Individual Impressions Research Articles

Online Display Advertising: Modeling the Effects of Multiple Creatives and Individual Impression Histories

Online advertising campaigns often consist of multiple ads, each with different creative content. We consider how various creatives in a campaign differentially affect behavior given the targeted individual's ad impression history, as characterized by the timing and mix of previously seen ad creatives. Specifically, we examine the impact that each ad impression has on visiting and conversion behavior at the advertised brand's website. We accommodate both observed and unobserved individual heterogeneity and take into account correlations among the rates of ad impressions, website visits, and conversions. We also allow for the accumulation and decay of advertising effects, as well as ad wearout and restoration effects. Our results highlight the importance of accommodating both the existence of multiple ad creatives in an ad campaign and the impact of an individual's ad impression history. Simulation results suggest that online advertisers can increase the number of website visits and conversions by varying the creative content shown to an individual according to that person's history of previous ad impressions. For our data, we show a 12.7% increase in the expected number of visits and a 13.8% increase in the expected number of conversions.

Focus on Authors

Focus on Authors

A Novel Concept of Integrated Process Chain for Surgical Splint Generation Based on Clinical Assessment in Orthognathic Surgery

A surgical splint with its individual negative dental impression defines a critical workflow-step in orthognathic surgery. It transfers the planning into a physical guide and in the same way also all the planning error and system deviation. Knowledge from our pioneer study with phantoms and ten clinic cases builds the fundament of this novel concept. It combines optimization in input modality, data preprocessing, GUI, user-interface, virtual planning and splint Generation. Our goal is to establish an integrated process chain that meets the need of the hectic clinical work. Future work is to realize this concept and a gradual adaption of this integrated process line for other patient specific implant planning application.

SLoTマップ：スナップショット・位置・テキストによる印象の集合知と街歩きマップ

SLoT Map is the town map that integrates the collective information of snapshots (S), their locations (Lo) and the descriptive texts (T). It is constructed by the two stage procedure: classification of snapshots and locations, and correspondence analysis of words in the texts. The additional information on the classification stabilizes the analysis of sparse matrix peculiar to the text-mined data. By using collective intelligence, SLoT Map method can translate subjective individual impressions into rather an objective comprehensive expression. We demonstrate the efficiency of the procedure by the SLoT Map around Hongo area in Tokyo.

Stereotyping by omission: Eliminate the negative, accentuate the positive.

Communicators, motivated by strategic self-presentation, selectively underreport negative content in describing their impressions of individuals and stereotypes of groups, particularly for targets whom they view ambivalently with respect to warmth and competence. Communicators avoid overtly inaccurate descriptions, preferring to omit negative information and emphasize positive information about mixed individual targets (Study 1). With more public audiences, communicators increasingly prefer negativity omission to complete accuracy (Study 2), a process driven by self-presentation concerns (Study 3) and moderated by bidimensional ambivalence. Similarly, in an extension of the Princeton Trilogy studies, reported stereotypes of ethnic and national outgroups systematically omitted negative dimensions over 75 years--as anti-prejudice norms intensified--while neutral and positive stereotype dimensions remained constant (Study 4). Multiple assessment methods confirm this stereotyping-by-omission phenomenon (Study 5). Implications of negativity omission for innuendo and stereotype stagnation are discussed.

Editorial Comment

This study of the rate of utilization of various surgical approaches to treat BPH pretty much confirms our individual impressions on what is happening in urological practice. Although a study of a Medicare population, particularly with the men being over 65 years of age, it reasonably matches the typical patient who will undergo a BPH surgical procedure in our own urological practices. Apart from the fact that the average of age of men requiring surgery will typically fall into this age group, we have also often managed to have our younger patients defer surgery into this age group by pharmacotherapy.

The neural dynamics of updating person impressions

Person perception is a dynamic, evolving process. Because other people are an endless source of social information, people need to update their impressions of others based upon new information. We devised an fMRI study to identify brain regions involved in updating impressions. Participants saw faces paired with valenced behavioral information and were asked to form impressions of these individuals. Each face was seen five times in a row, each time with a different behavioral description. Critically, for half of the faces the behaviors were evaluatively consistent, while for the other half they were inconsistent. In line with prior work, dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) was associated with forming impressions of individuals based on behavioral information. More importantly, a whole-brain analysis revealed a network of other regions associated with updating impressions of individuals who exhibited evaluatively inconsistent behaviors, including rostrolateral PFC, superior temporal sulcus, right inferior parietal lobule and posterior cingulate cortex.

Age-related changes to the neural correlates of social evaluation

Recent work suggests the existence of a specialized neural system underlying social processing that may be relatively spared with age, unlike pervasive aging-related decline occurring in many cognitive domains. We investigated how neural mechanisms underlying social evaluation are engaged with age, and how age-related changes to socioemotional goals affect recruitment of regions within this network. In a functional MRI study, 15 young and 15 older adults formed behavior-based impressions of individuals. They also responded to a prompt that was interpersonally meaningful, social but interpersonally irrelevant, or non-social. Both age groups engaged regions implicated in mentalizing and impression formation when making social relative to non-social evaluations, including dorsal and ventral medial prefrontal cortices, precuneus, and temporoparietal junction. Older adults had increased activation over young in right temporal pole when making social relative to non-social evaluations, suggesting reliance on past experiences when evaluating others. Young adults had greater activation than old in posterior cingulate gyrus when making interpersonally irrelevant, compared to interpersonally meaningful, evaluations, potentially reflecting enhanced valuation of this information. The findings demonstrate the age-related preservation of the neural correlates underlying social evaluation, and suggest that functioning in these regions might be mediated by age-related changes in socioemotional goals.

Anatomie en de afdrukprocedure voor een volledige gebitsprothese

Making an impression of an edentulous jaw is an essential part of producing a removable complete denture, because the proper functioning of the denture is partially dependent on the volume and form of the alveolar ridge and the surrounding soft tissue, in particular the musculature. Before the impression of the maxillary and mandibular jaw is made, insight into the anatomy of the maxilla and the mandible as well as the soft oral tissues is also essential. With respect to this, a 5-phase approach for the impression-making procedure is introduced, which gives guidelines for the fabrication of the preliminary impression, the preliminary cast, the individual impression tray, the final impression and the final cast. In each phase, the concern is to achieve the best possible stability of the denture. Adequate stability can only be achieved by determining the denture borders accurately.

ANTIQUENESS AND COARSENESS: UNDERSTANDING KOREAN AESTHETICS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF DAOISM

During the last century, domestic and foreign scholars alike engaged in diverse discourses on Korean aesthetics. However, the majority of these discussions did not take place as part of specialized academic research, but rather consisted solely of authors' renderings of their intuitive judgment or individual impressions. Furthermore, even when attempts were made to discuss theories relating to Korean aesthetics, the majority of these merely focused on the characteristics of Korean arts, and in particular craft items. As these discussions have been carried out within limited frameworks such as those of the uniqueness or identity of Korean aesthetics, these have to some extent become esoteric in nature.As a result, the theory of Korean aesthetics could not overcome the existing framework in which it emerged as a simple by-product in the study of Korean art history. In this regard, there is a need to expand the sphere of the study of Korean aesthetics by examining it from the standpoint of the wider culture known as humanitarianism. Few examinations of Korean aesthetics as part of studies of ideological and religious notions such as those found in Buddhism, Confucianism, Daoism, or Shamanism, or even in everyday life, have been undertaken.To this end, this study intends to conduct a reanalysis from the standpoint of Daoist philosophy, or more specifically, of the religious perspectives contained in Daoism, so as to be able to relativize and generalize Korean aesthetics.

First Impressions of the Face: Predicting Success

The human tendency to form impressions of others is ubiquitous and consequential. Consensus, or agreement among individuals, regarding their first impressions based on the facial appearance of others can lead to the treatment of other individuals in particular ways that shape their outcomes and behaviors. For an impression to be considered accurate it must not only be consensual but must also show correspondence to an external criterion, such as whether impressions of individuals’ leadership ability are related to the performance of their group or organization. Many of our first impressions may not have valid external criteria to enable an assessment of the accuracy of the impression. Yet, whether our impressions are accurate or merely consensual, they can still often predict important outcomes. A limited but growing literature has shown that our impressions can be both consensual and predictive despite important social and perceptual distinctions, such as differences in culture.

Stigmatizing Materialism: On Stereotypes and Impressions of Materialistic and Experiential Pursuits

Five studies examined the stigmatization of materialism. Participants expressed negative stereotypes of materialistic people, considering them to be more selfish and self-centered than experiential people (Study 1). Participants also viewed materialistic pursuits as more extrinsically motivated than experiential pursuits (Study 2). These stereotypes led respondents from varied demographic backgrounds to form less favorable impressions of individuals who were associated with prototypically materialistic versus experiential purchases, a result that was statistically mediated by impressions that materialistic purchases were more extrinsically motivated (Study 3). These differential impressions are primarily attributable to the denigration of materialistic people rather than the admiration of experiential people (Study 4). The stigmatization of materialism led participants to like less and enjoy interacting less with their conversation partners when discussing materialistic rather than experiential purchases (Study 5). The authors discuss these findings' implications for self-perception, accurate social perception, and well-being.

CULTURE, LEADERSHIP, AND NONVERBAL BEHAVIORS: COMPARING THE UNITED STATES, ESTONIA, AND HUNGARY.

Nonverbal behaviors may have an impact on individual impressions and are dependent on cultural values and beliefs. These values and beliefs influence the acceptable behaviors that characterize char...

Person perception by active versus passive perceivers

Person perception research is dominated by studies of passive perceivers who exert no control over the information they receive. In contrast, perceivers in everyday life can often actively choose the type and quantity of information they receive. In this study, active and yoked passive perceivers formed impressions of individuals based on information from Facebook. Compared to active perceivers, passive perceivers reported greater confidence and ease in their judgments. Passive perceivers exhibited greater confidence (though not greater accuracy) with increased information, but active perceivers did not show this effect, placing a boundary condition on past research. Passive perceivers also liked targets more than active perceivers, a finding that is not explained by valence-dependant sampling by active participants, or by misattribution of fluency or greater sensitivity among passive participants. These provocative findings highlight the need to account for active and interactive processes in person perception rather than continuing to focus on passive perceivers.

The influence of facial masking and sex on older adults' impressions of individuals with Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD) involves facial masking, which may impair social interaction. Older adult observers who viewed segments of videotaped interviews of individuals with PD expressed less interest in relationships with women with higher masking and judged them as less supportive. Masking did not affect ratings of men in these domains, possibly because higher masking violates gender norms for expressivity in women but not in men. Observers formed less accurate ratings of the social supportiveness and social strain of women than men, and higher masking decreased accuracy for ratings of strain. Results suggest that some of the problems with social relationships in PD may be due to inaccurate impressions and reduced desire to interact with individuals with higher masking, especially women.

Subjective attractiveness and perceived trendiness in smoking and snus use: a study among young Norwegians

In Norway, there has been a decline in smoking among adults and young people, but there has also been an increase in the use of snus, particularly among young males. Among females, snus use is less common. This study examines to what extent subjective attractiveness (SA) (the individual's personal opinion regarding how attractive a person who smokes/uses snus is) and perceived trendiness (PT) (the individual's impressions of how popular smoking/use of snus is) may contribute to explaining current trends in smoking and snus use among young people in Norway. Data were collected from a national representative sample of 2400 young people (age 16-20) by telephone interviews. Among males, regular smokers were also likely to be regular snus users and vice versa. SA and PT were significant predictors of their respective behaviours (smoking and snus use) and in some cases of the other behaviour. Smoking and snus use were perceived as unattractive, while snus use was perceived to be trendier than smoking. Males, more than females, perceived snus use to be attractive and trendy. This pattern is partly consistent with current changes in tobacco use in the Norwegian population.

The Relevance of a New Generation of Monobloc Posts and Impression Copings for Implant-supported Fixed Partial Dentures: A 2-year Clinical Prospective Study With the FM-Clip System on EVL Implants (SERF)

The use of monobloc posts for implant-supported fixed partial dentures is interesting for biomechanical and biological reasons, but it suffers from a lack of precision during the impression phase. The use of a new generation of monobloc posts associated with individual impression copings with a piston offers a simple and efficient impression procedure for small and medium implant-supported fixed partial dentures. This article presents the FM-Clip system for EVL implants composed of new straight monobloc posts and small impression copings with a piston for precise impressions and easy production of implant-supported fixed partial dentures.

Correlation of cystoscopy with histology of recurrent papillary tumors of the bladder.

We correlated individual urologist impressions of tumor stage and grade of recurrent papillary bladder tumors at cystoscopy with histological findings after transurethral resection to determine whether cystoscopy can reliably identify low grade, noninvasive papillary tumor for outpatient fulguration. A total of 144 recurrent papillary bladder tumors identified on outpatient flexible cystoscopy were classified as low grade and noninvasive (stage Ta grade 1), high grade and noninvasive (stage Ta grade 3) or invasive (stage T1). Voided urine cytology was also performed. The cystoscopic impression of each tumor was correlated with the final histological findings of tumor stage and grade after transurethral resection. Cystoscopy classified 97 tumors as stage Ta grade 1 and 47 as stage Ta grade 3 or stage T1. Cystoscopy correctly predicted the tumor stage and grade of 93% of stage Ta grade 1 and 99% of stage Ta grade 1 lesions associated with negative urine cytology. Urologists can usually identify noninvasive, low grade recurrent papillary tumors on followup cystoscopy that may be treated safely with outpatient fulguration.

O22 Eating behaviour of institutionalized elderly people in relation to tongue cleaning

Introduction Backing the oral hygiene of elderly people in need of care is an important task for geriatric nursing personal. Tongue cleaning has been generally recommended to improve the oral hygiene status, to prevent the development of oral malodour, and to improve the sense of taste. In Germany, no official recommendations for oral hygiene procedures in hospitals or nursing homes are available and if tongue cleaning is performed a regular toothbrush or a wooden spatula are mainly used. So far, only limited data have been published regarding the influence of tongue cleaning on taste sensation.Aim Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate, whether a regime of daily tongue cleaning with a specially designed tongue cleaner could improve the eating behaviour of institutionalised elderly patients.Methods The study population consisted of 150 edentulous occupants (mean age 74 ± 4 s.d.) of a nursing home in Goettingen. Each subject served as its own control. During the test phase of 2 weeks each participant received five times daily a tongue cleaning procedure using the One Drop Only tongue cleaner (One Drop Only, Berlin; Germany; a combination of a tongue brush and a tongue scraper). During the control run the tongue cleaning was carried out also five times daily over a 2‐week period using a regular toothbrush. All procedures were performed by a carefully instructed geriatric nurse. As a measure for the eating behaviour the amount of spurned and returned drinks and food was determined by weighing. The individual impression of taste was also determined by using a questionnaire. All subjects were able to eat and drink without assistance.Results During the test period the subjects reported an increased appetite and only 18.3% of the served food and 17.1% of the served drinks were spurned and returned. In contrast, during the control phase the subjects returned 52% of the food and 53.2% of the drinks. These differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05, t‐test n. FERGUSON: α = 1%; f = 8; t = 3.37).Conclusion From our data we can conclude that the daily use of a specially designed tongue cleaner (One Drop Only) was capable of improving the appetite of institutionalised elderly patients. (This study was carried out without knowledge and support of the One Drop Only Company).

Prejudice and Stereotype Maintenance Processes: Attention, Attribution, and Individuation.

Three experiments examined the relationship between prejudice and processing of stereotypic information. Higher levels of prejudice were associated with greater attention to and more thorough encoding of stereotype-inconsistent than stereotype-consistent behaviors but only when processing capacity was plentiful (Experiments 1 and 3). High-prejudice participants attributed consistent behaviors to internal factors and inconsistent behaviors to external forces (Experiment 2). Together, these results suggest that high-prejudice people attend carefully to inconsistent behaviors to explain them away but only if they have sufficient resources to do so. Results also showed that low-prejudice but not high-prejudice participants formed individuated impressions by integrating the implications of the target's behaviors (i.e., individuating). High levels of prejudice appear to be associated with biased encoding and judgment processes that may serve to maintain stereotypes.