Impregnation Time Research Articles

Optimization of process parameters to intensify the yield rate of biodiesel derived from waste and inedible Carthamus lanatus (L.) Boiss. seeds and examine the fuel properties with pre-heated water emulsion

Second-generation biodiesels derived from non-edible feedstocks are a viable alternative to diesel, and the transformation of Asteraceae seeds into biodiesel is the topic of some fascinating research. In the earlier experiments, no attempt was made to optimize Carthamus lanatus (L.) biodiesel (CLB) for a higher yield rate and to discover whether it was suitable for use with a pre-heated water emulsion. The current study aims to extract biodiesel from Carthamus lanatus (L.) Boiss. seeds under optimal conditions, evaluate the effect of reaction parameters on yield rate and determine the appropriateness of pre-heated water-CLB emulsion for fuel applications. The reaction parameters such as catalyst concentration (CC), methanol ratio (MR), impregnation time (ITE) and impregnation temperature (ITP) were optimized using response surface methodology. The function group and chemical constituents of CLB were assessed by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The CLB was blended with various volume concentrations of pre-heated water and their physicochemical properties were assessed. With CC of 2.51737%, MR of 11.0135:1, ITP of 115.625 °C, and ITE of 140.292 min, the CLB yield rate is intensified to 94.51%, and the ITE has a major influence (52%) on yield rate. The FTIR report indicates that the carbon-based components are significantly contributed, and the GC-MS report states that linoleic acid has a maximum contribution. Physicochemical properties reveal that CLB is a suitable alternative to diesel and that up to 15% of the pre-heated water contained in CLB can be used as a direct fuel.

Effect of Chemical Pre-Treatment on the Catalytic Performance of Oil Palm EFB Fibre Supported Magnetic Acid Catalyst

The development of heterogenous catalysts using renewable materials has received wide attention. A heterogenous catalyst has been a preferred choice as it evades the disadvantages of homogeneous catalysts, nevertheless, heterogenous catalysts has limited activity and a longer separation process. The current study emphasises the preparation of a new magnetic catalyst using oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) fibre as a carbon-based support material. The effect of different alkaline pre-treatments over the methyl ester conversion rate were investigated. The catalyst preparation parameters were studied by using the single factor optimisation approach, including the fibre loading, impregnation time, calcination temperature, and calcination time. Their effects in the esterification of oleic acid were investigated in this study. The optimisation study shows that the Na2CO3-treated(T)-EFBC magnetic catalyst had the highest esterification rate of 93.5% with 7 g EFB fibre loading, a 2 h impregnation time and a calcination temperature of 500 °C for 2 h. The catalyst possessed a good acidity of 3.5 mmol/g with excellent magnetism properties. This study showed that the catalysts are magnetically separable and exhibited good stability with 82.1% after five cycles. The oil palm EFB supported magnetic acid catalyst indicates it as a potential option to the existing solid catalysts that is economical and environmentally friendly for the esterification process.

Enhanced Preservative Performance of Pine Wood through Nano-Xylan Treatment Assisted by High-Temperature Steam and Vacuum Impregnation.

This study used environmentally friendly nano-xylan to enhance the drug loading and preservative performance (especially against white-rot fungi) of pine wood (Pinus massoniana Lamb), determine the best pretreatment, nano-xylan modification process, and analyze the antibacterial mechanism of nano-xylan. High-temperature, high-pressure steam pretreatment-assisted vacuum impregnation was applied to enhance the nano-xylan loading. The nano-xylan loading generally increased upon increasing the steam pressure and temperature, heat-treatment time, vacuum degree, and vacuum time. The optimal loading of 14.83% was achieved at a steam pressure and temperature of 0.8 MPa and 170 °C, heat treatment time of 50 min, vacuum degree of 0.08 MPa, and vacuum impregnation time of 50 min. Modification with nano-xylan prohibited the formation of hyphae clusters inside the wood cells. The degradation of integrity and mechanical performance were improved. Compared with the untreated sample, the mass loss rate of the sample treated with 10% nano-xylan decreased from 38 to 22%. The treatment with high-temperature, high-pressure steam significantly enhanced the crystallinity of wood.

Preparation and characterization of non-isocyanate polyurethane resins derived from tannin of Acacia mangium bark for the modification of ramie fibers

Abstract The purpose of this research was to create bio-based non-isocyanate polyurethane (Bio-NIPU) resins derived from the tannin of Acacia mangium Willd. bark for the impregnation of ramie fibres (Boehmeria nivea L.) and to investigate the properties of impregnated fibres. Tannin was extracted from the bark of A. mangium using hot water. Tannin-bio-NIPU resin was created using dimethyl carbonate and hexamine. Based on the findings, it is possible to conclude that tannin extract from the bark of Acacia mangium can be used effectively as a renewable alternative to toxic polyols in the development of tannin-Bio-NIPU resins. FTIR spectroscopy was used to confirm the urethane bond formed on the tannin-Bio-NIPU resins. Thermal and mechanical analysis were used to investigate the properties of tannin-Bio-NIPU resins and ramie fibres before and after impregnation. This study shows that the impregnation time of ramie fiber using tannin-Bio-NIPU resins is 30 minutes. The reaction between tannin-Bio-NIPU resins with ramie fiber forms the C=O urethane group as confirmed by FTIR Spectroscopy. The characterization results show that tannin-Bio-NIPU resins has ability to modify ramie fiber via impregnation in order to increase its mechanical properties, thus enhancing its potential for wider industrial application as a functional material.

Preparation of curcumol-loaded magnetic metal-organic framework using supercritical solution impregnation process

A metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)-based drug delivery system was prepared by supercritical solution impregnation (SSI) technology. Firstly, core-shell structured Fe3O4@UiO-66 composite was synthesized by in situ growth of MOFs layers on the surface of carboxy-functionalized Fe3O4. The composite exhibited superparamagnetic properties with a magnetization saturation of 5.51 emu/g, allowing magnetic targeting and MR imaging along with effective drug loading and controlled release. A hydrophobic anti-cancer drug, curcumol (CUR) was encapsulated into the synthesized composite using the SSI process and ethanol impregnation. The effects of impregnating solvent, impregnation time, impregnation temperature and impregnation pressure on the drug loading content were investigated. In SSI process, the drug load reached impregnation equilibrium within 2 h. In the range of pressure 10–20 MPa and temperature 40–60 °C, the drug loading content was varied from 1.09 wt% to 5.72 wt% by adjusting the impregnation conditions. The optimal impregnation conditions were 50 °C and 20 MPa. SSI was more efficient and faster compared to conventional ethanol impregnation, and the final product can be obtained without further purification. In in vitro drug release experiment, Fe3O4@UiO-66 exhibited a sustained controlled drug release for up to 36 h. Overall, SSI technology proves to be a promising strategy to maximize the drug loading capacity of Fe3O4@UiO-66.

Optimization of Process Parameters for Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polyamide 6 Composites Fabricated by Self-Resistance Electric Heating Technology.

As an energy-saving and efficient composites-forming technology, the properties of carbon fiber self-resistance electric (SRE) heating technology still need to be improved, which is not conducive to the popularization and application of this technology. To deal with this problem, the SRE heating technology was combined with a compression molding process to form carbon-fiber-reinforced polyamide 6 (CF/PA 6) composite laminates in this study. Orthogonal experiments of three factors (temperature, pressure, and impregnation time) were designed to study the effect of process parameters on the impregnation quality and mechanical properties of CF/PA 6 composite laminates and to obtain the optimized set of process parameters. Furthermore, the effect of the cooling rate on crystallization behaviors and mechanical properties of laminates was studied according to the optimized settings. The results show that the laminates possess a good comprehensive forming quality under process parameters using a forming temperature of 270 °C, forming pressure of 2.5 MPa, and an impregnation time of 15 min. The ununiform impregnation rate is due to the ununiform temperature field in the cross-section. When the cooling rate decreases from 29.56 °C/min to 2.64 °C/min, the crystallinity of the PA 6 matrix increases from 25.97% to 37.22%; the α-phase of the matrix crystal phase also increases significantly. The effect of the cooling rate on crystallization properties also further affects the impact properties; laminates with a faster cooling rate have stronger impact resistance.

The Effect of Water Repellent Chemical (Ruco-DryEco®) Used in The Textile Sector on Some Physical Properties of Wood

The effect of a water repellent chemical used in the textile sector on some physical properties of wood was investigated in this study. Uludağ Fir (Abies bornmülleriana Mattf) and Beech (Fagus Orientalis Lipsky) were used as a wood and a commercial water repellent chemical named Ruco-DryEco® (RD), a fluorocarbon-free water-based product used in the textile industry, was used as a chemical. This chemical is used as an 3% aqueous solution in the textile industry. So, in this study 5% and 10% solution of RD was used. After the treatment with 5% and 10% solutions, the expected water repellency was not achieved and the study was repeated at 50% concentration. Weight percent gain (WPG), swelling effect (SE), water uptake (WU), water repellent efficiency (WRE), volumetric swelling (WS) and anti-swelling efficiency (ASE) values of the woods were determined and, were compared with the values of the untreated control samples. It was determined that, as the concentration of solution increases, WPG and SE values increase. In addition, the increase in impregnation time and the use of binders also cause a relatively small increase in WPG values. On the SE, it was observed that impregnation time was not very effective. The WU of the samples decreased slightly compared to the WU of the control group. The higher the amount of water repellent attached to the material, the lower the rate of WU. WS of all treatment groups was found to be less than that of the control group. However, the effect of the impregnation was found to be less with low concentration solutions. For both wood species, higher ASE values were obtained as solution concentration increased.

Parameter study in preparation of nitrogen-rich-activated carbon for supercapacitors' application using multilevel factorial design

This research aims to study the effect of process parameters on hydrochar modification from biomass on physical and electrochemical properties. Hydrochar is produced by hydrothermal carbonization of biomass at 275 °C for 2 h using an activating agent of CaCl2. Hydrochar was modified by impregnation at a time variation (1 and 2 h) and doping type (urea, thiourea, and ammonium persulfate). The ratio of hydrochar to doping compound (1:1, 1:2, and 1:3). Activation is carried out by pyrolysis at 800 °C by flowing N2 and CO2 gases. The doping ratio and impregnation time significantly increase the yield of ​​activated carbon. The highest value is 39.97 percent for the sample with thiourea and a ratio doping of 1:3 at 2 h (ACT13-2). The main process parameter and the interaction of impregnation time with the doping type affect the surface area of ​​activated carbon. Porosity analysis indicates the product had a mesoporous structure with the largest surface area of ​​677.44 m2 g−1 for the sample with ammonium persulfate and a ratio of 1:1 at 2 h (ACA11-2). The process parameters significantly reduce electrolyte and charge transfer resistance and increase the specific capacitance. The cyclic voltammetry analysis shows the highest capacitance of the supercapacitor cell of 43.25F g−1 was obtained for the sample with urea and a ratio of 1:3 at 2 h (ACU13-2). The endurance test was carried out for 5000 cycles and showed that the supercapacitor cells were stable at 98 percent. Research findings indicate that the hydrochar impregnation method followed by activation can be an effective alternative to produce inexpensive nitrogen-rich activated carbon for supercapacitor applications.

Preparation and Characterization of Cu(NO3)2 Modified Activated Carbon Adsorbents and Influencing Factors of H2S Adsorption

Background: With the constant development and growth of the world’s economy, the demand for energy continues to rise. However, rising oil prices, increasing carbon emissions, and energy shortages will limit economic development and affect living standards. Therefore, further exploitation and utilization of natural gas are of great significance for the sustainable development of national economies and the improvement of civil life. Objective: Natural gas contains acidic gas, such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and can lead to physical safety issues, environmental pollution, equipment corrosion, and catalyst poisoning. Therefore, a desulfurization process, which has practical significance, must be carried out to reduce the H2S content to less than 20 mg•m−3. Methods: Currently, the main desulfurization processes involve dry and wet desulfurization methods. The wet desulfurization methods include physical, chemical, and physico-chemical solvent methods, which have a large processing capacity and involve a continuous operation sequence applied to the purification of natural gas containing a high sulfur content. The dry desulfurization methods, which use a solid as the desulfurizer, have high precision, easy operation, and low energy consumption. This method has been widely applied to advanced treatment. : Activated carbon, which has a large surface area, large pore volume, and complex porous structure, is widely used as an adsorbent for desulfurization. When compared with other adsorbents, activated carbon has several advantages, such as a high adsorption capacity and low cost. The H2S removal performance of the adsorbent can be significantly improved after modification. In this study, using a low concentration of H2S and nitrogen to simulate raw fuel gas, cupric nitrate-modified activated carbon was used as the main adsorbent for desulfurization. The effect of the preparation conditions on the H2S removal performance was studied, and the adsorbents were characterized using a series of methods. Results: In this study, a low concentration of H2S and nitrogen were used to simulate raw fuel gas, and cupric nitrate-modified activated carbon was used as an adsorbent. The results from structural analysis indicated a significant change in the surface structure of AC by introducing Cu(NO3)2. Cu(NO3)2 promoted the transformation of micropores into mesopores or macropores and active substances into the pores of AC for desulfurization. The effects of the preparation conditions on the H2S removal performance were studied using a fixed-bed adsorption column. The best preparation conditions for the Cu(NO3)2 modified activated carbon adsorbent involved: a Cu(NO3)2 impregnation concentration of 5%, impregnation time of 24 h, calcination temperature of 300 °C, and calcination time of 2 h. The H2S saturation capacity and desulfurization rate reached 55.4 mg·g−1 and 98.92%, respectively. The H2S saturation capacity was improved by 38.2 mg·g−1 compared with unmodified activated carbon. Conclusion: In this study, a low concentration of H2S and nitrogen were used to simulate raw fuel gas, and cupric nitrate-modified activated carbon was used as an adsorbent. The experimental results showed that the H2S removal performance of the adsorbent was significantly improved using Cu(NO3)2 impregnated activated carbon.

Preparation of Granular Activated Carbon Particle Electrode Loaded with Co3O4 and its Effect on Amoxicillin Wastewater Treatment

In this work, granular activated carbon (GAC) loaded with Co3O4 catalyst (Co3O4/GAC) was used as a particle electrode for three-dimensional (3D) electrochemical treatment of amoxicillin (AMX) wastewater. The morphology, crystal structure, surface chemical bonds, specific surface area, and pore structure of the particle electrodes were characterized. Considering AMX and TOC removal rates and electrical energy consumption (EEC), the optimal manufacturing conditions of the Co3O4/GAC were determined as the calcination temperature of 700 °C, the calcination time of 5 h, and the impregnation time of 3 h, respectively. The measurement of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy showed that the interfacial electron transfer property of Co3O4/GAC was much improved compared with GAC. AMX removal rate (96.0%, 40 min), TOC removal rate (84.4%, 2 h), and EEC (87.2 kWh kg−1 TOC) of the 3D-Co3O4/GAC system were all significantly improved compared to the 3D-GAC system (77.9%, 40.3%, 232.9 kWh kg−1 TOC) and the 2D system (66.4%, 3.9%, 2080.3 kWh kg−1 TOC) under the same operating conditions. It was confirmed that Co3O4/GAC catalytically generates ·OH and H · radicals and increases the conductivity inside the reactor. The degradation of AMX was confirmed using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and the degradation mechanism of AMX in the 3D-Co3O4/GAC system was proposed.

Toward Better Understanding of the Ferrofluid Impregnation Process and Potential Artefacts—A Prerequisite for Reliable Interpretation of Magnetic Pore Fabrics

AbstractMagnetic pore fabrics (MPFs) serve as efficient proxy for pore alignment and preferential flow directions. Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility of impregnated samples reflects the shape and arrangement of ferrofluid‐filled pores. Reliable interpretation requires that the entire connected pore space is reached by ferrofluid. This study investigates impregnation efficiencies of various methods (standard vacuum, pressure injection, magnetic flowthrough, and resin impregnation) and ferrofluids (water‐based versus oil‐based) on sandstone and calcarenite with different wettabilities. Mass‐based and susceptibility‐based impregnation efficiencies further evaluate the influence of impregnation time and flow rate. Because directional impregnation may introduce artificial fabrics, mutually perpendicular cores were measured, and subsamples served to capture spatial variability. Impregnation efficiencies vary between <1% and >100%, with resin impregnation and pressure injection using oil‐based ferrofluids being least efficient. Oil‐based ferrofluid generally leads to lower susceptibility‐based compared to mass‐based impregnation efficiencies, suggesting particle filtering. Water‐based ferrofluids show larger ranges of susceptibility‐based compared to mass‐based impregnation efficiencies. In particular, impregnation efficiencies >100% exclusively occur for susceptibility‐based impregnation efficiencies of water‐based ferrofluid, using either standard vacuum or pressure injection methods. MPFs after magnetic flowthrough impregnation reflect the impregnation direction rather than pore fabric. A major challenge is to apply enough force to reach sufficiently high impregnation efficiencies without creating MPFs that do not represent pore fabrics. While we cannot define a best practice for ferrofluid impregnation yet, this study improves our understanding of the impregnation process, and provides experimental procedures to identify artifacts.

Effect of pressure impregnated of methyl silicate (TMOS) on pore structure and impermeability of cement mortar

The pressure-impregnation crystallization reaction of methyl silicate (TMOS) was investigated. Taking TMOS as impregnating agent and water absorption and compressive strength as evaluation indexes, the effects of impregnating pressure, impregnating time, and TMOS concentration were studied. The results showed that the best results were obtained at an impregnation pressure of 1.0–1.2 MPa, impregnation time of 1.0 h, and TMOS concentration of 100%. The water absorption of the samples treated with pressure impregnation decreased by 55.25%, and the compressive strength increased by 17.77% compared with the samples treated with atmospheric impregnation. The average penetration depth increased from 1.2 mm to 6.0 mm after 1.0 h of impregnation. Moreover, TMOS reacted with Ca(OH)2 can produce fibrous C–S–H and more C–S–H gels during pressure impregnation, which reduces porosity and optimize pore structure. It was demonstrated that pressure impregnation helps TMOS penetrate deeper into the mortar and improve its impermeability.

Green surface functionalization of chitosan with spent tea waste extract for the development of an efficient adsorbent for aspirin removal.

This study investigates the feasibility of spent tea waste extract (STWE) as a green modifying agent for the modification of chitosan adsorbent towards aspirin removal. Response surface methodology based on Box-Behnken design was employed to find the optimal synthesis parameters (chitosan dosage, spent tea waste concentration, and impregnation time) for aspirin removal. The results revealed that the optimum conditions for preparing chitotea with 84.65% aspirin removal were 2.89g of chitosan, 18.95mg/mL of STWE, and 20.72h of impregnation time. The surface chemistry and characteristics of chitosan were successfully altered and improved by STWE, as evidenced by FESEM, EDX, BET, and FTIR analysis. The adsorption data were best fitted to pseudo 2nd order, followed by chemisorption mechanisms. The maximum adsorption capacity of chitotea was 157.24mg/g, as fitted by Langmuir, which is impressive for a green adsorbent with a simple synthesis method. Thermodynamic studies demonstrated the endothermic nature of aspirin adsorption onto chitotea.

A tailored and rapid approach for ozonation catalyst design

Catalytic ozonation is widely employed in advanced wastewater treatment owing to its high mineralization of refractory organics. The key to high mineralization is the compatibility between catalyst formulation and wastewater quality. Machine learning can greatly improve experimental efficiency, while fluorescence data can provide additional wastewater quality information on the composition and concentration of organics, which is conducive to optimizing catalyst formulation. In this study, machine learning combined with fluorescence spectroscopy was applied to develop ozonation catalysts (Mn/γ-Al2O3 catalyst was used as an example). Based on the data collected from 52 different catalysts, a machine-learning model was established to predict catalyst performance. The correlation coefficient between the experimental and model-predicted values was 0.9659, demonstrating the robustness and good generalization ability of the model. The range of the catalyst formulations was preliminarily screened by fluorescence spectroscopy. When the wastewater was dominated by tryptophan-like and soluble microbial products, the impregnation concentration and time of Mn(NO3)2 were less than 0.3 mol L−1 and 10 h, respectively. Furthermore, the optimized Mn/γ-Al2O3 formulation obtained by the model was impregnation with 0.155 mol L−1 Mn(NO3)2 solution for 8.5 h and calcination at 600 °C for 3.5 h. The model-predicted and experimental values for total organic carbon removal were 54.48% and 53.96%, respectively. Finally, the improved catalytic performance was attributed to the synergistic effect of oxidation (•OH and 1O2) and the Mn/γ-Al2O3 catalyst. This study provides a rapid approach to catalyst design based on the characteristics of wastewater quality using machine learning combined with fluorescence spectroscopy.

Two-Step Preparation of CCF/PEEK Wrapped Yarn for 3D Printing Composites with Enhanced Mechanical Properties.

Continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites (CFTPCs) have shown advantages such as high strength, long life, corrosion resistance, and green recyclability. Three-dimensional printing of CFTPCs opened up a new strategy for the fabrication of composites with complicated structures, low cost, and short production cycles. However, a traditional 3D printing process usually causes poor impregnation of the fiber or surface damage of the fiber due to the short impregnation time or high viscosity of the thermoplastic resin. Here, continuous carbon fiber/poly(ether-ether-ketones) (CCF/PEEK) wrapped yarn was fabricated via powder impregnation and using double spinning technology for the 3D printing. The concentration of PEEK powder suspension and wire speed were optimized as 15% and 2.0 m/min. The twist of wrapped yarn was optimized as 1037 T/m. Mechanical testing showed that the 3D-printed composite wire had excellent tensile and bending strength, which was about 1.6~4.2 times larger than those without the powder pre-impregnation process. It is mainly attributed to the improved impregnation of the CF which took place during the powder pre-impregnation process. We believe that our research on wrapped yarn for 3D-printed composites provides an effective strategy for the 3D printing of composites with enhanced mechanical properties.

Selecting the Technology of Sodium Silicate Modified Poplar with the Highest Performance by Fuzzy Orthogonal Method

Sodium silicate modification can improve the overall performance of wood. The modification process has a great influence on the properties of modified wood. In this study, a new method was introduced to analyze the wood modification process, and the properties of modified wood were studied. Poplar wood was modified with sodium silicate by vacuum-pressure impregnation. After screening using single-factor experiments, an orthogonal experiment was carried out with solution concentration, impregnation time, impregnation pressure, and the cycle times as experimental factors. The modified poplar with the best properties was selected by fuzzy mathematics and characterized by SEM, FT-IR, XRD and TG. The results showed that some lignin and hemicellulose were removed from the wood due to the alkaline action of sodium silicate, and the orderly crystal area of poplar became disorderly, resulting in the reduction of crystallinity of the modified poplar wood. FT-IR analysis showed that sodium silicate was hydrolyzed to form polysilicic acid in wood, and structural analysis revealed the formation of Si-O-Si and Si-O-C, indicating that sodium silicate reacted with fibers on the wood cell wall. TG-DTG curves showed that the final residual mass of modified poplar wood increased from 25% to 67%, and the temperature of the maximum loss rate decreased from 343°C to 276°C. The heat release and smoke release of modified poplar wood decreased obviously. This kind of material with high strength and fire resistance can be used in the outdoor building and indoor furniture.

Chemical modification of wood veneer by acetylation and furfurylation to determine strength properties

The article reviews domestic and foreign research on wood modification processes by chemical means, giving its types and basic properties. The published results prove that chemical modification of wood, fully or partially by acetylation and furfurylation, transforms wood species with low strength into new "green" materials with improved qualities and properties increasing water resistance, moisture resistance, thermal resistance, as well as tensile strength. Research to determine the strength properties of wood veneer that has been chemically impregnated with furfurylation and acetylation methods for 24, 48 and 72 hours, followed by drying, has increased the tensile strength along the fibres. However, for the determination of the tensile strength across the fibres, a significant decrease in the tensile strength is observed in relation to the increase in impregnation time.

Mathematical description of birch bark impregnation and heating process of birch bark with toluene

On the basis of differential equations of heat and mass conductivity and given boundary conditions the mathematical model describing the process of heating and birch bark impregnation with an extractant was developed. Experimental facilities for impregnation and determination of mass conductivity coefficient are created. Kinetic dependence of average concentration of toluene in birch bark during impregnation is obtained. The temperature dependence of toluene mass conductivity coefficient through birch bark was obtained on the setup for determination of mass conductivity. The analysis of kinetic curves of birch bark impregnation with toluene at different temperatures shows a considerable influence of temperature on the impregnation rate. The discrepancy between the calculated and experimental data does not exceed 13%. The rational temperature of impregnation, which is 110 °С, has been determined. Optimum time of birch bark impregnation -10 minutes -has been determined. Developed mathematical model of the process of impregnation and heating of wood particles can be applied to organization of calculations of the process of extraction of biologically active substances from vegetable raw materials.

Adsorption Studies Of An Activated Carbon (Prosopis Juliflora) To Remove Dye

This study explored the effect of activated carbon preparation conditions on their adsorption performance. Activated carbon prepared from Wood chips of Prosopis juliflora has been utilized as the adsorbent for the removal of Eriochrome Black T from an aqueous solution. Prosopis juliflora was used as source material to prepare activated carbon by pyrolysis process using H3PO4 activation. The adsorption properties were evaluated by IDOINE NUMBER. The effects of various H3PO4 impregnation ratios, temperature and time on physical characteristics of the activated carbon were investigated. The Characterization of produced activated carbon will be determined by SEM analysis. The best activated carbons were obtained at a temperature of 300◦C with the impregnation ratio 1:2, In which the value of Iodine number is 917.12 mg/g which infers that it has high Micro Pores when compared to others ratios. Prosopis juliflora based activated carbon could be employed as a low cost alternative to commercial activated carbon in the removal of Eriochrome Black T dye from wastewater.

Synthesis of Activated Carbon from Paper Waste Using Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis Method

The Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis (MAP) method has the potential to be applied for the synthesis of dye adsorbents. In this work, the activated carbon (AC) was synthesized from the paper waste by the MAP method. The deinking paper waste was carbonized and activated using microwave heating with a frequency of 2.45 GHz and various power outputs (450, 600, and 800 W). The activation was carried out using ZnCl2 solution as an activating reagent. The impregnation with ZnCl2 is expected to give a clearer porous structure by absorbing microwave heat from inside and outside at the same time. The heating rate during the activation process can reach 211°C/min, which shows that the MAP method has the potential to provide a faster heating rate and shorter processing time compared to the furnace pyrolysis. The effect of the synthesis parameter such as impregnation ratio, time, and radiation power was studied from the adsorption efficiency on methylene blue (MB) dye. The activated carbon was characterized using the proximate test, SEM, and XRD. Best Result of the MAP method was obtained with a ratio of 1:1 (ZnCl2: Carbon) within 5 minutes of radiating, power of 800 W, with the results that AC can adsorb MB solution up to 2100 ppm with a maximum adsorption capacity of 1036.3 mg/g, and the efficiency of 99.87%.