Impressive Dimensions Research Articles

Harmony between Colors and Fragrances: Effect on Dimensions of Impressions

The objective of this study is to extract dimensions in impressions of colors and fragrances, and to examine their harmonious relationship. Experiment A: One hundred subjects were requested to describe their impressions of eight fragrances, and to select harmonious/disharmonious colors from color charts. Experiment B: One hundred subjects described their impression of 18 colors and each color's degree of harmonization with each of the eight fragrances. In addition, we combined the results of Experiment A and Experiment B, and conducted several analyses. The factor analysis revealed the MILD factor and CLEAR factor for the dimensions of each fragrance, color, and combination of color and fragrance. The multiple regression analysis revealed the following tendency: the smaller the distance between colors and fragrances on the dimensions, the greater is the rise in harmony; conversely, the greater the distance, the greater is the disharmony.

Harmonious color model with fragrances

The purpose of this study was to create a harmonious color model with fragrance, depending on the similarity of impressions from the color and the fragrance. This study consisted of two experiments. Experiment 1, our objective was to extract dimensions in fragrance impressions and consider harmonious/disharmonious colors with each fragrance. One hundred subjects were asked to evaluate their impression of eight fragrances (by the Semantic Differencial method) and to select harmonious colors and disharmonious colors with each fragrance from color chart consisted of 18 colors. By factor analysis, MILD factor and CLEAR factor were extracted for the dimensions of fragrance impressions. Also, by multiple regression analysis, we could construct predictive formulas of harmonious/disharmonious color for fragrance. Experiment 2, we confirmed the predictive formulas in Experiment 1 reversibly. We asked 80 subjects to evaluate their impressions, degree of MILD and CLEAR, of 15 fragrances by the Visual Analog Scale. Subjects were also asked to select harmonious colors and disharmonious colors with each fragrance from 18-color chart. To calculate the predictive rates of selection of harmonious/disharmonious colors with each fragrance, we applied the MILD and CLEAR scores of 15 fragrances to the predictive formulas in Experiment 1. We also calculated the correlation coefficient between those predictive rates and the actual rates of selection of harmonious/disharmonious colors that we get in Experiment 2. As a result, we found that the predictive formulas were quite accurate in most cases, suggesting that it is possible to develop a harmonious color model for fragrance. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2012

Towards Conceptualizing Child Wellbeing in India: The Need for a Paradigm Shift

Globally, there is a vast array of social indicators, many of these specifically oriented to the lives, experience and needs of children. This approach is much more advanced in developed economies and rich countries, where the focus has widened and shifted progressively towards a full recognition of the non-monetary dimensions of child wellbeing. At present, there would appear to be a propitious academic, activist and policy conjuncture for the widening of the discourse on child deprivation in India. This environment is created partly by the emerging reporting requirements and exhortations of the international development regime. But it is also fuelled by dissatisfaction over the inability of the existing methodologies, dominated by the reductionist monetary poverty line approach, to provide a meaningful intellectual or operational frame for contending with issues of child wellbeing in a holistic manner. The basic argument of this paper is that a double paradigm shift is urgently necessary: from mainstream approaches which tend to focus overwhelmingly on the material poverty and deprivation experienced by some children, deemed by definition to be those in households-in-poverty, to one that widens the field of vision to include both material and non-material dimensions of wellbeing of all children. Clearly, fresh epistemological and methodological challenges will have to be met with innovative and creative responses. It is time for India to catch up with best practices in rich countries, and given the impressive dimensions of India’s academic and professional infrastructure, this should not be an unrealistic goal.

Not Man Apart: The Dialogue between Nature and Art in François Cheng’s Le Dit de Tianyi

Francois Cheng, the first Chinese-French member of l'Academie francaise, is a poet, novelist, essayist, translator, art specialist, and an accomplished calligrapher. Dit de Tianyi, his first novel, winner of the literary prize Femina, was published in 1998. Frequently characterized as a Bildungsroman, the story of an individual's growth, it has also been analyzed as a Kunstlerroman, the development of an artist. Dit de Tianyi is a complex, multifaceted work which also highlights themes such as revolution and its repercussions on the people, the artists, and the physical landscape of China. This study will focus on one prominent aspect of the novel: the intimate connection between human beings, the natural environment, and the arts. For the protagonist Tianyi, everything in nature is connected to art, and both are as necessary to him as food and water. The interwoven themes of physical and symbolic hunger and thirst are inextricably linked to nature and art which both have the ability to nourish and heal. Tianyi's inquisitive spirit takes him on a physical, spiritual, and artistic quest to understand his place on Earth and his role as an artist. It is simultaneously a journey to the depths of a human soul and a geographic, spiritual, and artistic expedition that articulates the meeting of East and West. Historically, Western cultures have been predominantly anthropocentric, whereas in the East, cultures have typically cultivated a harmonious and communal relationship with the natural world and the universe. Dit de Tianyi considers these two visions of the natural world, as it showcases the Eastern perspective. In his essay Dialogue, Cheng writes that for him, Le diamant du lexique francais, pour moi, c'est le substantif 'sens' (5). He explains that ce mot polysemique cristallise en quelque sorte les trois niveaux essentiels de notre existence au sein de l'univers vivant : sensation, direction, signification (5). We experience the natural world through all our senses: hearing, sight, smell, touch, and taste. Furthermore, direction is vital as we constantly amble forward and press onward on Earth. And finally, perceptions and direction fuse to create meaning. I propose that the three essential levels of meaning contained in this jewel of the French language are intertwined and are the foundation of Tianyi's being-in-the-world and experience of nature and art. The novel takes place in China, France, the Netherlands, and Italy. It can be read symbolically with its characters being both individuals and emblematic figures. On another level, the novel recounts the enormous hardships endured during the Sino-Japanese war, the civil war, and the Cultural Revolution. Tianyi's memoirs attest to the fact that, in spite of struggles to kill the spirit of artists, writers, and intellectuals, the will to love, the spirit of art, and the harmony between human beings and the natural world, while quelled, were never eradicated. Tianyi's life journey leads him down many tortuous paths, across great distances, confronting frequent physical and emotional challenges. As he traverses China, he expresses awe at the impressive dimensions of the country, the diversity of the scenery, and the beauty of quiet intimate corners. Although Tianyi describes exquisite mist wrapped mountains and luxuriant vegetation, he contrasts them with horrific scenes of inhuman cruelty, showing both the good and evil inherent in the world. The multiple spatial areas play an essential role in the narrative and are crucial to identity construction, since they contribute to Tianyi's sense of self, as he alternately experiences security and uprootedness. Direction, errantry, exile, and the changes that accompany displacement in time and space, are recurrent themes throughout the novel. Edouard Glissant's theory of nomadism, identity, and relation offers insight into Tianyi's identity as a wanderer, De l'exil a l'errance, la mesure commune est la racine, qui en l'occurrence fait defaut (23). …

The Effects of Disinfectants on Dimensional Accuracy and Surface Quality of Impression Materials and Gypsum Casts

BackgroundThe study aimed to evaluating the effect of disinfecting impression materials on the dimensional accuracy and surface quality of the resulting casts.MethodsImpressions of a steel die constructed according to ANSI/ADA specification No.18 were made with each of alginate, addition cured silicone, condensation cured silicone and zinc oxide eugenol paste, and disinfected consequently by each of 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate, 1% sodium hypochlorite, 2% gluteraldehyde for 5 minutes, and 0.5% sodium hypochlorite for 10 minutes. Dimensions of the disinfected impressions and their resultant casts were measured using a computerized digital caliper, and the dimensional changes were calculated. Reproduction of detail and surface quality of the resultant casts were assessed by grading casts surfaces according to a specific scoring system.ResultsThe 0.5% sodium hypochlorite was found to produce the least dimensional changes in all the impression materials. Corsodyl produced the maximum changes in both alginate and zinc-oxide eugenol while addition-cured silicon was most affected by Gluteraldehyde and condensation-cured silicon was most affected by Hexana. The dimensional changes, however, were minimal and clinically insignificant. Addition-cured silicon showed the best surface quality and dimensional stability followed by condensation-cured silicon. Alginate and zinc-oxide eugenol had poorer surface quality and were affected to a higher extent by the disinfection procedures.ConclusionsThe results were comparable with the standard specifications for dimensional stability. Recommendations were made for the use of 10 minutes immersion in 0.5% sodium hypochlorite as the most appropriate disinfection protocol to the investigated impression materials.KeywordsDisinfectants; Gypsum casts; Impressions; Alginate; Addition-cured silicone; Sodium hypochlorite

Application of strength properties determined by nanoindentations to describe the material response in micro- and macro-indentation

The application of materials’ strength properties determined by nanoindentations to describe analytically micro- and macro-scale procedures such as Vickers, Rockwell and ball indentation is investigated. Various materials were tested by nanoindentations and their stress–strain curves and hardness were determined by appropriate evaluation of the related measurements’ results via FEM-based algorithms. Based on these properties, the contact geometry between the indenter and the specimen during micro- and macro-indentations, as well as the remaining impression dimensions after unloading were defined via FEM-supported calculations. The correlation between experimental and computational results concerning the hardness values and impression data was satisfactory.

의복의 색과 문양이 의복착용자 인상에 미치는 영향 - 남녀 대학생을 중심으로 -

The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of motif categories and motif colors on evaluating impressions of dress wearers. The research was conducted on a quasi experimental basis, with subjects numbering 187 male and 207 female college students. Data were collected in the period from march 19th to march 31st, 2007. A set of stimuli of dress wearers and semantic differential scales were developed. The stimuli were thirteen photographs editing by Youngwoo CAD system. Variables included; (a) motif colour(red, blue, achromatic and white) (b) motif categories(flower, paisley, stripes, zebra effect and plain). The semantic differential scale to measure impressions of dress wearer stimuli included 22 sets of hi-polar adjectives. The data were analysed by factor analysis and ANOVA and the major finding were as follows. Four factors emerged to account for dimension of impression. There were salience, attractiveness, comfort and femininity. The motif category effected on the four impression dimensions while the motif color effected on salience, comfort and softness sensory dimensions, and the results supported the gestalt theory of the impression perception.

Comparison Of The Dimensional Stability Of Alginate Impressions Disinfected With 1% Sodium Hypochlorite Using The Spray Or Immersion Method

To determine and compare the dimensional stability of alginate impressions disinfected with Sodium hypochlorite using the spray and immersion methods. Alginate impressions of a master model of truncated metal cones were made and disinfected with 1% sodium hypochlorite constituted from 3.5% household bleach using the spray and immersion technique for 10; 20 and 30 minutes. Impressions were cast in dental stone and the linear dimensional differences between the inter-abutment distances were measured with an electronic caliper. One sample T test and percentage differences were calculated. There were no statistically significant differences in dimensions of alginate impressions of the control and those disinfected by either spraying or immersion methods when compared with the master model at 10 minutes. However, there was a statistically significant difference at 20 and 30 minutes. The spray technique showed the least percentage difference from the master model. Disinfection of alginate impressions with 1% sodium hypochlorite constituted from commercially available household bleach by the spray or immersion techniques for ten minutes will produce casts with minimal dimensional changes.

The Impression Effect on Clothing Styles and Make-up Types of Woman in Her Twenties

The propose of the study was to evaluate impression effects and likeness of clothing styles and make-up types. The stimuli were composed of 4 clothing styles(base, natural, romantic, classic) and 4 make-up types(no make-up, natural, romantic, classic). The subjects were 512 male and female university students in Daejeon and Chungnam province. The study consisted of a survey and quasi- experiment. The experimental materials used for this study were 16 stimuli, 32 hi-polar adjectives, and likeness scale were composed of 7-point Likert type scales. As a result, the clothing styles and make-up types effected on the 4 impressional dimensions: grace, evaluation, salience, and dynamism. The clothing styles effected on grace, salience and dynamism dimension and the effect of dynamism dimension was the most powerful among the dimensions. The make-up types effected on all of the 4 impression dimensions and the effect of salience dimension was the most powerful among the dimensions. The interaction effects existed between the clothing styles and make-up types in salience dimension. The likeness showed significant difference only on the make-up types. The effect of grace dimension was the most powerful among the dimensions. The main reason that make-up effect appears greatly could be analyzed into that clothes color is controlled by white. The results suggest the necessity of succession study about the effect of clothes color.

컬러코디네이션 기법이 남성착용자의 인상에 미치는 영향 (제2보) - 톤 인 톤 배색을 중심으로 -

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of shirt color, tie color, tone, perceiver' gender on impression formation by applying tone-in-tone coloration of shirt and necktie: coloration of two colors. This experiment was designed to utilize the <TEX>$2{\times}6{\times}4{\times}2$</TEX> factorial designs. and they are shirt color(red, blue), tie color(red, yellow red, yellow, green, blue, purple), tone(vivid, light, dull, dark), and perceiver' gender(a male, a female). The experimental materials developed for this study were a set of stimulus and response scales. The stimuli were 48 upper body photographs which were color outputs by CAD system(4D-box program). The subjects of this research were 288 male and 288 female college students. There were established impression dimension from factor analysis 27 bi-polar adjectives and investigated the effect of interaction between each variable affected impression formations. The items of the adjectives are classified into 4 Impression dimensions: activity, potency, attractiveness, and tenderness. Shirt color, tie color, tone, and perceiver' gender influenced on impression formation. Specially, tie color and tone influenced on the 4 impression dimension greatly by interaction as well as independently. As a result tie is very important clue of impression formation in tone-in-tone coloration of shirt and necktie. Even though tie occupies only a small area in men's clothes it has great effect since it is close to the face.

Different Make-up Styles for CG Characters Using Texture Synthesis:-Applying the Positioning Analysis Method for the Impression Evaluation-

In this study, we evaluated observers' impressions on different styles of make-up applications. We showed the observers various styles of make-up for 3DCG characters, and they scored their impression of the made-up faces. In experiment 1, to identify the impression dimensions for the made-up faces, we had 38 undergraduate subjects evaluate 4 make-up styles using 23 adjectives. As a result, we extracted 2 factors, "external appearance" and "internal feeling" about the characters. In experiment 2, we had 70 undergraduate subjects evaluate 5 make-up styles using 7 adjectives. We applied the “positioning analysis" method for the SD data, and mapped the loading values for make-up styles (targets) and adjectives (scales) on a 2 dimensional plane. The results showed that the adjectives were different for each make-up styles, suggesting that the impression of CG characters can be controlled by make-up using texture synthesis.

Is Cultural-Historical Activity Theory Threatened to Fall Short of its Own Principles and Possibilities as a Dialectical Social Science?

In recent years, many researchers engaged in diverse areas and approaches of “cultural-historical activity theory” (CHAT) realized an increasing international interest in Lev S. Vygotsky’s, A. N. Leont’ev’s, and A. Luria’s work and its continuations. Not so long ago, Yrjö Engeström noted that the activity approach was still “the best-held secret of academia” (p. 64) and highlighted the “impressive dimension of theorizing behind” it. Certainly, this remark reflects a time when CHAT was off the beaten tracks. But if this situation begins to change today, in which direction will CHAT be heading? Will it continue to be one of those projects “unique for its practical, political, and civic engagement” committed “to ideals of social justice, equality, and social change” as it was in the beginning (Stetsenko &amp; Arievitch, 2004, p. 58)? Although a positive future of CHAT seems to lie ahead, we consider in this article some of the problematics that may challenge all those who want to pass the “impressive dimensions of theorizing” from “insider” circles to a larger audience and from one generation to another as well as encourage newcomers to become part of this tradition through critical engagement in its theory and practice. A key to these engagements, we suggest, is not only the comprehensive empirical and philosophical basis, but also the role of dialectics as both topic and method. Therefore, the challenge for newcomers (as well as for “old-timers”) to take on the tradition of CHAT is not a small one indeed. We assume that a major reason for the increasing interest in CHAT lies in its potential to provide a non-reductionist approach to human development, which is due to its affinity to dialectics; however, the close interrelation to a tradition that reaches back to the theories of Georg W.F. Hegel and Karl Marx, among others, is not the easiest to master.In consideration of these difficulties, the purpose of this article is to investigate how contemporary approaches within CHAT can continue to provide a dialectical framework to preserve and renew the critical intention of this tradition, and how we run the risk of losing this sting. Thereby, we sensitize researchers to the problem of developing a cultural-historical approach within a historical situation that confronts us with new, unanswered questions. In this light, we also problematize the use of scientific language, for it may lead us to speak and argue un-dialectically when in fact we intend or ought to think dialectically.This article seeks to convey insights and arguments of how we can relate our theoretical approaches to a tradition of dialectical thinking and in what ways this is paramount for a critical engagement in theory and practice. In the first part, we therefore discuss not only some major theorems in Hegel’s and Marx’s work but also, and above all, Vygotsky’s way of developing the cultural-historical approach of psychology. Second, we argue that the contemporary, widely known version of CHAT, related to Yrjö Engeström’s theoretical and empirical work, neglects different aspects of dialectical thinking and consequently narrows its potential to a socio-critical approach to societal practice and human development. A crucial question of this scrutiny will be the notion of contradictions and how development is supposed to be achieved. In general, our intention is not only to clarify the role of dialectics as a method for activity theory but also to problematize the role of the subjects of research in CHAT and to confront ourselves with the problems of practicing and developing a critical science in face of a complex and challenging societal world.

Navels of the earth: sedentism in early mound-building cultures in the lower Mississippi valley

Middle Archaic (7400–5100 bp) fisher-hunter-gatherers living alongside the Lower Mississippi River were not fully sedentary but still managed to build mound complexes of impressive dimensions. The Poverty Point earthwork, built rapidly sometime after 3700 bp, was the work of a sedentary fisher-hunter-gatherer people, the Tamaroha. The colossal earthwork, the explosion of material culture, the far-reaching exchange and the swift accommodations to growing population were both cause and consequence of sedentism.

Mucilage microcosms

In the summers of 2000, 2001 and 2002, large amounts of sticky mucilaginous material aggregated to form masses of impressive dimensions over large areas of the Adriatic Sea, particularly in its northern part. Aggregates differing in size were sampled by SCUBA divers and submitted to chemical (nutrient and organic matter concentrations) and biological analysis (virus, bacteria and phytoplankton abundances and bacterial metabolism). Suspended and sinking mucilaginous aggregates were biota-rich environments where the abundance of planktonic organisms and the concentration of nutrients were orders of magnitude higher than in the surrounding seawater. The embedded phytoplankton was mostly composed of diatoms, but the dinoflagellate Gonyaulax fragilis, previously reported in association with the aggregates, was also present. A variety of processes occurred within the mucilaginous aggregates which resulted in the transformation of the organic matter composition and lability and contributed to a partial degradation of mucilage. For an efficient degradation of mucilage, several conditions are necessary: high bacterial abundance and activity and an efficient recycling of nutrients within the aggregates. Most of these conditions, appear to change depending on the type and age of the aggregate. During the first phase of aggregation (cobwebs and ribbons), bacterial activities addressed the degradation of organic matter, particularly that of the nitrogen fraction. The degradation products were rapidly taken up by bacteria, supporting an increase in their abundance and production. In aged mucilage (clouds), the degradation processes decreased and the bacterial metabolism suggested the presence of new organic labile compounds probably due to phytoplankton production. On the basis of our results, stringers, generally considered the first step of the aggregation process, seemed to be the result of a mechanical disruption of other types of aggregates.

5 - Higher Education in Ethiopia: The Vision and Its Challenges

Ethiopia is embarked on a higher education expansion and reform programme of impressive dimensions. Expansion will create new universities, establish three sys- tem support agencies, mount new courses, and triple enrolments. Reforms intro- duce increased institutional autonomy, curriculum revisions, new funding arrange- ments and student contributions by means of a graduate tax. This article analyses current higher education reform efforts in Ethiopia. It begins by sketching the so- cial context in which higher education is situated and describing the country’s higher education system. An assessment of tertiary education financing follows. Management capacities and efficiency in the use of these resources are then dis- cussed, noting the particular challenges posed by HIV/AIDS. Educational quality and relevance are subsequently addressed. Analysis points out potential weaknesses in the reform programme but concludes that enrolment expansion targets are likely to be met. However, the dynamics of expansion may well generate difficulties in maintaining educational quality.

Reliability and validity of judgments of sound quality in elderly hearing aid wearers.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate a particular sound-quality rating procedure, referred to here as the Judgments of Sound Quality (JSQ) test, for potential use as an outcome measure with elderly hearing aid wearers. The validity and reliability of the JSQ as an outcome measure were determined for unaided and aided listening conditions. A repeated-measures design was employed with two primary independent variables, each with two values: 1) aided condition (aided versus unaided listening); and 2) trial (test versus retest). Sixteen elderly, hearing-impaired hearing aid users participated in the study. The participants provided ratings on eight dimensions of sound quality (softness, brightness, clarity, fullness, nearness, loudness, spaciousness, and total impression) under four stimulus conditions (speech at 65 dB SPL with a +8 dB signal-to-noise ratio, speech at 65 dB SPL in quiet, music at 90 dB SPL, and music at 75 dB SPL). Test and retest ratings were obtained in both unaided and aided conditions. No significant differences were found between median test and retest scores on the JSQ. The median ratings for each sound-quality dimension were found to have moderate test-retest reliability, with test-retest correlations (r) ranging from 0.20 to 0.73 (median r value = 0.58) for the unaided listening condition, and from 0.23 to 0.85 (median r value = 0.51) for the aided listening condition. Test validity was established through significant differences in JSQ ratings for various stimulus pairs (e.g., speech in quiet versus speech in noise). In addition, significant differences were observed between unaided and aided ratings for the dimensions of clarity, nearness, loudness, and total impression with aided JSQ ratings approaching normative "ideal" values established previously. The JSQ appears to be a potentially useful measure of hearing aid outcome, especially when using group data to document the benefits of amplification. Additional efforts should be directed at improving the reliability of the JSQ, however, before application to hearing aid wearers on an individual basis.

Cross arch and antero–posterior dimen-sional changes of impressions and stone casts at different storage times

The aim of study is to evaluate the linear dimensional changes (cross arch, antero–posterior dimensions) of imp-ressions and die stone casts of two brands of addition silicone impression materials (Express and President) for special master model using two–steps (putty–wash) tech-nique, at different storage times before pouring of impression, by using of three dimensional measuring machine and to compare between the accuracy of the two brands of impression materials. The results indicated that a significant difference between the interabutment dist-ances of impression and die stone casts. The Express impression materials produce the most accurate results. There is slightly increase in inter-abutment distances of stone casts. At one hour storage time there are the smallest dimensional changes of impressions and stone casts in relation to construction of complete–arch fixed partial denture.

Audiologic presentation of cerebellopontine angle cholesteatoma.

The aim of this study was to examine the audiologic presentation of patients with cerebellopontine angle (CPA) cholesteatoma. Retrospective case review. Neuro-otologic tertiary referral centre. The study population consisted of 11 patients with CPA cholesteatomas. The patients underwent a standard audiologic investigation in the preoperative setting, which consisted of pure-tone audiometry, speech audiometry, and auditory brainstem response (ABR). The audiologic parameters that were analyzed were the pure-tone threshold, pure-tone average (PTA), and speech discrimination scores (SDSs). The morphology and latency of the ABR were evaluated. In addition, the clinical and radiologic presentations of the lesions were reviewed. The mean PTA in the diseased ear was 22.6 dB HL (SD 18.2), whereas in the contralateral ear, it was 19.1 dB HL (SD 19.6). In 4 patients, the hearing loss was asymmetric, with the diseased ear being the worse ear. The mean SDS was 82.28% in the affected ear and 95.28% in the contralateral ear. ABR was abnormal in 9 of 10 cases (90%), with only the affected ear being abnormal in 4 cases. In the other 5 cases, the ABR was bilaterally abnormal. CPA cholesteatomas are very slow-growing lesions that involve the eighth cranial nerve. The paucity and insidious onset of symptoms mean that the diagnosis is often late, permitting the lesions to reach impressive dimensions at the time of diagnosis. Although magnetic resonance imaging represents the gold standard in the diagnosis of these lesions, ABR proved to be of value in the assessment of the auditory pathway, especially in those patients referred with a vague symptomatology and with normal hearing.

Concert hall research: Balancing complexity and practicality

An approach that has carefully balanced complexity and practicality has led to several new developments in concert hall research. These new developments are reviewed and their practical implications are explored. The two separate dimensions of spatial impression, apparent source width and listener envelopment, are each related to different physical parameters. The relationship between these acoustical parameters and the design of halls will be explored. For example, listener envelopment is related to the relatively late arriving lateral sound energy. Measurements in a number of halls will be used to explore how this and other acoustical measures of spatial impression are related to hall design. This same new understanding of spatial impression can also further enhance our understanding of sound fields under balconies and help us to design improved electroacoustic enhancement systems. Spatial impression is also influenced by sound level and especially by lower frequency levels. The importance of levels and the balance between high- and low-frequency levels has often been neglected. New work relating the perception of bass and treble sound to different factors will be reviewed. Previous studies and new analyses will be used to explore how hall design can influence perceptions of tonal balance in concert halls.

Mass spectrometry and geochronology

The physical method of geochronology is based on the measurement of isotopic ratios by mass spectrometry. Geochronology, as an essential field of endeavor in the earth sciences, would not have been possible without mass spectrometry, and these two endeavors have developed in a mutually cooperative manner over the past 50 years. In fact, the mutual development of these two fields is an excellent example of the interplay between science and technology. The demand for improved mass spectrometric instrumentation to satisfy the increasingly exacting requirements of age determinations has led to a succession of technological advances in mass spectrometry. These advances have, in turn, enabled geochronology to reach a level of scientific achievement of impressive dimensions. The deceptively simple design of the 60° sector field mass spectrometer by A. O. Nier in the 1940s was the foundation on which geochronology was established. Over the past 50 years, technological advances have enabled the sector field instrument to meet most of the requirements of the various geochronological techniques that have been developed during this period of time. During the past 20 years or so, however, radically new mass spectrometers have been developed. Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) enables geochronologists to analyze U- or Th-bearing minerals in situ to obtain accurate U, Th-Pb ages. These double-focusing mass spectrometers have revolutionized mineral age determinations. Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) has applied techniques developed in nuclear physics to measure short-lived cosmogenic nuclides such as 14C, 26Al, and 129I to provide information on geologically short-term events in a more efficient manner than by radioactive-counting methods. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) allows for the rapid determination of the abundances of almost all elements in solid and liquid samples, and is now being applied to geochronology systems. This review examines the interplay between the evolution of mass spectrometric instrumentation and the development of geochronology over the past 50 years. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 17, 97–125, 1998