Improve Policy Implementation Research Articles

Inclusive education pandemic: Learning barriers for children with disabilities in South Africa

Background: Children with disabilities encounter obstacles attaining basic education. Significantly, previous studies on South Africa have shown that up to 70% of the children with disabilities are out of school. Despite efforts to support inclusive education through White Paper 6 policy, the deployment of resources and transformation of the education sector has been a slower process.Objectives: The main objective of the article is to explore the challenges of basic education faced by children with disabilities in South Africa.Method: The study was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic using a qualitative research methodology. The data were collected using key informant interviews through online media platforms. The data analysis was conducted using computer-aided software in the form of ATLAS.ti 8.Results: This study established several challenges faced by special needs schools, especially in the rural areas. These include a limited number of special needs schools, scholar transport, enrolment, lack of psychosocial and expert support, sanitation and infrastructure and the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on children with disabilities.Conclusion: The article concludes that even though White Paper 6 focusses on Special Needs Education in South Africa, there remains poor policy implementation to ensure inclusivity for learners with disabilities.Contribution: The research provides an understanding of the challenges faced by children with disabilities to assist policy makers with recommendations and areas of concern to improve policy implementation of the White Paper 6 in South Africa.

WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN CONSTRUCTION FIRMS: A CASE STUDY OF TRIACTA NIGERIA LTD IN BAUCHI, NIGERIA

This study investigates the impact of construction firms' waste management practices. It focuses on Triacta Nigeria Ltd in Bauchi. The study utilised a survey research design and collected data from 84 permanent staff members to understand their perceptions and experiences related to waste management practices. The findings reveal that significant types of construction waste generated include demolition materials, excavated earth, and unused materials. While certain recycling techniques exist, their efficiency varies, emphasising the need for improved policy enforcement, trash segregation procedures, and staff training. Key challenges identified include resistance to change, logistical complexities, inadequate infrastructure, and high costs, all of which hinder effective recycling adoption. Based on these findings, the study recommends improving policy implementation, enhancing training programmes, and investing in infrastructure to optimize waste management and promote organisational sustainability. This study offers important insights for stakeholders aiming to improve construction waste management practices.

Key Factors Influencing the Success of Bachelor of Technical-Vocational Teacher Education Graduates in the 2023-2024 Philippine Licensure Examination for Teachers at a State College

One of the evaluations to determine whether the BTVTED curriculum in any higher Institutional Education Institution is effective if the Passing rate in LET performance is higher than the National Passing rate compared to the school rating. The purpose of the study was to examine the factors contributing to the success of the BTVTED graduates in performance of the graduates of this state college who took the LET in 2023 and 2024. The descriptive method design was used to analyze the factors contributing to the success of the Licensure Examination for Teachers performance. There were 158 graduates who took the examination and at the same time participated in this study. The statistical tools utilized in this study were frequency, percentage computation and weighted mean. Based on the findings, the researcher concluded that the identified three factors contributing to the success of graduate in passing the LET were the students factor, home and family factor and school factor. Other factors which the researcher identified as the less contributory were the facilities and resources. It was recommended that school administrators and faculty members must improve policy implementation on admission and retention policy.

Challenges And Solutions In Implementing Reading Policies In The Foundation Phase: A Multiple Case Study From The Lichtenburg Circuit, North West Province

This article aims to examine the policies guiding reading instruction and investigate how these policies are implemented in the FP to gain a deeper understanding of teachers’ experiences in this area. Implementing reading policies effectively in the FP is crucial for fostering early literacy skills, which form the foundation for lifelong learning. However, teachers often encounter various challenges that impact the successful application of these policies. This article explores the complexities associated with implementing reading policies within the FP, specifically focusing on the Lichtenburg Circuit in the North West Province. The Lichtenburg Circuit, a unique educational setting within the North West Province, provides a valuable multiple case study for examining these challenges and identifying effective solutions. Utilizing a qualitative case study approach, the research focused on the perspectives of Subject Advisors, Principals, HoDs, and FP teachers in three primary schools within the Lichtenburg circuit. Thirteen participants were purposively selected, and data were collected through document analysis, observations, and interviews. Thematic analysis revealed that the CAPS is the primary policy used for reading instruction, yet it lacks explicit directives on teaching reading, leading to challenges in implementation and application by teachers. By investigating the experiences of English Home Language this article aims to uncover the specific difficulties teachers face and assess the support mechanisms available. The findings will offer insights into improving policy implementation and enhancing literacy outcomes for young learners. The objective of this article is to identify and analyze the key factors that influence teachers’ implementation of reading policies in the FP. This article aims to understand how various contextual, professional, and institutional elements shape teachers’ approach to applying reading policies in their classrooms. By examining these factors, the article seeks to provide insights into the challenges and opportunities faced by teachers in translating policy into effective practice, ultimately contributing to the development of more supportive and practical strategies for improving reading outcomes in the FP. The purpose of this article is to investigate and evaluate the challenges and solutions in implementing reading policies, using the Lichtenburg Circuit in the North West Province as a multiple case study. The article also seeks to uncover the specific challenges that teachers encounter in implementing these policies and to analyze how these obstacles impact the effectiveness of reading instruction. The article aims to provide insights and recommendations for improving the implementation of reading policies to better support FP teachers.

Implementation outcomes of disaster risk reduction (DRR) policy in public facilities (PFs): Aceh perspective, Indonesia

PurposeAceh province has established various infrastructure and regulations related to disaster risk and management after the Indian Ocean Tsunami (IOT) hit the province. Hence, this study investigates the implementation of Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) in Public Facilities (PFs) in Banda Aceh municipality using implementation outcome variables (acceptability, adoption, appropriateness, feasibility, compliance, implementation cost, coverage and sustainability).Design/methodology/approachQualitative methods, including in-depth interviews and document reviews, were applied to collect data for this study. The data were then analysed thematically using NVivo 12 software.FindingsThe lack of public communication regarding DRR in PFs to all involved stakeholders resulted in poor acceptability, adoption, coverage and compliance with the policy implementation among public facilities’ chiefs, owners or managers. Additionally, they were reluctant to implement DRR plans and activities within their facilities due to limited DRR funds.Practical implicationsThis study’s results can contribute to reviewing the policy and practices of Aceh government authorities and other involved stakeholders to improve policy implementation of DRR activities comprehensively across eight groups of public facilities in Banda municipality, other districts in Aceh province, and local areas in Indonesia. Further, the methods used in this study to assess DRR regulations’ progress towards the eight implementation outcome variables can be applied widely to other settings.Originality/valueNo research was found on examining the policy implementation of DRR in PFs in Aceh province, which motivated the author to conduct this work.

“I Don’t Know Whether It’s Priority, or Capacity, or Both”: Implementation Gaps in Employment Policies Targeting People with Disabilities in Kenya and Bangladesh

Disabled people are often excluded from employment, particularly in accessing waged employment. This exclusion persists despite enabling policies and legislature, indicating a need to address gaps in implementation. To improve policy implementation, it is crucial to better understand the gap between policy intention (what was planned) and effect (what happens), including reasons that widen this gap (what explains what happened). This study explores this in the context of Kenya and Bangladesh, drawing on key informant interviews and analysis of policies and programmes related to employment, social protection, and disability. Using the policy triangle framework, we analysed the policy context, process, actors, and content of relevant policies and programmes. The study identified key policy provisions on employment quota, social assistance, job placement services, tax incentives, and training opportunities, all of which were designed to promote employment for disabled people. However, implementation is limited in both countries, for reasons including ambiguity in policies, unavailability of data for monitoring, and lack of transparency among implementers. The data suggest that addressing these aspects would promote accountability among duty-bearers, advocacy power among rights-holders, and ultimately improve implementation and inclusion of disabled people in employment.

Optimizing municipal solid waste management in industrial ports: A case study of source separation implementation

ABSTRACT With the acceleration of industrialization and population growth, there has been a notable surge in municipal solid waste (MSW) production globally. This necessitates the development of efficient waste management strategies that align with sustainable economic, environmental, and social goals. Implementing sorting and source separation policies serves as foundational steps toward optimizing material flow and resource utilization. In industrial areas, waste generation around a primary source may improve policy implementation and participation. Given the unique strategic context of port environments, Bahregan Port in Iran was selected as a case study to evaluate the proposed methodology. Three integrated scenarios were formulated and prioritized using the ELECTRE-I model: currently practiced collection method, and segregated collection followed by source separation of MSW into two or three groups. The analysis identified the third scenario as the most effective approach. Remarkably, when evaluating the results under optimistic and pessimistic conditions, the ranking of preferences remained consistent across scenarios in the optimal state. Under pessimistic conditions, all scenarios received identical scores, indicating significant uncertainty in criteria weights. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis revealed that criteria such as the raw material sources protection, emissions in the waste separation sector, and greenhouse gas emissions were highly influential. Interestingly, criteria with the highest weighting did not always dictate the final scenario selection. External factors, such as expert opinions on specific criteria, played a pivotal role in scenario prioritization. This research serves as a foundational study for source separation initiatives, offering practical and technically viable strategies to enhance environmental sustainability within industrial settings. Implications Statement Rising industrialization and population growth have led to increased municipal solid waste (MSW) production worldwide. To address this, efficient waste management strategies are essential, focusing on sustainability and resource optimization through sorting and source separation policies. By prioritizing the scenario of segregated collection followed by source separation – industrial areas can optimize material flow and resource utilization. The study highlights the influence of criteria like raw material protection, emissions, and greenhouse gases, making this research foundational for enhancing environmental sustainability in industrial settings. This study provides practical strategies for enhancing environmental sustainability in industrial settings through source separation initiatives.

State-led smart city policy changes and impacts on urban growth and management: a study of 118 Chinese smart cities

ABSTRACT The implementation of smart city policies is a time-consuming process. Although policy managers are constantly monitoring and improving policy implementation, exploring the phased impact of smart city policies on cities’ development is crucial for enhancing policy implementation in the subsequent phase. However, few studies have comprehensively analyzed the stage-specific implications of smart city policies on the sustainable urban development of China’s smart cities. Therefore, this study utilized multiple regression analysis to examine the correlation between 10 indicators and Smart City Scores by investigating changes in the urban development of 118 Chinese cities from 2013 to 2020. The results show that: (a) Smart city policies have impacted cities differently over the years. (b) Smart cities significantly improve per capita income, services, mobile communication, and urban density, thereby shedding light on the potential benefits of smart city policies. (c) State-led smart city policies significantly impact cities’ sustainable urban growth and development. This study highlights the crucial role of aligning the policies of the national and local governments. This alignment is necessary for formulating urban development plans geared toward the establishment of smart cities.

Challenges of Implementing Municipal Solid Waste Separation Policy in China

Rapid population growth, urbanization, and diverse production materials have led to a surge in municipal solid waste (MSW), harming the environment, climate, and sanitation. Despite China’s efforts to implement MSW segregation policies, results have been unsatisfactory. Research often emphasizes public participation, with less focus on the entire policy implementation process. This paper employed Smith’s theoretical model to comprehensively analyze the challenges of implementing a MSW segregation policy, using qualitative methods and secondary data from literature and policy documents. The findings revealed challenges at four levels: policy formulation, implementing agencies, target groups, and the external environment. Issues include policy ambiguity, unclear authority, government-enterprise cross-functionality, casual attitudes, implementer shortages, poor public participation, and economic disparities. To address these, the study recommends enhancing public engagement, clarifying responsibilities among agencies, and increasing financial support for disadvantaged areas to improve policy implementation.

The Role and Involvement of Indonesian Ministries and Local Institutions in Handling Rohingya Refugees in Aceh

This study investigates the involvement and role of Indonesian government ministries and agencies in managing Rohingya refugees in Aceh. It explores key factors influencing the refugee situation, including policy frameworks, resource allocation, and inter-agency coordination. Using qualitative interviews with officials from relevant departments, the research provides an in-depth analysis of the challenges and strategies employed. Findings highlight significant gaps in coordination and resource management, suggesting the need for enhanced policies and greater international cooperation. The study contributes to the understanding of refugee management in Indonesia and offers recommendations for improving policy implementation and support mechanisms for refugees.

Attitudes and Behaviors Around Preventative Measures Against Malaria During Pregnancy in The Luwero District of Uganda

Background: In Uganda, the rate of malaria in pregnancy ranges from 8.9-50% depending on the level of transmission within the region. It is estimated that malaria may contribute to 8-14% of low birth weight, 3-8% of infant mortality, and 3-15% of maternal anemia. There is limited information on the attitudes and behaviors of pregnant women related to malaria prevention-health impacts for the child, including infant and maternal death. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in June of 2023. A structured interview was used to collect data on demographics, attitudes, and preventative behaviors related to malaria during pregnancy. Interviews conducted in participants’ homes took approximately 50 minutes. Descriptive statistics were run for demographic data. Chi-squared test and Pearson Product Moment Correlation with a significance level set at p < 0.05 were conducted to test relationships between variables of interest. Results: Data were collected from 63 women with a mean age of 37. All women had at least one pregnancy resulting in a live birth. Almost one-third of women (31.7%, n = 20) reported getting malaria during their most recent pregnancy. Most respondents (82%, n = 52) received prenatal care and 87.3% (n = 55) used at least one prevention measure against malaria during their last pregnancy. For the participants that reported not protecting themselves (12.7%, n = 8) it was found to be statistically significant in preventing malaria (χ2 = 9.744, p = .008). Bed net use was found significant in preventing malaria during pregnancy (χ2 = 7.113, p = .029) and SP/Fansidar (χ2 = 46.534, p = < .001) during their most recent pregnancy. Receiving prenatal care was found to be significant (χ2 = 24.186, p = <.001). Education level was also found to be significant in to whether women received prenatal care (χ2 = 14.634, p = .023) and in the attitudes that pregnant women should receive malaria treatment during pregnancy (χ2 = 17.084, p = .009). Conclusion: This study sheds light on the attitudes and behaviors surrounding preventative measures against malaria during pregnancy among a sample of women in rural Uganda. The study emphasizes the need for targeted health campaigns to promote bed net use, addressing barriers to IPTp implementation, and advocacy for improved policy change and antenatal care attendance. Improving access to prenatal care services, particularly in rural communities, is needed to keep women and children healthy. Implications for Practice: Recognizing the challenges related to policy implementation, there is a pressing need to advocate for policies that support effective prevention strategies during pregnancy. Advocacy efforts should be directed towards improved policy implementation and encouraging regular antenatal care visits.

Food providers and public health professional’s experiences with the adoption and implementation of the National Healthy Food and Drink Policy in New Zealand healthcare facilities

Publicly-funded healthcare facilities in Australia(1) and New Zealand(2) have adopted healthy food and drink policies to enable staff and visitors to choose and consume healthier options. However, adopting such policies does not translate to their full implementation and compliance by food providers, who face barriers to providing healthier food and drinks(3). As part of the wider HealthY Policy Evaluation (HYPE) study, we interviewed hospital food providers and public health dietitians/professionals to understand their experiences implementing the voluntary National Healthy Food and Drink Policy introduced in New Zealand in 2016. Semi-structured interviews focused on the awareness, understanding of, and attitudes towards the Policy; level of support received; perceived customer response; tools and resources needed to support implementation; and unintended or unforeseen consequences. All semi-structured interviews were transcribed verbatim, inductively coded with the assistance of QSR’s NVivo software, and analysed using the reflexive thematic analysis method by Braun and Clarke(4). Twelve participants from across New Zealand were interviewed. Time in their roles ranged from one to 14.5 years, and many were not in the position when the Policy was first adopted. There was a discrepancy in the awareness of the voluntary Policy. However, there was agreement that hospitals should be healthy eating role models for the wider community. Reflexive thematic analysis identified three themes relating to the implementation of the Policy in New Zealand: 1) complexities of operating food outlets under the Policy in hospitals; 2) adoption, implementation and monitoring of the Policy as a series of incoherent ad-hoc actions; and 3) the Policy as (currently) not achieving the desired impact. Participants recognised that the current food supply, presence of food outlets nearby hospitals serving unhealthy foods and culture of unhealthy eating, combined with the difficulty of changing people’s eating habits, leaves doubts if the Policy and healthier options served in the healthcare facilities have any tangible positive impact on staff or visitors. Key suggestions to promote successful Policy implementation included adoption of a mandatory National Policy, funding of central government support for implementation (including supportive implementation tools), regular and systematic monitoring of food availability in each region, and frequent and ongoing communication with staff and visitors using positive messaging around healthy eating and non-health related benefits (e.g. sustainability) to increase their buy-in. Findings from stakeholder interviews and the remaining parts of the HYPE evaluation study are informing the update of the National Policy and associated supportive tools, and highlight the potential positive impact a comprehensive policy evaluation could have on improving policy implementation.

Gambaran Prinsip Good Governance dalam Kebijakan Gerakan Masyarakat Hidup Sehat

The presence of comorbid diseases has become a crucial concern in confronting the COVID-19 pandemic, underscoring the need for the implementation of GERMAS (Healthy Living Movement) policy as a preventive measure initiated by the government. GERMAS aims to control the increase in non-communicable disease cases, which have the potential to disrupt human resources and productivity, as well as negatively impact social and economic development. In its implementation, GERMAS must adhere to the principles of Good Governance to ensure transparency, community participation, accountability, effectiveness, efficiency, responsiveness, and consensus. This research aims to analyze Transparency, Participation, Accountability, Effectiveness and Efficiency, Responsiveness, and Consensus. This research employs a qualitative approach with a narrative method and in-depth interviews with 12 informants. While GERMAS has been implemented since the President's directive in 2017, there are still several challenges in enhancing its effectiveness. Analysis of Good Governance principles highlights issues such as lack of community participation, low transparency and inter-agency coordination, and insufficient attention to inactive GERMAS forums. Further research is needed to deepen understanding of GERMAS implementation in Kutai Barat, focusing on aspects such as inter-sectoral communication, community participation, and enhancement of accountability of relevant agencies. Concrete steps such as comprehensive performance audits and increased social media outreach can help improve policy implementation.

ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF LIFE OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE PATIENT ATTENDING IN SELECTED HOSPITALS, WEST BENGAL

Introduction: Chronic Kidney disease (CKD) is still a health problem in India & increasing number of new cases. profound physiological, psychological, social effect due to CKD hurt the quality of life.Aim: This study aims to find out quality of life of CKD patient and association between quality of life with demographic variables.Method: The investigator conducted a descriptive study on assessment of quality of life (QOL)among chronic kidney disease patients attending selected Nephrology and Medicine OPD of West Bengal with the objective to assess quality of life and to find out the association between quality of life and selected demographic variables. The conceptual framework adopted for the study was based on Sr. Callista Roy’s adaptation model (1989). Non-probability convenience sampling technique was adopted to select 173 respondents. The tools used for the study were semi-structured interview schedule and WHOQOL-BREF.Result: The study findings revealed that the majority of the respondents (69.37%) had an average quality of life. The result also showed that respondents had maximum quality of life in social domain and minimum quality of life in psychological domain. A significant association found between quality-of-life score and addiction as chi- square value was 4.782=3.841] at 0.05 level of significance. The study has several implications in Nursing education, practice, administration, and research. The study concluded with recommendations for future intervention and improve policy implementation regarding CKD clinics for improving the quality of life among this population.

Dissemination of Qanun Information for Preventing Teenage Smokers in Bener Meriah Regency

Dissemination of information in the implementation of Qanun No. 1 of 2018 concerning the preventing teenage smoker in Bener Meriah Regency has very complex challenges and problems, the empirical phenomenon related to the implementation of Qanun in the preventing teenage smokerin Bener Meria Regency, has several fundamental problems related to information dissemination, including understanding the purpose of the content of the qanun has not been understood by stakeholders, the identification of the core message to be communicated has not been conveyed well to the public, this phenomenon has implications for determining policy targets or goals, effective use of media has not been used to disseminate information related to the qanun in non-smoking areas, the E dashboard application provided by the Ministry of Health is not yet known and understood by policy makers in Bener Meriah. Based on the existing conditions, the number of smokers in the Aceh region is in 13th place with a smoking rate of 28.30%, with a total population of Aceh of 5.3 million people. in 2021. This figure is high, so it is close to the national smoking figure, specifically 28.96. More than 1 million or 20 percent of the entire population are heavy smokers.Based on information from the Central Measurement Agency (BPS) . Meanwhile, grand theory is used in the context of dissemination of policy information to support policy implementation, information is considered fuel for the running of public programs and services (Monge & Rotich: 2014).This investigation aims to determine significance, social influence, introduction of related partner groups, organization, communication, introduction of activities and dissemination of data. The instruments used in this investigation were analysts as the instrument and other instruments in the form of direct meetings. The results of in-depth interviews conducted in this investigation were analyzed using the substance investigation method. After establishing a general perception of supportive communication, the analysts evaluated the importance of supporting communication's role in empowering an open approach that supports management of a problem. The results of the research show that the implementation of information dissemination policies will run better if they are able to strengthen implementation issue factors and understand the characteristics of policies as an effort to achieve goals by prioritizing transparent governance. Comprehensive study of increasing the role of policy actors, namely the bureaucracy of mass media institutions and information groups to collaborate resources so that Information dissemination is well received by the community and empowers the community to use existing aspiration channels to continuously improve policy implementation.

Research on the incentive effect of the policy combination of carbon-reduction pilot cities

This paper investigates the impact of policy combinations on the process of urban carbon reduction using panel data from 284 pilot cities in China. We analyze the incentive process of pilot city policies under three dimensions of the administrative subcontract and verify the impact of different policy combinations on carbon emissions. Our findings suggest that the policy combinations of dual pilot cities significantly reduced carbon intensity and had a complementary effect. In heterogeneity analysis, the policy combinations of dual pilot cities significantly reduced carbon intensity in central and western cities but did not affect eastern cities. We also find that the policy path dependence formed by becoming a “low-carbon city” first and then a “demonstration city” had a better carbon reduction incentive effect than becoming a “demonstration city” first and then a “low-carbon city”. The study results show that the order of policy combinations will bring different policy effects, and paying attention to the incentive mechanism differences of different policy combinations will help improve policy implementation effects. Our research highlights the importance of policy combinations in promoting urban carbon reduction and provides policy implications for governments to design effective carbon reduction policies.

Implementation of Marriage Policy and Catin's Attitudes Regarding Marriage Counseling on the Performance of Suscatin Mentors in Realizing Family Marriage Adjustments

This research aims to investigate the impact of marriage policies and the attitudes of prospective brides and grooms towards marriage counseling on the performance of pre-marital counselors in achieving marital adjustments within Garut Regency. Employing an exploratory analysis method, the study focused on the leaders of the Marriage Advice, Development, and Preservation Agency in Garut Regency, including the Chairperson and Vice-Chairpersons, totaling 86 individuals, utilizing a census sampling technique.
 Data collection encompassed questionnaires, interviews, observations, and documentary research. Statistical path analysis was the chosen technique to address the research hypotheses. The primary hypothesis testing revealed that the implementation of marriage policies and the attitudes of prospective brides and grooms influenced pre-marital counselor performance in achieving adjustments by 12.79%, with the remaining 87.21% attributed to other factors. Further sub-hypothesis testing demonstrated that marriage policies and prospective brides' and grooms' attitudes toward marriage counseling accounted for 25.43%, while other factors constituted 74.57%. Intriguingly, the implementation of marriage policies and attitudes toward marriage counseling did not significantly impact marital adjustments (path coefficient of 0.0364). Pre-marital counselor performance also had limited effects on marital adjustments (path coefficient of 0.1526). Moreover, there was a positive correlation between the implementation of marriage policies and the attitudes of prospective brides and grooms toward marriage counseling (partial correlation coefficient of 0.6783). The research identified key issues, such as suboptimal policy implementation, lack of awareness and motivation among prospective brides and grooms, ineffective interagency collaboration, and a shortage of skilled staff among pre-marital counselors. In light of these findings, it is recommended to improve policy implementation, enhance interagency cooperation, and increase awareness among prospective brides and grooms regarding the significance of pre-marital counseling for successful marriages. These measures are essential for addressing the prevalent marital issues and lack of warmth and affection in young couples' family lives in Garut Regency.

The Mining of China's Policies against COVID‐19 from Policy Targets and Policy Tools Perspectives

ABSTRACTIn response to the global disaster of COVID‐19, every country has implemented various policies. China, as a developing country, has issued policies to combat COVID‐19 that could serve as a reference for future pandemic prevention and control efforts, and may offer lessons for national governance. This paper employs bibliometric methods, text mining, and network analysis to mine and characterize the evolution of China's policies against COVID‐19. Specifically, we extract policy targets and identify the policy tools from each policy, cross‐compare the policy tools used for different policy targets, and characterize their evolution during the pandemic. Our findings show that policy targets have shifted over different stages to balance epidemic prevention with economic development. We also identify several shortcomings in distribution and utilization of policy tools. To improve policy implementation, it is crucial to align policy targets with appropriate policy tools and ensure a balanced and functional approach to policy implementation.

The Influence of Political Systems on Climate Change Policy Implementation in Africa

Climate change presents significant challenges to Africa, exacerbating existing difficulties such as poverty, food security, and insufficient infrastructure. This study aims to explore the influence of political systems on climate change policy implementation in African countries. A systematic literature review approach was employed to gather and analyze relevant studies from academic journals, reports, and policy documents. The synthesis of the findings indicates that political systems, including democratic, authoritarian, and decentralized systems, play a crucial role in determining the success of climate change policy implementation across the continent. Key challenges such as corruption, political instability, weak governance structures, and lack of financial resources hinder effective policy implementation. However, opportunities exist for improving policy implementation, such as regional cooperation, international support, and integrating climate change into national development plans. The study recommends strengthening democratic processes, enhancing regional and international cooperation, addressing corruption and strengthening governance structures, integrating climate change considerations into national development plans, and enhancing capacity at the local level. These recommendations aim to facilitate a united global endeavor to address the intricate challenges of climate change in Africa.

Public Service Motivation and Trust in Government: An Examination Across the Federal, State, and Local Levels in the United States

In the United States, trust in government across the federal, state, and local levels has been on the decline for decades. With increasing polarization and politicization, the work of public administrators is frequently made more difficult by challenges that stem from low levels of public trust—responding to these challenges as well as recent calls that encourage public administrators to regain the trust of the public they serve. Could public service motivation (PSM) promote trust in government? We examine the association between PSM and trust in government across the federal, state, and local levels of government in the United States. We find that the association between PSM and governmental trust varies by level of government. At the state and local levels, PSM is positively associated with trust in government. However, we find no significant relationship between PSM and trust at the federal level. Thus, there exists the potential for state and local administrators to use PSM to build trust in the government and to facilitate improved policy implementation. Our findings also provide insight into how key predictors of public trust in government vary at the federal, state, and local levels of the U.S. government.