Imprint Characteristics Research Articles

Demonstration of 1 V Reliable FeRAM Operation: Vc Engineering Using Quasi-Chirality of Hf1-xZrxO2 in a Nanolaminate Structure.

Hafnia thin films are known to demonstrate excellent performance with strong ferroelectricity and high scalability, making them promising candidates for CMOS-compatible materials. However, the reliability of ferroelectric devices must be further improved. This study developed a Hf1-xZrxO2 ferroelectric capacitor with a nanolaminate structure that operated at remarkably low voltages, demonstrating excellent retention (>10 years/85 °C) and endurance (>1010 cycles). The exceptional performance is attributed to the presence of thin tetragonal phase layers within the thick ferroelectric layers, which decreased the switching barrier in the nanolaminate films. Further, we verified phase crystallization via a detailed analysis of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy images. The improved switching propagation in the nanolaminate films was confirmed through switching speed measurements and theoretical models. Furthermore, we addressed pinching issues by precisely controlling the Hf/Zr ratio and O3 treatment. The initial imprint and retention characteristics were improved by interfacial engineering. Moreover, by reducing the thickness, we have achieved reliable operation at 1.0 V with a 5.5 nm-thick device while maintaining high retention and endurance. This study is a significant step toward the realization of the longstanding problem of ferroelectric random access memory operation voltage with respect to endurance and retention characteristics.

The characteristics of pre-existing humoral imprint determine efficacy of S. aureus vaccines and support alternative vaccine approaches

The failure of the Staphylococcus aureus (SA) IsdB vaccine trial can be explained by the recall of non-protective immune imprints from prior SA exposure. Here, we investigate natural human SA humoral imprints to understand their broader impact on SA immunizations. We show that antibody responses against SA cell-wall-associated antigens (CWAs) are non-opsonic, while antibodies against SA toxins are neutralizing. Importantly, the protective characteristics of the antibody imprints accurately predict the failure of corresponding vaccines against CWAs and support vaccination against toxins. In passive immunization platforms, natural anti-SA human antibodies reduce the efficacy of the human monoclonal antibodies suvratoxumab and tefibazumab, consistent with the results of their respective clinical trials. Strikingly, in the absence of specific humoral memory responses, active immunizations are efficacious in both naive and SA-experienced mice. Overall, our study points to a practical and predictive approach to evaluate and develop SA vaccines based on pre-existing humoral imprint characteristics.

Synthesis and Characteristics of Polymer-Mediated Curcumin Molecular Imprinting for Quantitative Determination of Curcumin in Food Samples

In this study, a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)-based extraction process for determining curcumin in food samples was carried out. MIP and NIP were thermally synthesized in acetonitrile solvent (porogen) using methacrylic acid as a functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as a cross-linking agent, azobisisobutyronitrile as an initiator, and curcumin as a template molecule. Parameters affecting the synthesis process, such as temperature, the ratio of the components in the reaction, and the extraction solvent, were investigated. The characteristics of the synthesized material were examined using infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The maximum adsorption capacity of the material was found to be 1.34 mg/g MIP with an adsorption efficiency of 89.96% for MIP and 12.35% for NIP. The MIP material exhibited high selectivity for curcumin compared to other compounds such as quercetin (18.00%), rutin (14.74%), and ketoconazole (0.00%). The analysis method for curcumin using the MIP material was performed with validated parameters including linear range (1 – 25 mg/L, r2 = 0.9997), accuracy (recovery rate of 90.90 %), precision (RSDR = 0.338 %, RSDr = 1.591 %), detection limit (0.051 mg/L), and quantification limit (0.156 mg/L). The validation results indicated that the HPLC-DAD method was entirely suitable for analyzing the curcumin content in food samples.

Characteristics of the Stamp Image by Different Binders of Red Stamp Ink Pastes

The material properties of the stamp ink paste determine the shape, differences in color, imprint characteristics, and damage patterns of the stamp images. It was previously confirmed that the major difference between the records of the preparation of red ink pastes was that the type of colorant was different for oil and glue. Therefore, in this study, the characteristics of stamp images for each colorant of stamp ink paste were investigated, the shape and physicochemical changes in the stamp at different environmental conditions were compared, and the presence of microorganisms was determined. In animal glue stamp images, the pigment filled the fibrous pores on the support surface, and as deterioration progressed, the stamp image was not significantly damaged. Investigation of the surface of the castor oil stamp images confirmed that the stamp ink paste was entirely adsorbed onto the support fiber. Additionally, oil that diffused around the stamp images during stamping was a factor causing the yellowing of the support. Using these results, it was possible to identify the yellowing around the stamp images observed in the current artifact. In addition to stamp ink paste, stamp images, and mineral pigment elements, stamp ink paste also needs to be comprehensively studied, particularly the type of oil, stamp material, and containing agent.

Thermal stability of self-polarization in a (K,Na)NbO3 film prepared by the hydrothermal method

Herein, the systematic change in the self-polarization behavior against the post-heat treatment after film deposition was investigated to understand the origin of self-polarization in hydrothermally prepared (K x Na1−x )NbO3 films with x = 0.88 at 240 °C below the Curie temperature. The transverse piezoelectric constant, e 31,f , was evaluated by the cantilever method. The as-prepared films and heat-treated films at 300 °C had an almost perfectly self-polarized state and showed e 31,f of ∼−5.0 C m−2 without applying an electric field as a poling treatment. Also, the piezoelectric response shows good linearity with the asymmetric piezoelectric butterfly curves, showing imprint characteristics. The self-polarized states were maintained until the heat treatment above the Curie temperature. Moreover, the self-polarized film was successfully deposited on the post-heat-treated film without the self-polarized state. This result suggests that the self-polarized state is generated regardless of the polarized state of the underlying layer by the hydrothermal synthesis in which deposition temperature is below the Curie temperature.

Influence of primers on the optical characteristics of ink-jet imprints

The quality of ink-jet printing depends to a large extent on the technical characteristics of the selected equipment and the surface properties of the printed substrates. It is known that for digital printing it is necessary to use expensive paper with a special coating that determines the degree of gloss of the surface. Therefore, ordinary offset papers before ink-jet printing are covered with primers that ensure good fixation of pigment ink or dye on paper, a wide field of color coverage, characteristic gloss, which generally contribute to high quality of imprints. As you can see, the type of the substrate and the state of its surface has a very great influence on the quality of the imprints. Result of the research, it has been confirmed that not only expensive paper of a special purpose can be used for a drop ink-jet digital printing. High-quality color imprints can also be obtained on ordinary offset and coated paper, coated before printing with special primers based on interpolymeric complexes of polyvinyl alcohol, which will provide sufficient optical density, contrast of images, and expand the possibilities of digital ink-jet printing.

Дослідження репродукційно-графічних характеристик відбитків трафаретного друку на тканинах

Дослідження репродукційно-графічних характеристик відбитків трафаретного друку на тканинах

Visual Imprinting in Birds: Behavior, Models, and Neural Mechanisms.

Filial imprinting is a process, readily observed in precocial birds, whereby a social attachment is established between a young animal and an object that is typically (although not necessarily) a parent. During a perinatal sensitive period, the young animal learns characteristics of the object (the imprinting stimulus) simply by being exposed to it and will subsequently recognize and selectively approach this stimulus. Imprinting can thus establish a filial bond with an individual adult: a form of social cohesion that may be crucial for survival. Behavioral predispositions can act together with the learning process of imprinting in the formation, maintenance, and modification of the filial bond. Memory of the imprinting stimulus, as well as being necessary for social recognition, is also used adaptively in perceptual classification of sensory signals. features of an imprinting stimulus, such as similarity or difference between stimulus components, can also be recognized. Studies of domestic chicks have elucidated the neural basis of much of the above behavior. This article discusses (1) principal behavioral characteristics of filial imprinting and related predispositions, (2) theoretical models that have been developed to account for this behavior, and (3) physiological results elucidating the underlying neural mechanisms. Interactions between these different levels of analysis have resulted in advancement of all of them. Taken together, the different approaches have helped define strategies for investigating mechanisms of learning, memory, and perception.

Enhanced piezoelectric and imprint characteristics of in situ sputtered Ta-doped Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 thin films on Ir/TiW/SiO2/Si substrates

High quality piezoelectric thin films have been pursued with simpler processing steps without subsequent annealing and poling procedure. Here, the in situ domain formation process of Ta-doped Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 thin films was experimentally verified when the sputtering deposition proceeded with nonconventional buffer electrodes of Ir/TiW. The 2 mol% Ta-doped thin films with ∼2 μm thickness showed promising transverse piezoelectric coefficient e31 of −8.66 C/m2 and enhanced imprint behavior with a coercive field shift Ec,shift of ∼24 kV/cm. These improvements, which are ideally useful for mobile sensor applications, are attributed to the increase in crystallinity and the preferred domain orientation induced by the in situ polarization upon deposition. The incorporation of Ta into the perovskite lattices as a donor seems to help in inducing stronger internal field in the film by forming defects-driven dipoles. Therefore, this internal field might cause a clamping of domain walls, leading to the strong imprint behavior.

Origin of in Situ Domain Formation of Heavily Nb-Doped Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 Thin Films Sputtered on Ir/TiW/SiO2/Si Substrates for Mobile Sensor Applications.

High-quality piezoelectric thin films have recently been in demand for mobile sensor applications. An investigation was conducted to understand the improvements in the piezoelectric and imprint characteristics of heavily Nb-doped lead zirconate titanate thin films with an extensive range of Nb content (up to 14 mol %) beyond the typical solid solubility limit of Nb. The positive effects produced by the unusual doping of Nb were realized by utilizing an in situ sputtering process that did not require a subsequent annealing and poling procedure. An enhanced piezoelectric coefficient, -e31, of -12.87 C/m2 and a stronger shift in the coercive field, Ec,shift, of ∼20 kV/cm, which are ideally useful for mobile sensor applications, were obtained for the 12 mol % Nb-doped films deposited on nonconventional buffer electrodes of Ir/TiW. The reduced oxygen vacancy concentration and preferred domain orientation with a stronger piezoresponse induced by the Nb donor doping contributed to the enhancement of the piezoelectric properties. Potential defect dipoles aligned by a residual stress gradient along columnar structures seemed to induce an internal electric field in the Nb-doped films, leading to the preferred domain orientation, as well as the strong imprint behavior due to a clamping of domain walls.

Кореляційний аналіз взаємозв’язку між характеристиками поверхні захищеного паперу та оптичними характеристиками відбитків

Done correlation analysis of interconnection between the characteristics of protected against forgery paper (roughness parameters and fractal dimension) and optical characteristics of imprints (optical density, color difference), which enabled the prediction of the optical characteristics of impressions and taking into account the differences of optical characteristics in watermark areas and outside them.In this work experimental data of researches physical and technical characteristics, parameters of roughness and fractal dimension of samples of a banknote paper, and also characteristics of the protected paper with water signs are used.The relationship between the characteristics of the surface of the paper and the quality of the optical characteristics of the imprints is best observed when constructing graphical relationships between the relevant indicators. Dependence is established for each banknote paper sample. The calculation of quadratic deviations of experimental data showed a correlation between the characteristics of the surface of the paper and the parameters of optical density (D). Graphic dependencies are approximated by regressive equations with the definition of correlation coefficients.On the basis of the analysis of the obtained results and regression equations, interconnection of the characteristics of the surface of the banknote paper, the ink, the amount of ink on the imprint, which correlates with the optical characteristics, allows us to establish control and quality control. It was found that with increasing values of Ra there is a decrease in the optical density of the imprint and an increase in the optical density of its back (ie, interlacing). With an increase in the optical density of the paper to the lumen, an increase in the optical density of the imprint and a decrease in the optical density of the back of the imprint is observed.There is a tendency to increase the optical density of the imprint and decrease the optical density of the back of the imprint with the increase in the thickness of the paper. The obtained experimental data confirmed theoretical calculations. The error between the experimental data and theoretical calculations is 5–10 %. The advantage of this work is that, under the conditions of multi-series production of banknote products, it is possible to control the quality indices of the imprints for a larger number of materials, compared with the regulated standards.

The improvement of dampening solution for offset printing

Experimental models of dampening fluids with antibacterial additives are developed. The influence of additives on the change in conductivity and acidity of dampening fluids and stability characteristics during operation and storage are studied. Methods of processing dampening fluids to improve their performance level and quality of the final printed product are studied. The work reveals some new facts about the characteristics for printability such as influences of dampening solution’s additives on the color characteristics of imprints. The material is devoted to the study of complex technological environment interference parameters printed contact and method of stabilization for the normalization of quality reproduction images of porous and non­adsorbent materials. There were grounded technological parameters of stable color reproduction by minimizing the ratio of ink transferring on non­adsorbent and porous materials.There were developed for a special purpose additions to regulate the offset printing process and method of their introduction into the technology environment and its control that allows to improve the quality of printed production. The effect of technological environment components on stability of printing process has been determined.

Enhanced photocatalytic activity of molecular imprinted nano α-Fe2O3 by hydrothermal synthesis using methylene blue as structure-directing agent

Molecularly imprinted nano α-Fe2O3 samples were prepared by hydrothermal synthesis using methylene blue as a structure-directing agent. The morphology, microstructure, surface complexation parameters, and surface bonding characteristics of the samples were characterized by XRD, TEM, BET, FTIR, and surface acid-base titration. The results indicates that the adsorption on the molecularly imprinted α-Fe2O3 followed a pseudo 2nd order kinetics, and its adsorption at equilibrium rises by 22% at pH=7. Moreover, the adsorption of methylene blue on α-Fe2O3 was consistent with that of Freundlich isotherm model. Comparative investigation was also carried out to molecularly imprinted nano α-Fe2O3 between methylene blue and p-nitropbenol. Study of XPS revealed that the adsorption between α-Fe2O3 and methylene blue was thought to be a complexation adsorption. Photocatalytic results indicates that the α-Fe2O3 showed 168% (1.68 fold) and 45.8% enhancement in photocatalytic activities toward methylene blue and p-nitrophenol, respectively. Therefore, the nano α-Fe2O3 herein demonstrates strong characteristics of molecular imprinting.

REGULARITIES OF STABILITY FOR PRINTING FORMS OF OFFSET PRINTING WITH DAMPENING IN SHORT RUNS

The complex research for the changes in the properties of the printing plates’ printing and gap elements influenced by the printing process short runs was conducted, that allowed to determine the change of printing and gap elements’ surface microgeometry, also to determine the change of the oxide layer stability, and to explain the decrease of the ink receptivity coefficient. The mathematical regression equation model of the printing plates’ elements’ impact onto the imprints’ optical density in offset printing was developed, that allows estimating and predicting properties of modern brand of printing plate. Work reveals some new facts about characteristics for printability such as influences of printing plate’s elements parameters’ on color characteristics of imprints. Dampening solution, printing plates application and printing settings as well as color features of the imprints are analyzed in the context of offset printing.

The characteristics of imprints appeared in wanpanbon

The characteristics of imprints appeared in wanpanbon

Printing Inks’ Characteristics

Hybrid inks are often used for the advertising products because a variety of effects can serve as an added value. Much attention is paid to the inks application settings, using the hybrid inks at the hi-tech offset equipment and color features of images. The thorough research of the different printing settings with the use of modern inks and efficient equipment, is an urgent problem. Work reveals some new facts about characteristics for printability such as emulsification and influences of ink’s additives on color characteristics of imprints. The experimental inks were developed to define the technological settings of offset printing. The result of research showed that conventional inks have the considerably high degree of emulsification comparing to experimental hybrid inks. Also it was discovered that the UV components influence the emulsification. An optimal water-ink balance and stable printing process can be achieved with adding of 2%-10% of the UV-component to the hybrid inks. Inks application and drying settings as well as color features of the imprints are analyzed in the context of offset printing.

Atomic force microscopy indentation of fluorocarbon thin films fabricated by plasma enhanced chemical deposition at low radio frequency power

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) indentation technique is used for characterization of mechanical properties of fluorocarbon (CF x) thin films obtained from C 4F 8 gas by plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition at low r.f. power (5–30 W) and d.c. bias potential (10–80 V). This particular deposition method renders films with good hydrophobic property and high plastic compliance. Commercially available AFM probes with stiff cantilevers (10–20 N/m) and silicon sharpened tips (tip radius < 10 nm) are used for indentations and imaging of the resulted indentation imprints. Force depth curves and imprint characteristics are used for determination of film hardness, elasticity modulus and plasticity index. The measurements show that the decrease of the discharge power results in deposition of films with decreased hardness and stiffness and increased plasticity index. Nanolithography based on AFM indentation is demonstrated on thin films (thickness of 40 nm) with good plastic compliance.

Ferroelectric Properties and Memory Characteristics of Epitaxial Pb(Zr0.3Ti0.7)O3 Thin Films with Different Thicknesses Crystallized by Hot Isostatic Pressing

Epitaxial Pb(Zr 0.3 Ti 0.7 )O 3 films with different thicknesses and a preferential c-axis orientation were successfully fabricated on PbTiO 3 /Pt(100)/MgO(100) substrates from an amorphous state by hot isostatic pressing (HIP). Based on the results of X-ray pole figures, all the PZT films with ferroelectric layer thicknesses of 100–300 nm after HIP were almost completely epitaxial. Since the 200-nm-thick PZT film has the largest initial pulse-derived switchable polarization and an intermediate reduction rate of the three samples, its polarization fatigue characteristics are relatively superior to these of the others. From the measurements of static imprint characteristics, the observed shifts of the PZT samples apparently decreasing with decreasing film thickness.

Fingerprint stamp for evaluation of polymer flow time constants in thermal nanoimprint

In order to develop an easy to handle, low-cost procedure to derive imprint-relevant characteristic polymer data from simple imprint experiments, a fingerprint stamp was designed and tested. It contains line and dot structures of different, well-graded sizes in the micron range, where the gaps in between are chosen as to assure independent intrusion of the single patterns into the polymer layer. By imprint of this stamp into a well-characterised polymer, PS 350k, a feasibility test was performed. A pattern size dependent change of the imprint characteristics was observed during the imprint under high-shear into thin layers. This is taken as a hint that polymer characterisation from such experiments is indeed possible. Such data can be adopted to optimise an imprint process for mixed pattern sizes ranging from the micron down to the nanometre scale.

Reduction of Process-induced Damage and Improvement of Imprint Characteristics in SrBi2Ta2O9 Capacitors by Postmetallization Annealing

We investigated the effect of process damage induced after capacitor etching procedures in the process of ferroelectric random access memory (FeRAM) fabrication for SrBi2Ta2O9 capacitors. We found that this damage was suppressed by postmetallization annealing (400 °C, 30 min in O2) and that imprint characteristics were improved by the annealing, because active elements such as hydrogen and water induced during contact hole formation on tungsten plugs and first-metal formation are adsorbed effectively by the annealing before they penetrate into these capacitors.