Improve Treatment Compliance Research Articles

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Conventional Medicine Among Thalassaemia In Malaysia: Conceptual paper

Thalassaemia is chronic hereditary blood disorder. Medication has extended patients' lifespans, but research on their quality of life is scarce due to psychological impacts and medication adherence issues. The objective is to develop and validate a survey assessing the knowledge, attitude, and practice of Malaysian thalassaemia patients towards medication. We will use an exploratory mixed-methods approach with ethical approval from UiTM. Phase I involves semi-structured interviews with thalassaemia patients. Phase II focusses on creating and validating KAP instruments with expert panels and pilot testing. The tools will help medical professionals gather data to improve treatment compliance.

Systematic Review of Case Manager Nurse in Heart Transplant and Heart Failure Consultation

ObjectiveTo analyze the functions and activities of the case manager nurse in the specialized practice of transplantation and heart failure. MethodThis systematic review is reported according to the PRISMA guidelines. Selected articles were subjected to a detailed critical reading and the evidence levels and recommendation grades of the Joanna Briggs Institute were verified. The field of documentation search was limited to the last 5 years. ResultsHealth education provided by nursing is key in patients with heart failure and heart transplants. It must be evidence-based and focuses primarily on promoting self-care and adherence to therapy, although it includes other aspects such as recognition of signs and symptoms by the patient. Both activities are essential to prevent decompensations of heart failure, thus reducing hospital readmissions and mortality rates. ConclusionNursing has an essential role in multidisciplinary programs for the care of heart failure and heart transplant patients. Case manager nurse role stands out for being cost effective, as well as for improving treatment compliance and reducing hospital stay and mortality rates. Nursing functions in this practice ensure continuity and coordination of care between the different health levels, increasing the patients’ quality of life.

Effectiveness of high-frequency vibration, cotton rolls and elastomeric wafers in alleviating debonding pain of orthodontic metal brackets: a randomized clinical trial

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different pain mitigation methods during orthodontic debonding and to evaluate pain sensitivity across various regions of the dentition. A total of 144 participants (50 males and 94 females) with metal brackets were randomly assigned to one of four groups: High-Frequency Vibration (V), Cotton Roll (CR), Elastomeric Wafer (EW), and Open Mouth group (OM). Pain levels were measured using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) across different sextants of the dentition. The Kruskal-Wallis test and post hoc analyses were conducted to compare VAS scores between groups. The Mann-Whitney test was used to analyse sex-based differences. The V group, utilizing high-frequency vibration, had the lowest total VAS score, indicating superior pain relief compared to CR, EW, and OM groups. No significant difference was observed between the CR and EW groups. Median VAS scores were highest in the lower front sextant, followed by the upper front sextants, and lowest in the posterior regions, indicating greater pain sensitivity in the anterior regions during debonding. High-frequency vibration was the most effective method for reducing pain during orthodontic debonding, particularly in the anterior dental regions. Both CR and EW methods were also effective but to a lesser extent. These findings suggest that high-frequency vibration could significantly improve patient comfort during orthodontic procedures. Utilizing high-frequency vibration for orthodontic debonding can enhance patient comfort, especially in the more sensitive anterior dental regions, thereby potentially improving treatment compliance and experience.Trial registration: NCT05904587.

Explanatory models of illicit drug use in adolescents: A qualitative study from India.

Illicit drug use is a growing concern in India, with a high treatment gap of 73%. Explanatory models can provide valuable insights into the patient's conception of disease and inform help-seeking, treatment, and recovery. Of the studies that examine adolescent drug misuse in India, none have developed a socio-cultural explanatory model. The aim of our study was to develop an explanatory model to better understand the causal beliefs, social context, and self-perception of illicit drug misuse amongst adolescents in India. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 23 adolescents seeking treatment for drug use disorders and 25 healthcare providers recruited across three sites in India. Thematic analysis was used to analyse data. Most adolescent participants reported using multiple drugs, often in combination with cannabis. Frequent usage was reported i.e., daily at multiple times. Causes of initiation and continued use were peer influence, curiosity and pleasure, psychosocial stressors, family conditions, and systemic risk factors (e.g. socioeconomic instability). Drugs were acquired from various sources, including fellow users and pharmacies. Adolescent participants perceived negative impacts of drug use on physical and mental health, family relationships, and everyday functioning. Our findings on common reasons of drug use initiation, importance of peer relationships in continuation of use, impact of use on various aspects of life and the relationship of illicit drug use with socioeconomic status are consistent with previous research done in India on the subject. Understanding how adolescents and caregivers perceive drug use can help inform patient-clinician rapport, improve treatment compliance and understand intervention effectiveness. Such an explanatory model holds crucial implications for shaping interventions and clinical approaches to address adolescent drug use in India.

Research on the comprehensive child life intervention program (CCLIP) for adjusting medical fear in children with central nervous system (CNS) cancers: a randomized controlled trial study protocol

BackgroundMedical fear is a common psychological reaction in hospitalized children, especially during radiotherapy for central nervous system (CNS) cancers. This fear not only causes negative emotions such as anxiety and depression but also affects children’s quality of life and treatment outcomes. It is exacerbated by factors such as unfamiliar environments during radiation therapy and separation from parents. Child Life, as a professional service, offers physical and mental support to children through medical understanding and psychological preparation, addressing their social and psychological needs, among other things. This study aims to construct a comprehensive Child Life intervention program (CCLIP), consisting of four key components: psychological adjustment and preparation, therapeutic play, pain management and coping strategies, and family support. The integration of effective intervention methods aims to reduce medical fear in children undergoing radiotherapy, promote psychological well-being, improve treatment compliance, and enhance quality of life.MethodsThis study is a protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Using a random number table method, we plan to recruit 38 eligible children who meet the inclusion criteria and then randomize them into two distinct groups: the intervention group and the control group. The intervention group will receive the CCLIP, and the control group will receive standardized care. Data will be collected through questionnaires and on-site assessments during the one-month intervention period at four distinct time points: the day of admission (T0), the first radiotherapy positioning (T1), mid-radiotherapy (T2), and postradiotherapy (T3). The primary outcome measure is the effectiveness of the CCLIP in reducing medical fear among children receiving radiation treatment for CNS cancers. Secondary outcomes include anxiety, depression, radiation adherence, quality of life among children, and parental satisfaction.DiscussionThis study aims to alleviate medical fear among children with CNS tumors undergoing radiotherapy through the implementation of the CCLIP while enhancing their mental health and quality of life. The expected outcomes of this research include providing effective intervention strategies for clinical practice, improving the treatment experience and long-term prognosis of children, and having positive impacts on children and their families.Trial registrationThis study is registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR2400082622. Registered 2 April, 2024.

Teriflunomide Transdermal Cream: In-vitro And In-vivo Evaluation for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is an incurable long-term disease that requires continuous safe treatment. Currently, many antiinflammatory agents and steroids are used to manage the diseases and are associated with a variety of side effects. There is a great need for a formulation that addresses the root cause of the disease and can be used for prolonged periods without any side effects. Hence, an attempt was made to develop a formulation of an alternative to steroid formulations that can be used for prolonged periods without/minimal side effects, i.e., teriflunomide topical dosage form. Teriflunomide tablet was approved for multiple sclerosis. It is the primary metabolite of leflunomide which is approved to treat RA. When leflunomide is administered orally converts to teriflunomide to elicit its action as such, leflunomide has no anti-rheumatoid effect. Both leflunomide and teriflunomide have different GIT side effects such as diarrhea, nausea, and hepatotoxicity on oral administration. To avoid these oral side effects of leflunomide and teriflunomide and to improve RA treatment compliance, teriflunomide was formulated as a topical cream. The developed topical cream is designed to be applied at night on the affected joints. It is intended to release the drug during the night, provide higher localized concentrations of the drug in the synovial joint and reduce GI and systemic side effects improving treatment compliance.

Total Neoadjuvant Therapy Versus Neoadjuvant Chemoradiation for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer: A Multi-Institutional Real-World Study.

Total neoadjuvant therapy (TNT) has emerged as a promising approach for managing locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC), aiming to enhance resectability, increase pathological complete response (pCR), improve treatment compliance, survival, and sphincter preservation. This study compares the clinical outcomes of TNT, with either induction or consolidation chemotherapy, to those of the standard chemoradiotherapy (CRT). In this retrospective multi-institutional study, patients with stage II-III LARC who underwent CRT or TNT from seven oncology centers between 2021 and 2024 were retrospectively analyzed. The TNT group was categorized into induction or consolidation groups based on the sequence of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Clinical and pathological data and treatment outcomes, including pCR, event-free survival (EFS), and overall survival (OS), were analyzed. Among the 276 patients, 105 received CRT and 171 underwent TNT. The TNT group showed significantly higher pCR (21.8% vs. 2.9%, p < 0.001) and lower lymphatic (26.3% vs. 42.6%, p = 0.009), vascular (15.8% vs. 32.7%, p = 0.002), and perineural invasion rates (20.3% vs. 37.6%, p = 0.003). Furthermore, 16.9% of TNT patients opted for non-operative management (NOM), compared to 0.9% in the CRT group (p < 0.001). The median interval between the end of radiotherapy and surgery was longer in the TNT group (17.6 weeks vs. 8.8 weeks, p < 0.001). The 3-year EFS was 58.3% for CRT and 71.1% for TNT (p = 0.06). TNT is associated with higher pCR, lower lymphatic and vascular invasion rates, and higher rates of NOM compared to CRT. This supports the use of TNT as a viable treatment strategy for LARC, offering potential benefits in quality of life.

HYPCON trial: A phase II randomized study evaluating hypofractionated versus conventional adjuvant radiation therapy in head and neck malignancies.

143 Background: Hypofractionated RT has been established as standard of care at many cancer sites but there is limited data on use of hypofractionated RT for head and neck carcinomas (HNC). The HYPCON trial (CTRI/2023/02/049804) tested to reduce 10 fractions of PORT by delivery of hypofractionated PORT. Methods: Patients of HNC after radical surgery, with intermediate risk factors, were randomized based on site, T and N stage to either standard fractionation arm A (60Gy/30 fractions/6 weeks) or hypofractionated arm B (50Gy/20 fractions/4 weeks) in a 1:2 manner. The minimum sample size for the study was estimated based on a non-inferiority trial design as 120 considering a 10% clinical effectiveness margin and 5% attrition. Treatment allocation was done based on T stage, N stage &amp; HNC subsite. Target delineation included tumour bed with adequate margins (CTV_P) and microscopic lymph nodal (CTV_N) basin at risk. Organ delineation included all DARS. A double arc swallowing-sparing IMRT was used in both arms. The primary endpoint was locoregional control (LRC) at 1 year. Compliance, RT time (RTT), overall treatment time (OTT), progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were calculated in all patients. Acute &amp; late toxicities were recorded as per RTOG scale. Results: 135 patients were enrolled, 45 in Arm A &amp; 90 in Arm B. Majority of patients (96.9%) had oral cavity primary. Most of patients 74.8 % had early-stage disease. Compliance to PORT was 91.1% in Arm A versus 100% in Arm B. Median RTT for Arm A was 43 days (25-73 days) and 28 days (25-43 days) for Arm B (p&lt;0.0001). Median OTT in Arm A was 91 days (70-126 days) and 77 days (57-119 days) in Arm B (p&lt;0.0001). Median follow-up was 12.7 (2.73-23.87) months. One year, LRC was 72.9% vs 91.6% (p=0.007); PFS was 70.6% vs 90.5% (p=0.009) and OS was 88.7% vs 94.5% (p 0.02) Arm A versus Arm B respectively. Grade 3 or higher acute toxicity was seen in 39% in Arm A and 31.1% in Arm B (p=0.374). Grade 3 or higher late toxicity events were noted in 29.2% and 32.2% in arms A and B respectively (p= 0.671). Conclusions: Hypofractionated PORT reduced RTT &amp; OTT and was associated with improved treatment compliance, treatment outcomes (LRC, PFS, OS), and similar acute and late toxicity profile. This is the first study to demonstrate the superiority of hypofractionated compared to conventional PORT delivery for HNC. Clinical trial information: CTRI/2023/02/049804 .

Clinical effects of basic nursing combined with psychological intervention on treatment compliance of patients with Influenza-A(H1N1).

To investigate the effects of basic nursing combined with psychological intervention on treatment compliance, self-care ability, clinical efficacy, lung function and nursing satisfaction of patients with Influenza-A(H1N1). This was application research. Eighty patients with influenza-A (H1N1) admitted to The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University from January 2020 to December 2022 were included as subjects and randomly divided into the observation group(n=40) and the control group(n=40). Patients in the control group were given routine basic nursing intervention, while those in the observation group were treated with combined psychological intervention in addition to basic nursing. The differences in treatment compliance, self-care ability, clinical efficacy, lung function and nursing satisfaction were compared between the two groups. After the intervention, the treatment compliance score and the total self-care ability score of the observation group were higher than those of the control group, with statistically significant differences(P<0.05). After treatment, the clinical efficacy of the observation group was significantly higher than that of the control group(P<0.05). Before treatment, no significant difference was observed between the two groups in terms of various indexes of lung function, which were better in the observation group than in the control group after treatment(P<0.05). Basic nursing combined with psychological intervention results in a variety of benefits in the treatment of patients with Influenza-A(H1N1), such as improved treatment compliance and self-care ability, ameliorated lung function, as well as enhanced treatment outcomes and nursing satisfaction, which needs to be promoted in clinical practice.

Efficacy of a Combination of Functional Exercise and Psychological Interventions in Improving Postoperative Rehabilitation and Intervention Compliance in Patients With Breast Cancer

ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the effect of a combination of functional exercise and psychological interventions on postoperative rehabilitation and intervention compliance in patients with breast cancer (BC). MethodsThis study involved 100 patients with BC who underwent a radical mastectomy in our hospital between April 2020 and April 2021. We assigned patients to a control group (with a functional exercise intervention for patients) and an observation group (where patients received psychological interventions based on functional exercise) using a random number table. We observed and recorded the general data, intervention compliance, range of motion (ROM) of the shoulder joint pre and postintervention, pre and postintervention quality of life scores, and anxiety and depression scores before and after the interventions. ResultsThere were no significant differences in general data between the 2 groups (P > .05). Repeated measures analysis showed no preintervention differences in compliance, shoulder ROM, quality of life, or anxiety and depression scores (P > .05). Postintervention, compliance and shoulder ROM improved in both groups, with the observation group significantly outperforming the control group (P < .05). Quality of life scores improved significantly in both groups, with higher scores in the observation group at 1 and 3 months (P < .05). Anxiety and depression scores decreased in both groups, with the observation group showing lower scores than the control group (P < .05). ConclusionCombining functional exercise with psychological interventions improves treatment compliance, psychological status, postoperative shoulder ROM, and quality of life in breast cancer patients.

Effect of nurse-Led psychosocial intervention on body image distress and treatment compliance among patients undergoing treatment of cancer: A randomized controlled trial.

Dissatisfaction with one's physique is the most common issue among cancer patients, and it is correlated with stress, anxiety, and hopelessness. The current study aimed to assess how the Nurse-Led short psychosocial intervention affected cancer patients' body image distress and treatment compliance. 67 patients above 18 years of age and undergoing cancer treatment were enrolled in the study through complete enumeration sampling. The individuals were divided into experimental and control groups using simple randomization. A nurse-led brief psychosocial intervention program was implemented for 15 days for the experimental group while the control group was on standard treatment. The intervention's effects were measured on the 15th day using a structured body image distress scale and self-structured treatment compliance scale. The consolidated norms of reporting trials (CONSORT) statement was used to perform the study. Utilizing SPSS, descriptive and inferential statistics were performed to analyze the data. Post-intervention on the 15th day of the program revealed a reduction in Body image distress (Mean, SD and P value; 2.73, 1.72 (experimental), 4.90 ± 2.23 (control) and <0.001). The program also resulted in improved treatment compliance (Mean, SD and P value; 3.66, 2.23 and (experimental) and 5.83, 1.62; and <0.001). According to the study's findings, nurses are essential to the care of cancer patients. Nurse-led intervention can be an effective strategy to address these psychological issues and concerns.

Total Neoadjuvant Therapy for Rectal Cancer: Which Regimens to Use?

Total neoadjuvant therapy (TNT) is a novel strategy for rectal cancer that administers both (chemo)radiotherapy and systemic chemotherapy before surgery. TNT is expected to improve treatment compliance, tumor regression, organ preservation, and oncologic outcomes. Multiple TNT regimens are currently available with various combinations of the treatments including induction or consolidation chemotherapy, triplet or doublet chemotherapy, and long-course chemoradiotherapy or short-course radiotherapy. Evidence on TNT is rapidly evolving with new data on clinical trials, and no definitive consensus has been established on which regimens to use for improving outcomes. Clinicians need to understand the advantages and limitations of the available regimens for multidisciplinary decision making. This article reviews currently available evidence on TNT for rectal cancer. A decision making flow chart is provided for tailor-made use of TNT regimens based on tumor location and local and systemic risk.

Experience in improving treatment outcomes for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: real-world results for a province in China, 2011–2020

The present study aimed to investigate the real-world results of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (cALL) cases in Fujian, China. The clinical data of 1414 patients with newly diagnosed cALL in Fujian were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were treated according to the Chinese Children Leukemia Group 2008 protocol (CCLG-ALL 2008 group) or Chinese Children’s Cancer Group 2015 protocol (CCCG-ALL 2015 group). Cumulative incidence of treatment abandonment (TA) at 5 years was 4.2% ± 0.6% and significantly associated with treatment period and risk stratification. The 5-OS and EFS were significantly higher in the CCCG-ALL 2015 group than in the CCLG-ALL 2008 group. Patients treated with CCCG-ALL 2015 from Fujian Medical Union Hospital had a significantly higher 4-year OS and EFS than did those from the other four hospitals. Real-world TA of cALL greatly decreased, and its long-term survival significantly increased in Fujian, which may be related to optimizing programs, multi-center collaboration, and improving treatment compliance.

Factors that determine patients considering medication for the disease of obesity: an IMI2 SOPHIA study.

Obesity-related problems can now be managed with effective nutritional therapy, pharmacotherapy, and surgeries that achieve >10% weight loss. Assessing patient preferences, treatment choices, and factors affecting patients can improve treatment compliance and efficacy. Our aim was to identify factors affecting patient preference and subsequent choice of pharmacotherapy among those seeking treatment for obesity-related disorders. A participatory action study using purposeful sampling recruited 33 patients with obesity complications. They were referred to specialist clinics in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease. Sixteen males and seventeen females aged 18-70 years, with BMI > 35 kg/m2 were recruited. Before the interview, participants watched a 60-minute video explaining nutritional therapy, pharmacotherapy, and surgery in equipoise. Data were collected in semi-structured interviews; Reflective thematic analysis was used. This sub study focuses only on patients who expressed specific attitudes (positive or negative) towards pharmacotherapy. Ten (30%) patients expressed a view on pharmacotherapy. Eight (24%) patients chose pharmacotherapy alone, whereas two (6%) patients chose pharmacotherapy combined with nutritional therapy. In this sub study focusing on pharmacotherapy, five themes were identified related to choosing whether or not to take medication: (1) attitudes towards pharmacotherapy, (2) attitudes toward size of obesity and its complications, (3) weighing the benefits and risks of treatment, (4) knowledge and reassurance of health professionals, and (5) costs associated with drug therapy. The primary concerns regarding pharmacotherapy for intentional weight loss were efficacy, side effects, lifelong dosing, pharmacokinetics, and cost. Providing access to information about all the pharmacotherapies and the benefits is likely to result in greater penetrance of treatment.

Analysis of The Effect of Comprehensive Nursing Intervention on Improving Blood Sugar Levels and Treatment Compliance in Elderly Patients with Diabetes

Objective: To analyze the effect of comprehensive nursing intervention on improving blood glucose levels and treatment compliance in elderly patients with diabetes. Methods: One hundred and forty-eight elderly patients with diabetes were selected and randomly divided into a control group and an observation group, with 74 cases each. The control group received routine nursing intervention and the observation group received comprehensive nursing intervention. The blood sugar levels, treatment compliance, and nursing satisfaction of the two groups of patients before and after intervention were compared. Results: After the intervention, the fasting plasma glucose (FPG) (t = 7.729), 2 hours postprandial glucose (PPG) (t = 8.343), and HbA1c (t = 6.929) levels of patients in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P &lt; 0.001). The observation group (71/95.95%) had a higher compliance rate than the control group (54/72.97%) (χ2 =14.877, P &lt; 0.001). The comprehensive nursing satisfaction rate of the observation group (73/98.65%) was higher than that of the control group (56/75.68%) (χ2 =17.451, P &lt; 0.001). Conclusion: In caring for elderly patients with diabetes, comprehensive nursing intervention effectively reduced patients’ blood sugar levels and improved treatment compliance and nursing satisfaction.

Hypoglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes Patients Substituted with Insulin Degludec Aspart from Premixed Insulin Therapy: a Quasi Experimental Study

Hypoglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes Patients Substituted with Insulin Degludec Aspart from Premixed Insulin Therapy: a Quasi Experimental Study

Factors Associated with Compliance to Treatment Adherence of HIV/AIDS Patients in Kendari City

Introduction: HIV/AIDS remains a serious problem both in Indonesia as a whole and specifically in Southeast Sulawesi. The primary way to address HIV/AIDS is through treatment. Numerous factors make it challenging to predict the causes of compliance and non-compliance among HIV/AIDS patients in seeking treatment. Therefore, research is needed to develop interventions aimed at improving treatment compliance among HIV/AIDS patients. This study aims to analyze factors related to the behavior of treatment compliance among HIV/AIDS patients in the city of Kendari, Southeast Sulawesi Province.&#x0D; Method: This research is a quantitative study with an analytical research design. The method used is a Cross-Sectional Study. The sample size of 88 individuals. Data collection was conducted through a questionnaire technique. Descriptive analysis was performed using frequency distribution tables, while inferential analysis utilized the Chi-square test and/or Fisher's Exact Test.&#x0D; Results: The research findings indicate that only 2 factors (perception of disease severity and health worker attitudes) are related to treatment compliance, while the other 6 factors (perceived benefits of treatment, perceived barriers to treatment, family support, health counselor support, drug availability, and health education) show no association and have no detected connection. The most dominance factor is the healthcare worker attitude.&#x0D; Conclusion : The conclusion of this research is that perception of diseases severity and healthcare worker attitude is the 2 variabel that have connection with treatment adherence and need improvement to keep the patient and improve their treatment.

Private Sector Provision as an “Escape Valve”: The Mexico Diabetes Experiment

Abstract Public health systems are dominant in much of the world but often face fiscal constraints that lead to rationing of care. As a result, private sector healthcare providers could in theory beneficially supplement public systems, but evaluating the benefits of private alternatives has been challenging. We evaluate a private supplement to the free public health system for one of the world’s deadliest health problems, diabetes. We estimate enormous impacts of the private supplement, increasing the share of those treated who are under control by 69%. This effect arises through both improved treatment compliance and health behavior. We find diabetes complications fall in the short run, and that the net costs of this intervention are one-third of the gross costs. The returns to private care do not appear to reflect more productive delivery but rather more attachment to medical care, offering lessons for improving the public system.

An Overview of Polymeric Nanoplatforms to Deliver Veterinary Antimicrobials.

There is an urgent need to find new solutions for the global dilemma of increasing antibiotic resistance in humans and animals. Modifying the performance of existing antibiotics using the nanocarrier drug delivery system (DDS) is a good option considering economic costs, labor costs, and time investment compared to the development of new antibiotics. Numerous studies on nanomedicine carriers that can be used for humans are available in the literature, but relatively few studies have been reported specifically for veterinary pharmaceutical products. Polymer-based nano-DDS are becoming a research hotspot in the pharmaceutical industry owing to their advantages, such as stability and modifiability. This review presents current research progress on polymer-based nanodelivery systems for veterinary antimicrobial drugs, focusing on the role of polymeric materials in enhancing drug performance. The use of polymer-based nanoformulations improves treatment compliance in livestock and companion animals, thereby reducing the workload of managers. Although promising advances have been made, many obstacles remain to be addressed before nanoformulations can be used in a clinical setting. Some crucial issues currently facing this field, including toxicity, quality control, and mass production, are discussed in this review. With the continuous optimization of nanotechnology, polymer-based DDS has shown its potential in reducing antibiotic resistance to veterinary medicines.

PH and redox dual response nano-suppository for the treatment of ulcerative colitis.

To improve treatment compliance and reach sustained and controlled drug release in the colon, we developed a hollow mesoporous silica nano-suppository that responded to both pH and redox stimuli. Firstly, we prepared hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles containing disulfide bonds (HMSN-SS) and loaded them with 5-ASA. Secondly, we modified the surface of HMSN-SS with polydopamine (PDA) and chitosan (CS) and molded the suppository, which we named 5-ASA@HMSN-SS-PDA-CS (5-ASA@HSPC). By administering 5-ASA@HSPC rectally, it acted directly on the affected area. CS helped the nanoparticles adhere to the colon's surface, while PDA dissociates from HMSN-SS due to protonation in the acidic environment of the ulcerative colon. The disulfide bonds were destroyed by the reducing environment of the colon, leading to a stable and slow release of encapsulated 5-ASA from the pores of HMSN. Finally, in vitro release experiments and in vivo pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic experiments had demonstrated that 5-ASA@HSPC exhibited a slow and steady action at the colonic site, with an excellent safety profile. This novel approach showed great potential in the treatment of ulcerative colitis.