Improper Condition Research Articles

Demystifying open defecation in the capital city of Delhi, India

ABSTRACT In India, open defecation is often seen as an individual’s behavioural problem rather than the institutional inability and the failure of the policies and programmes of the government on sanitation drive. In this regard, this study tries to critically look into how infrastructural incapacity and institutional inability are responsible for the ongoing open defecation in Delhi. This study was conducted in three slum settlements across three Municipal Corporations of Delhi. It adopted a mixed methods approach. In-depth interviews, focus group discussions, observations, and various quantitative techniques have been used for showing open defecation practices in the capital city of Delhi. The study reveals that around 80% of the surveyed households purely or occasionally are still associated with open defecation. Infrastructural incapacity related to the inadequacy of public latrine and household latrine, poor availability of water, fear of foul smell due to improper drainage condition is responsible for open defecation rather than the people’s old habit. Despite this, lacuna in the public policy, e.g. underutilisation of funds and poor coordination among different governmental bodies also lead to the open defecation. The study concludes that infrastructural incapacity and institutional inability are responsible for the ongoing open defecation in Delhi. Despite this, there is lacuna in the public policy in eradicating open defecation.

Beejotsarga - An Ayurvedic prospective on ovulation

The aim of Ayurveda is Swasthasya Swasthya Rakshanam & Aturasya Vikara Prashanam, which means the maintenance of health and the cure of disease. Beejotsarga (ovulation) is an important physiological condition in women that further grants her the identity of motherhood. Arthava is the Upadhatu of Rasa Dhatu and is responsible for conception. In Ayurveda, Arthava is considered as a Beeja (seed) produced during Beejotsarga (ovulation), which occurs during the ovulation period, also known as Rutukala. The proper condition of Agni, Dhatus, and Upadhatus is essential for a proper Beejotsarga. An improper condition of these elements hampers the physiological process of ovulation. Therefore, it is necessary to study the Ayurvedic concept of Beejotsarga to understand the clinical aspects of ovulation in order to effectively cure and prevent diseases.

First Insight in Fungi Diversity and Mycotoxins Contaminating Smoked Fish Sold in Yaoundé Retails Markets in Cameroon

Mycotoxins are one of the major food poisons for the human’s liver. Their production is generally related to improper food storage condition, mainly cereals and groundnuts. In the present study we assessed the moulds diversity and mycotoxin contamination of smoked fish, one of the most eaten foodstuffs in Cameroon. For this purpose, 1000 specimens of smoked fish were randomly collected from 10 retail markets in Yaoundé and pooled into 50 composite samples. Moulds were isolated by dilution, suspension and culture methods. Identification of fungal was assessed by phonotypical characterization. Three different mycotoxins (Aflatoxin B1, Ochratoxin A and fumonisin B) were tested on fish. Semi-quantitative immuno-chromatographic assay was used for (AFB1) and Fumonisin B (FB), ELISA assay was used for Ochratoxin A (OTA). The identification of moulds flora associated with smoked fish revealed that they belonged to three genuses namely Aspergillus, Penicillium and Absidia. Only species belonguing to Aspergillus genus appear to produce Aflatoxins. Three types of mycotoxin were detected (AFB1, OTA and FB) with occurences of 76%, 18% and 6% respectively at levels above the reference maximum admissived limits.

Water Quality Index of Arkavathi River and Surrounding Groundwater

Abstract Aim: Finding out the water quality of Arkavathi river, a tributary of the Kaveri system and surrounding groundwater is the aim of the present work using the water quality index (WQI) method. Materials and Methods: WQIs contribute a single number which indicates altogether quality of water at a particular sampling point based on varied water quality parameters. An effort has been ready to invent a WQI using 11 water quality parameters such as pH, temperature, dissolve oxygen, alkalinity, chloride, iron, nitrate, fluoride, total hardness, total dissolved solids, and biochemical oxygen demand measured at five various locations along the Arkavathi river just downstream of wastewater disposal points of Ramanagar town and six groundwater samples surrounding the river basin. Weighted arithmetic WQI technique was used to discover overall WQI. Results: The values of WQI for downstream of wastewater disposal points of Ramanagar town rivers vary from 33.78 to 76.82 and for groundwater vary from 38.6241.77 to 65.95. Based on this, the river quality and groundwater at some of the sampling stations were not suitable for drinking. Conclusions: The quality of water is substandard because mainly in the river samples because of the disposal of untreated sewage and industrial effluent generated from the Ramanagar town is directly without any treatment, improper sanitation condition in the nearby city banks of the river, and also, wastewater discharge from surrounding villages, human activities, urban runoff, and agriculture activities.

Microbial Study of Pathogenic Bacterial that Producing Biofilm Isolated From Fresh Red Meat

Contamination of meats with different species of microorganisms pose significant threats not only to the human health but also to the animal production. This study was conducted to investigate the presence of bacterial contaminants in raw meat of livestock. A total of 75 random samples were collected (included 50 cow samples and 25 goats samples) from several butcher shops and slaughterhouse stores in Basrah governorate. The samples were subjected into the biochemical tests using Enter system 18R to confirm preliminary bacterial diagnosis and subsequently cultured using a selective media (MacConkey agar). The outcomes demonstrated Escherichia. coli was the dominate bacterial isolated species in the cow and goats with the percentage estimated at (30%) and (28%), respectively. Other important isolations were also found Enterobacter cloacae in was a rate (20%) Cow meat and Klebsiella pneumonia in goat meat with a rate estimated at (20%), while the lowest isolations rate was Salmonella spp (8%) in cow meat. Staphylococcus aureus (14%) in cow meat and (12%) in goat meat. In conclusion, meats are representative the source of infection with foodborne pathogens carry hazard to public health transmitted to the humans due to mishandling and improper hygienic condition of meats. The results showed biofilm production were high percent for Staphylococcus aureus 5 (50%) strong biofilm producer, follow Klebsiella pneumonia 4 (30.76%) strong biofilm. As other isolates were biofilm producer and production of biofilm is related to the resistance.

Development of a Bamboo Toothbrush Handle Machine with a Human–Machine Interactive Interface for Optimizing Process Conditions

Non-renewable materials like plastics are widely applied on toothbrush handles and bristles. Polypropylene (PP) or polyethylene (PE) is often used to fabricate the toothbrush handle, while nylon (PA) is used to form the bristle. These plastics are sourced from non-renewable fossil fuels. The primary greenhouse gases—nitrous oxide (N2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2)—in the Earth’s atmosphere are released during the production of these plastics. Bamboo can generate 30% more oxygen than most plants and trees, which absorbs twice as much carbon dioxide as trees. A comparison of the cradle-to-grave material requirements between bamboo and plastic toothbrushes reveals that bamboo toothbrushes entail hidden environmental costs. Nevertheless, bamboo toothbrushes can be completely decomposed in the environment, which makes them eco-friendly and sustainable green products. This research aims to develop a bamboo toothbrush handle machine with a human–machine interactive interface and production management for optimizing process conditions. The machine is designed as a double-group to stably mass-produce high-quality bamboo toothbrush handles under optimal process conditions. Although bamboo is a sustainable green material, the shaping process is difficult due to an extremely anisotropic property in the bamboo structures. An improper process condition will induce a rough or scorched surface, which may further cause a tearing crack. The bamboo toothbrush handle milling machine is usually designed by a profiler, which uses various molds to change the shapes and sizes of bamboo toothbrush handles. This machine cannot probe the accurate cutting force for optimizing the cutting operations, paths, and parameters. The proposed equipment with a double-group design includes two storage racks of raw materials, two feeding devices, two exchange clamping devices, and a dual-spindle milling system required to form the shaping process of bamboo toothbrush handles. The whole system is propelled by a computer numerical control (CNC) SYNTEC controller, which can fabricate the bamboo toothbrush handle with various shapes and dimensions. This controller is integrated with a LabVIEW human–machine interactive interface via a Modbus RTU communication protocol. The optimal milling paths, manufacturing methods, and feeding rates are verified by a surveillance system to detect the instant currents of both spindles via the trial-and-error method and mass production. The maximum output of the equipment can reach four bamboo toothbrush handles per minute and 1600 bamboo toothbrush handles per day.

Molecular interaction of ethylene glycol to hurt Myoglobin: Insights from spectroscopic and molecular modeling studies

Myoglobin protein as a polypeptide chain with known sequence plays major role in facilitation of transfer, propagation and storage of oxygen in muscular tissue. Organic Osmolytes such as ethylene glycol are among the substances hindering the opening of proteins and besides, they maintain effective folding and protein performance in an improper ambient condition. For this purpose, in the present study the effect of the interaction of ethylene glycol organic solvent with myoglobin protein soluble in 50 mM Sodium Phosphate Buffer was investigated. The ethylene glycol effect on the myoglobin thermal stability was assessed and it was observed that the myoglobin thermal stability in the presence of ethylene glycol would increase. Also considering the effect of ethylene glycol on the myoglobin structure, the increase in UV–Vis adsorption and decrease of intrinsic fluorescence emission intensity in the protein spectra was observed. Quenching is performed statically and the binding between ethylene glycol and myoglobin is done autonomously, while the major complex formation forces between protein and ligand are of an der Waals interaction and hydrogen bonds. The theoretical results obtained from molecular docking technique shows that the binding energy is negative, and the electrostatic energies have minor contribution in the formation of binding as compared to hydrogen and Van der Waals bounds. Also, the results obtained from molecular simulation confirmed the stabilization of myoglobin protein due to the formation of the complex with ethylene glycol and were in full agreement with the experimental results.

Direct Reduction Plant Alternator Synchronization Using DC Motor and Synchronous Generator with Complete Reduced Machines Transient

Direct Reduction Plant alternator synchronization using D.C. motor and synchronous generator with complete reduced machines transient is presented. This is very significance in the industrial world. Direct Reduction plant is an iron making process plant for the new era which utilizes natural gas to reduce iron ore to produce Direct Reduced Iron used in steel industry. An alternator is an electrical generator that converts mechanical energy into AC electrical energy. Synchronization is connection of an alternator into the grid in parallel with many other alternators that is live of constant voltage and frequency. Transient stability is one of the major factors for proper operation of the Direct Reduction plant production systems that lead to major system collapses. The stress on Direct Reduction plant machines systems is increasing day by day, due to faults, economic and environmental pressures, sudden load change, deviation of active power and frequency. This phenomenon constitutes negative threat to Direct Reduction plant stability. The study was carried out to examine the capacity and transient stability on the Direct Reduction plant machines to withstand disturbance while quality of service is maintained. The effect of improper phase condition upon the synchronizing process, phase sequence of three phase power line, direct current excitation effect upon the power deliver by alternator, power delivered by an alternator upon the torque delivered by the prime mover. The challenges were solved and analyzed using individual machine with the help of accurate step by step integration and Electrical Transient Analyzer Program MatLab software. Swing equation was solved using advanced Runge-Kutta’s method. An experiment was conducted in Electrical Engineering laboratory and machines transient stability of the plant was improved by 64 percent averagely. The results were depicted graphically for machines dynamic behavior studies and recommended for Technician and Engineers in steel and related industries

Ecogeomorphological Condition and Hydrological Indicators of the Self-Purification Capacity of Rivers: A Case Study of Siminehrood River in Northwestern Iran

Aims: The steady development of human communities and the spread of industrial activities are major contributors to environmental pollution, especially the contamination of water resources. Population growth and thus the acceleration of municipal, industrial, and agricultural wastewater release have adversely affected these inestimable resources and restricted their accessibility. This work attempts to identify the ecogeomorphological condition of rivers in drainage basins emphasizing the Siminehrood River in Northwestern Iran. The purpose is to study all nonpoint source (PS) and PS pollutions and circumstances that weaken and intensify the pollution rate and self-purification capacity of rivers, especially in the Siminehrood River. Materials and Methods: All data and statistics were collected and their seasonal average was calculated. Maps and variables associated with the physical properties of drainage basins were then extracted through ArcGIS. The Schuler diagram was plotted through Chemistry software for all stations and each season to assess the type and chemical quality of the river's drinking water. HEC-RAS model, HEC-GEORAS extension, and ArcGIS were employed for simulation of river flow and calculation and determination of water surface profiles and other hydraulic characteristics of flow including water depth, water flow rate, stream shear stress, and stream power. Results: According to the analyses and results, the improper ecogeomorphological condition of rivers and their low self-purification capacity are directly correlated with the mean river water depth, water flow rate, slope of the river basin, and environmental differences. Conclusions: Within the study area, the highest environmental instability and the least self-purification capacity were observed downstream of the sub-basin in which the mean and maximum depth of water were, respectively, 3.10 m and 8.803 m. Insignificant water flow rate (0.86 m/s on average) and slope of <4% in the area have stagnated water flow in most areas and consequently declined the content of dissolved oxygen and the quality of water. Conclusively, this sub-basin can be reported as a region with an improper ecogeomorphological condition.

Defects in a dilapidated building resulting in loss of bearing capacity of supporting structures

This article is devoted to assessing the effectiveness of technical inspection of the condition and the degree of influence of various factors on the reliability of buildings. Technical inspection of the condition of buildings and structures is an important procedure for making decisions about the suitability of the structure for its further operation. Technical inspection should be carried out by specialized accredited organizations that have the necessary expertise and equipment. Adverse environmental factors, poor quality of construction and installation work and general physical deterioration of the building have a direct impact on the safety of people staying in it. The object of the survey was the building of a secondary school in the Karaganda region. Visual and instrumental inspection was carried out at the object, including determination of technical condition and damage categories by shock-pulse method and geodetic surveying. According to the results of the inspection of the object the conclusion of improper condition of the load-bearing structures belonging to category IV, i.e., pre-emergency state of the structures was assigned.

Assessment of the Body Composition and Bone Calcification of Students of Police Schools and Police Training Centers in Poland-A Cross-Sectional Study.

The 21st century is considered the age of malnutrition resulting in the unprecedented frequency of civilization diseases. Among these disorders, obesity is particularly distinguished and considered an epidemic-scale disease. For this reason, conducting studies on obesity and counteracting this phenomenon is essential. Research from recent years indicates a problem of excessive body weight among officers of uniformed services, who should be characterized by good health and fitness level due to the specificity of the work. As the problem of obesity affects every fourth Pole, research in uniformed services seems to be essential from health and national security perspectives. The presented study aimed to determine the elements of nutritional status in 289 students of Polish police schools and police training centers. Body composition was determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis, and bone calcification assessment was conducted by the DXA densitometric method. Based on BMI and body fat content, body weight disorders were found in 31.8% of all examined students. Densitometric test results showed changes in bone calcification of varying severity in 26.6% of the total number of respondents. The presence of obesity in students of police schools and training centers proves that the present nutrition model is energetically unbalanced, while the demonstrated disorders of bone calcification indicate an improper condition of mineral nutrition.

Food Security Status and Its Related Factors in the Elderly in Yazd

Background: Increasing population aging is a global challenge and has occurred very rapidly in all parts of the world. The elderly population is more at risk of diseases, and their improper condition may impair their ability to live and cook at home. Food insecurity endangers public health as well as nutritional status, especially in the elderly. The present study aims to investigate the food security status and its associated factors in adults aged over 60‏ years. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 elderly (88 men and 112 women) referring to health centers in Yazd. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to record demographic information. The standardized FaCPS-FSSM (Farsi Current Population Survey-Food Security Survey Module) questionnaire was used to assess the food security of the elderly. The participants’ food security and their relationship with the studied variables were evaluated by chi-square and ANOVA statistical tests using SPSS software version 20. Results: The findings indicate 44% complete food security, 12.5% mild insecurity, 8.5% moderate insecurity, and 35% severe food insecurity in the elderly participated in the study. Moreover, a significant relationship was observed between education level (P = 0.01), marital status (P = 0.01), income (P = 0.001), and some chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular (P = 0.02), gastrointestinal disorders (P = 0.03), and hyperlipidemia (P = 0.01) with food insecurity (P ˂ 0.05). Conclusion: The present study shows a significant prevalence of food insecurity (56%) in the elderly. A significant relationship was also observed between some chronic diseases and food insecurity. Therefore, it is recommended to perform educational programs, intervention studies, and cohort studies to improve food insecurity, especially in the elderly with the mentioned chronic diseases.

Risk factors of tuberculosis in Mizoram: First report of the possible role of water source

BackgroundVarious risk factors of tuberculosis have been studied across the globe, but these may be altered over time and can be specific to geographical regions and there is not much information available from Northeastern region of India. This study aims to investigate the various risk factors of tuberculosis and analyze the presence of any less-established risk factors. MethodsA total of 400 TB cases and 840 healthy controls were interviewed from December 2017 - June 2020. Logistic regression model was used to analyze associated risk factors. Patients were categorized into pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB. ResultsClinical presentation such as fever, cough, weight loss, chest pain and night sweats were more prominent among pulmonary TB patients. The most common mode of diagnosis among pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB were GeneXpert and X-ray, respectively. Tuberculosis was found to be strongly prevalent among patients from lower socio-economic status, less educated, unemployed and improper housing condition. Other risk factors associated were alcohol consumption, neighbours with TB, travel history, no BCG vaccine, mass gathering, and non-ideal weight. An interesting less-established risk factor that demands attention is the source of water supply (p-0.017, OR-2.313, CI: 1.160–4.613), which was significant in this study. ConclusionOur data suggests that apart from all the well-established risk factors for TB, water supply might play a crucial role towards the transmission of TB, since proper hospital waste water treatment is yet to be adopted in Mizoram, Northeast India. From a public health standpoint, this highlights the need for further research in this area.

Characterization of Partially Purified and Immobilized Protease Extracted from Silver Catfish (Pangasius Sutchi) Viscera

Viscera is known as one of the richest sources of proteolytic enzymes. However, the biggest problem regarding enzyme is the rapid deterioration and lose in functional properties due to inefficient treatment and improper storage condition. Therefore, in this study, protease from silver catfish viscera have been extracted, partially purified by acetone precipitation method and immobilized in the calcium alginate beads. Concentrations of 2.99% (w/v) sodium alginate and 0.30 M calcium chloride were used to produce the immobilized protease. Then, the partially purified and immobilized protease were characterized in different range of pH, temperature and storage period in order to establish a greater protease stability during storage and increase in its efficiency. Proteolytic activity of the partially purified and immobilized protease in the alginate beads were measured by using casein as a substrate. The highest proteolytic activity for partially purified protease was recorded at pH 4 (5709.76 CDU/mg) and 40 °C (6061.14 CDU/mg) and for immobilized protease at pH 5 (3987.85 CDU/mg) and 50 °C (4956.54 CDU/mg). For storage stability, the partially purified protease has optimum storage temperature at – 40 °C while the immobilized protease at 4 °C. At optimum storageondition, the partially purified protease and immobilized protease have storage efficiency of 17.44 and 24.50%, respectively until 6th days of storage. Overall, the results showed that immobilization of protease improved enzyme limitation such as proteolytic activity, stability and the purity.

КОРРЕЛЯЦИОННЫЙ АНАЛИЗ ФАКТОРОВ, ВЛИЯЮЩИХ НА УРОВЕНЬ БАКТЕРИАЛЬНОЙ ОБСЕМЕНЕННОСТИ МОЛОКА

When analyzing raw milk properties, we should take into account the complexity and ambiguity of the “bacterial contamination” criterion. The authors evaluated the influence of physico-chemical and microbiological parameters of milk on its contamination over a year period. Milk testing protocols for 2020 were used as a source of information. The values of acidity, the number of mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms (CMAFAnM), the number of somatic cells, the proportion of protein and fat, and the density of milk were studied. To assess the influence of environmental parameters, the authors took ionto account the values of air temperature and humidity at the moment of sampling. Sampling was carried out according to GOST 26809.1-2014 “Milk and dairy products. Acceptance rules, sampling methods, and sample preparation for analysis”. The research was carried out on three dairy farms of the Knyaginino district of the Nizhny Novgorod region. They included a dairy farm with tie-up housing for 200 heads with milking in a linear type milk pipeline; a dairy farm with loose housing for 400 heads with milking in a herringbone type milk pipeline; a dairy farm with combined (tie-up and loose) housing for 450 heads with milking in a linear-type milk pipeline. The lowest indicator of QMAFAnM (total viable content) was noticed in March, and the highest – in November. The correlation analysis showed that the greatest influence of the studied factors on the level of bacterial contamination is exerted by the number of somatic cells (Pearson correlation coefficient R = 0.71 with a confidence probability P = 0.0619). The authors suppose that this situation may result from improper hygienic condition of the udder, equipment, and premises. There was a weak influence on the level of bacterial contamination of milk density (R = –0.18 at P = 0.096) and ambient air temperature (R = –0.18 at P = 0.095), which may be result from insufficient cooling of milk before transportation.

Management of Collaboration between Schools and Communities in Play Group Managemnt Efforts

This study aims to describe: 1) the management of cooperation between the school and the community of West Nginamanu village in an effort to manage the childhood education in St. Hildegard Ize playgroup, and 2) the supporting and inhibiting factors in the management of cooperation between school and community in an effort to manage the childhood education in St. Hildegard Ize group play Wolomeze district, Ngada regency. This study used a qualitative approach and located in St. Hildegard Ize playgroup Wolomeze district. The subject of the study were the group play manager, parents, and village officials. Data collection was done through interviews, observation, and documentation. Data analysis used an interactive model from Miles and Huberman with its components, namely data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results show that 1) the cooperation management between the school and the members of the community in St. Hildegard Ize playgroup that seen from the planning, organizing, implementation, and controlling has been run well, but at the implementation stage it is still not optimal, 2) The hindering factors for cooperation between the school and the community namely the condition of parents’ occupation, the improper building condition of St. Hildegard Ize playgroup, and the incapable teachers in communicating the children’s development to the parents, whereas the supporting factors namely the parents’ concern towards the early childhood education and the school’s openness in receiving input from the parents.

ESTABLISHMENT OF CAUSE AND EFFECT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN IMPROPER ARRANGEMENT OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT FACILITIES AND TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS OCCURRENCE

The daunting issues arising at experts and forensic bodies when appointing and conducting comprehensive road and pavement forensic investigation and road accident analysis (forensic expert examination) are considered. Types of traffic accidents provided by the statistics of the Department of Patrol Police of Ukraine are analyzed. A number of road accidents with victims committed in conditions of the road and settlements streets unsatisfactory state is defined.
 
 More and more judicial and investigative bodies turn to forensic science institutes, in particular to KhRIFE, in order to determine whether the improper design of the road network affected the occurrence of an accident. In other words, the questions not only on the establishment of improper design of the road section where the accident occurred, but also on the existence of cause and effect relationship between the identified discrepancies and the accident are advanced for examination. The study of the above issues belongs to the forensic specialty 10.16 Road and Pavement Forensic Investigation. The demand for forensic research of improper design of the road network and the causes of accidents are constantly growing. At the same time, the practice of conducting road and pavement forensic investigation, namely the analysis of the materials provided for the study, shows that most criminal proceedings are investigated both while pre-trial investigation and in court for violation of traffic safety rules or transport operation by persons who drive vehicles. In the statistical report of the Department of Patrol Police of Ukraine, the data of road accidents are not classified as those that arose due to improper condition of roads and streets of settlements, and when conducting road and pavement forensic investigation it is established that improper design of the road network is in cause and effect relationship with the occurrence of an accident from a technical point of view.

Design optimization of a high-temperature fin-and-tube heat exchanger manifold – A case study

High-temperature fin-and-tube heat exchangers are widely used in many industries such as petrochemical industry, automotive, energy, and many others. The major advantage of those heat exchanger is a large heat transfer area within a compact shape. However, it is necessary to ensure uniform distribution of velocity in all the tubes. Failing that, it leads to large differences in mean temperature in the tubes. Consequently, excessive thermal stress occurs, that may cause the heat exchanger to break down. The small volume of collectors of the heat exchangers implicates possibility of improper flow condition inside the tubes, causing an unsuitable inner distribution of thermal and mechanical loads. This case study presents a design optimization of high temperature fin and tube heat exchanger manifold. The modified design of heat exchanger manifold is proposed. To optimize the manifold shape, the Particle Swarm Optimization and Continuous Genetic Algorithms are used. The design consists of tube used for a typical manifold, welded to the wedge, that enlarges the volume of the fluid and improves the flow distribution to tubular space of heat exchanger. The ANSYS CFX based CFD simulations are performed in order to determine the flow distribution in the tubes of fin-and-tube heat exchanger. The structural analysis is performed with ANSYS to determine the occurring thermal stresses. The new design of heat exchanger manifolds allowed one to reduce the tube wall temperature from 185 °C to 134 °C and compressible stresses in the construction of heat exchanger by nearly five times (from 105 MPa to 23 MPa), compared to the traditional fin-and-tube heat exchanger manifold.

Nutritional gluten-free multigrain Khakhra using red rice, buckwheat and flaxseed: A review

Nowadays snack food is playing a major priority in the food industry for new product growth, becoming one of the main food categories on the global health and wellness market. Snacks are of different types that can make the meal easily, attract buyers, less perishable, more durable and more versatile than the meal prepared. The current research was carried out to determine the sensory consistency and Khakhra nutrient material prepared with buckwheat and red rice inlaid. Khakhra is crunchy in nature, Khakhra cracker is something that is basically made in home. Khakhra is healthy snack, It is a common recipe in the Gujarat. Khakhra is prepared by using Buckwheat, Flaxseed and as it consist Red rice as a major provides a much more nutrition benefits in terms of protein, minerals, dietary fibers and carbohydrates in comparison with the commonly it is made up of wheat flour. Over consumption of wheat or its products are known for improper health condition such as celiac disorder may overcome by substituting it with buckwheat and red rice which is rich in several minerals and vitamin.

Impacts of a Mail-Order Service for Refilling Prescriptions on Patient Satisfaction and Operational Load at a Comprehensive Cancer Center in Jordan.

Mail-order services for refilling prescriptions for medications have been established in many countries and have increased patient satisfaction. We developed a mail-order service for the outpatient pharmacy of a comprehensive cancer center in Jordan. To describe the implementation of a mail-order service and to report the impact of the service on patient satisfaction and the pharmacy workload. A multidisciplinary team was formed to plan a mail-order service for refilling prescriptions for medications, and a survey was designed to evaluate patient satisfaction with the service. Patients were instructed to call the refill call center and order their medications at least 48 hours before their refill is due. The pharmacy workflow for refilling prescriptions was evaluated, and the time required with and without the mail-order service was documented, with a calculation of the time saved. At 1 year after the mail-order service had been established, 14200 prescriptions had been refilled through the service, with the majority (97.5%) dispensed within 48 hours of the order time. As per the survey conducted with 219 patients, on the overall satisfaction, 69.4% reported being highly satisfied with the service and 27.9% reported being satisfied. The problems reported with the service were delay in arrival (n = 23, 10.5%), medication-related errors (n = 9, 4.1%), cash-related error (n = 1, 0.45%), improper storage condition (n = 1, 0.45%), and delivery to the wrong address (n = 4, 1.8%). The service was also associated with reduced overall time for processing in the outpatient pharmacy service; for patients receiving their medications from the pharmacy, resulting in reduced patients' overall waiting time (from 11.4 to 8.2 minutes). The service resulted in saving of 0.4 full-time employee at 1 year of implementation. A mail-order service for refilling prescriptions within a hospital setting had positive outcomes on both patient satisfaction and the pharmacy workflow. The major issues were related to transportation and logistics.