangladesh. We offered a 12-month subscription using Becker-DeGroot-Marschak auctions with real money payments. The service consistently delivered chlorinated water and satisfied tenants. Landlords' effective demand for in-line chlorination was similar to or greater than that for point-of-use treatment products and manual chlorine dispensers previously documented among Dhaka households. Over the service period, landlords renting to low-income households had lower effective demand than those renting to middle-income households despite similar initial rates of payment across both groups. Making in-line chlorination financially viable for the lowest-income consumers would likely require service cost reductions, subsidies, or both. Our findings suggest that even revealed preference experiments may overestimate the effective demand needed to sustain water supply improvements, especially in low-income populations, if they only measure demand once.

Assessment of the Impact of Rainfall Variability on Drinking Water Production at Treatment Plants in Nzoia River Basin, Kenya

Increased wet season rainfall is associated with improved water supply at point water sources and improved river flows and water reservoir levels. For piped water supply schemes with surface water intakes, this is supposed to enhance operations since there is adequate raw water unlike in the dry season where operations are interrupted due to insufficient flows. However, this is not the case in Nzoia River Basin as established by this study. As rainfall increases, drinking water production in treatment plants at Moi’s Bridge, Lumakanda and Busia water supplies decrease and vice versa. Nzoia River Basin is one of the regions that is highly vulnerable to climate variability in Kenya, hence understanding rainfall variability and trends is important for better water resources management and especially drinking water supply. This study aimed at assessing rainfall variability and trends for 3 rainfall stations in Nzoia River Basin; Leissa Farm Kitale, Webuye Agricultural Office and Bunyala Irrigation Scheme and its impact on drinking water production at Moi’s Bridge, Lumakanda and Busia water supplies treatment plants. The rainfall data used in this study covers 31 years period from 1970 to 2001 and was obtained from the Kenya Meteorological Department (KMD), Nairobi, Kenya. Monthly water supply production data for Moi’s Bridge, Lumakanda and Busia water supplies covering 15 years period from 2000 to 2014 was obtained from the County governments of Uasin Gishu, Kakamega and Busia. Rainfall variability and trend was analysed using the parametric test of Linear regression analysis and the non-parametric Mann Kendall statistical test. Monthly rainfall and monthly drinking water production was analysed using Pearson moment correlation to establish the relationship between monthly rainfall and monthly drinking water supply production at Mois Bridge, Lumakanda and Busia Water supplies treatment plants. The results of variability and trend in annual rainfall shows Webuye Agricultural Office recording declining rainfall at -0.8994 mm/31 years (-0.029 mm/ year); whereas Leissa Farm Kitale shows increasing rainfall at 1.0325 mm/31 years (0.033 mm/ year) and Bunyala Irrigation Scheme’s rainfall is increasing at 0.5245 mm/31 years (0.017 mm/ year). Drinking water supply production at Moi’s Bridge, Lumakanda and Busia water supplies has been increasing with time between 2000 and 2014. The results of Pearson moment correlation coefficient shows a strong negative relationship between monthly rainfall and monthly drinking water supply production at 0.05 significance level for Moi’s Bridge, Lumakanda and Busia water supplies. This shows that as rainfall increases, drinking water supply production in treatment plants at Moi’s Bridge, Lumakanda and Busia water supplies decreases. During the rainy season, the cost of water treatment goes up as a result of increased turbidity. Increased rainfall in Nzoia River Basin presents water treatment challenges to the existing water supply treatment plants resulting into reduced production.Water supply managers should improve the capacity of the existing water supply treatment plants to cope with the increased rainfall variability under the changing climatic conditions.

Improving Water Supply Capacity of Drainage Systems at Humid Areas in the Changing Climate

Abstract The paper focuses on research on improving the water supply of drainage systems of humid areas in the context of climate change. The aim of the research is to elaborate on the ways for increasing the available water supply of drainage systems and restoring active water regulation on reclaimed lands in a changing climate. The paper presents the results of the research on improving the available water supply of drainage systems in the humid zone of Ukraine in a changing climate. It was specified in the face of increasing water scarcity providing the optimal water regime regulation on drained lands is possible due to the increase in the available water supply of drainage systems. It can be achieved thanks to the accumulating capacity of reclaimed areas, namely usage of free soil capacity of the aeration zone and open canals, accumulation of water reserve volumes in storage tanks due to the accumulation of surface and drainage runoff. Taking into account the design features of different types of drainage systems, existing water management technologies, characteristics of water sources and their close proximity to the drainage systems, the technological schemes of water intake from rivers and reservoirs, and its supply to the drained areas for irrigation needs were developed. In a face of increasing water scarcity, it is also expedient to apply resource-saving technologies to control the available water supply for crops.

Revenue augmentation through improved water supply services: a case study of the SMART-WASA team of Faisalabad, Pakistan

Abstract The Water and Sanitation Agency of Faisalabad has tried to increase its revenue by increasing both its water demands and total number of customers. To this end, a pilot activity was implemented. Two selected pilot areas were hydraulically separated to increase water pressures within the areas. The results showed that the durations of water supply increased from 3.5 to 12 hours and from 6 to 18 hours per day in the pilot areas. The water pressure in each pilot area increased from 2 to 10 m and from 3 to 18 m, respectively. Wastewater contamination was also eliminated after increasing the water pressure. Customers were informed of these achievements through workshops, flyers, and banners on streets, which encouraged them to shift from a flat rate system to a metering system. Consequently, the total billed amounts for two pilot areas in March 2019 increased by 65.0% and 97.0%, compared with those from November 2016. The bill collection ratios also increased from 48.2% to 56.9% and from 48.1% to 60.6% during pilot activities. Improving services of water supply utilities through the formation of a water distribution area with an increase in water pressure is recommended as an effective method for revenue augmentation.