Imposition Of Costs Research Articles

Study analysis of landslide vulnerability of mining area in the sub-district Lembah Gumanti, Solok regency (lubuk selasih street– surian)

Open access land mining activities on the Lubuk Selasih – Surian national road have in floods and landslides that have, in losses to the community and the imposition of costs for maintenance and rehabilitation of federal roads along the mining area. This study aims to determine the existing condition of mining and analyze the vulnerability of erosions in mining areas. The data used is secondary data, using descriptive quantitative methods with photogrammetric analysis of the maps obtained. The results showed that this mining area has the characteristics of rocks that are easily crushed and tend to be unstable, as well as steep and very steep slopes. This area is also located on the active Semangko fault and volcanic mountains. The environmental carrying capacity of disaster prevention and protection ecosystem services is mainly in the shallow categories. Based on these findings, the mine site is at a very high level of vulnerability to erosions. Thus, it is necessary to mitigate mining management administratively and operationally to minimize environmental damage

Impact of the Menu Labeling Act Upon the Market Value of Foodservice Firms

The Menu Labeling Act (MLA), which requires restaurants to provide customers with nutritional information, has encountered implementation difficulties for more than 8 years, owing to the imposition of administrative costs on restaurant firms. By investigating the market value of 46 restaurant firms that publicly trade in the United States, this research analyzes the impact of MLA-related announcements on the market value of foodservice firms. Announcements associated with restrictions tend to reduce restaurant market value by 0.29% per day (market value is defined as the number of shares times the share price), whereas announcements related to flexibility increase such market value by 0.80%. The final guideline and compliance date announced by the Food and Drug Administration has provoked significant negative effects on restaurant market value. Meanwhile, the congress’ proposed opposition act has elicited great positive effects. This study provides important implications for policy makers and practitioners in the food service industry.

Legal Protection for Patient of Independent National Health Insurance’s Participant: Restriction on Hospitalization Upgrade

The government issued Regulation of the Minister of Health Number 51 of 2018 which regulates the increase in inpatient classes which are difficult to understand. After the issuance of the Minister of Health's regulation regarding the imposition of fees and the difference in costs in the Health Insurance program, causing confusion in the community. This study aims to analyze the legal protection for independent national Health Insurance Participants after the issuance of the Minister of Health Regulation concerning imposition of cost and difference in the health insurance Program. In addition, to analyze the existence of a norm conflict between the Minister of Health Regulation about Imposition of cost and Difference in cost toward the laws and regulations above. This study uses a statutory, conceptual and comparative approach. The type of research used in this study is normative legal research. The results showed that the legal protection of JKN participants independently after the enactment of Permenkes Number 51 of 2018 regarding the Imposition of Costs and Difference in Costs in the Health Insurance Program was unclear and caused legal uncertainty. Besides that, it turns out there has been a norm conflict between the Minister of Health Imposition of Imposition of costs and costs difference in Health Insurance with the Perpres Health Insurance, the National Social Security Act, the Consumer Protection Law and Human Rights. Settlement that can be taken to harmonize the norm conflict is to revoke Article 10 paragraph (5) Permenkes Number 51 of 2018, set aside the Article and conduct a judicial review to the Supreme Court.

Entanglement in Cyberspace: Minding the Deterrence Gap

ABSTRACT Conventional models of deterrence focus on the ability to deter adversaries through ex-ante threats that impose ex-post costs or through the elevation of ex-ante costs through strategies that deny. The imposition of costs on adversaries in cyberspace is complex and the establishment of deterrence by threat or denial is constrained by problems associated with resource asymmetries, attribution, and a diverse set of actors with overlapping capabilities. Due to these challenges, conventional models of deterrence have seen limited success in cyberspace. Rather than building more robust defenses or threatening retaliatory actions, entanglement within cyberspace offers an alternative approach that might affect the decision-matrix of adversary states. This paper examines the concept of entanglement as a way of altering how states conceptualize offensive actions in cyberspace and works toward building mutual interdependencies to make actions that disrupt, degrade or deny within cyberspace undesirable.

ANALISIS PENENTUAN HARGA POKOK PRODUKSI BERDASARKAN SISTEM ACTIVITY BASED COSTING PADA USAHA TEMPE PAK ALI DI SAMARINDA

The formulation of the problem in this study is to find out how much the basic price per pack of tempe in the Tempe Pak Ali business if calculated using conventional methods and activity based costing method, what factors cause differences in the cost of production based on the system activity based costing with conventional methods in Mr. Ali's Tempe Business. The research method used is descriptive research with a quantitative approach. The type of primary data obtained from interviews and direct observations on the Tempe Pak Ali Business. The results of this study are the cost of tempe production based on the activity based costing system of Rp. 8632.66 and conventional system based of Rp. 9,389.41. The conclusion of this study is the difference that occurs in determining the cost of production used by Tempe Pak Ali's Business with the activity based costing method due to the imposition of overhead costs produced by making tempe and conventional methods and ABC methods are different, so that the costs obtained can be greater or more small. The activity based costing method can be applied to Pak Ali's Tempe Business because using the ABC method requires lower costs than using conventional methods.

Managing the Formation of The Individual Financial Culture of University Students

The purpose of the study dealing with the mechanisms for managing the formation of the individual financial culture of university students is to identify the optimal pedagogical conditions that contribute to the development of financially literate behavior of students studying under education agreements as rational consumers of educational services. The work performed allowed concluding that the attitude of students to mastering the chosen educational program, their academic performance, as well as social and labor activity allows predicting the nature of their financial behavior as market actors in their future daily life. The majority of students do not tend to treat their training as an investment in their own human capital due to the predominance of paternalistic attitudes associated with the imposition of costs for education on older family members.

Perlindungan Konsumen atas Metode Penawaran Negative Option di Indonesia

Negative Option Method is a bidding method that requires confirmation from consumers in accepting or rejecting an offer. If the customer doesn’t provide confirmation, the business actor assumes that the consumer agrees and will be charged a fee for the offer given. The Negative Option method originating from the United States has actually developed in Indonesia, especially in the provision of telecommunications services. It is not uncommon for Telecommunications Service Providers in Indonesia to offer a particular feature that requires confirmation of rejection or cancellation from consumers via message, such as "unreg". If the consumer does not provide confirmation, the business actor will unilaterally assume that the Customer has accepted the offer, thus often resulting in the consumer experiencing financial losses due to the imposition of costs for goods and / or services without the consent of the consumer. This encourages the author to conduct legal research on consumer legal protection of the Negative Option bidding method using the normative juridical method. This legal research concludes that the Negative Option bidding method is contrary to the Minister of Communications Regulation Article 2 paragraph (3) and Article 4 paragraph (1) letter a which specifies that each Telecommunications Service Provider must obtain written and/or message approval from the Customer to activate a paid feature. If the Telecommunications Service Provider has not received approval from the Customer, then the paid feature must be stopped.

MERCADO BRASILEIRO DE FRANGO HALAL: INFLUÊNCIAS DO AMBIENTE INSTITUCIONAL E BARREIRAS À ENTRADA

O mercado de carne de frango Halal, destinado principalmente à população muçulmana, atualmente representa mais de 35% da carne de frango exportada no país. O padrão de produção Halal possui diversas peculiaridades que acabam por modular a competitividade do mercado. Competitividade essa que possui inúmeras formas de interpretação e parâmetros para mensuração, dependendo da abordagem teórica. O estudo que segue se propõe a analisar as características do Ambiente Institucional que delimita este mercado específico, e, a partir daí, identificar as principais barreiras à entrada para novas empresas. Essas barreiras são características da estrutura de determinado mercado que resguardam as empresas consolidadas, devido à imposição de custos às empresas entrantes potenciais. Essas características foram evidenciadas em instituições informais (aspectos culturais e religiosos) e formais (legislação).

Progressive Democracy: the ideology of the modern predatory state

The state must expend resources to credibly threaten the use of force, and the actual use of force is more costly than just exercising the threat. A population that views itself as prey to a predatory state will resist the state’s demands and will not produce much that the state can appropriate. The predatory state will be more successful if it can convince its citizens that the state’s activities are in the public interest, which will enhance voluntary compliance with the state’s mandates and lessen the need for the state to invest resources in overt coercion. The ideology of “Progressive Democracy” encourages citizens to cooperate with the state, and legitimizes the state’s predatory activities. The ideology of Progressivism justifies the imposition of costs on some for the benefit of others. The ideology of democracy implies that when a democratic government does this, it is acting in the public interest.

Discriminative nursing care: A grounded theory study.

Background:Discriminative nursing care is one of the most important challenges in the field of ethical care and the rights of patients. Experiencing discrimination has negative impacts.Objective:The aim of this study was to explore the process of the development of the discriminative nursing care.Methods:Sampling was begun purposefully and gradually continued, according to the obtained codes and categories, using theoretical sampling until data saturation. Data collection methods included semi-structured interviews, observations, and field notes. In this study, 13 clinical nurses and 5 patients in Iran were selected from public hospitals. The inclusion criteria were willingness to participate, having adequate experience about the considered phenomenon, and being able to discuss the subject. Data analysis was performed simultaneously to data collection using the method of Corbin and Strauss 2008.Results:Five categories were extracted. The categories include: “context,” “causal conditions,” “phenomena,” “strategies,” and “outcomes.” Each of these categories contained subcategories with specific characteristics. The context was classified into “nurse's characteristics” and “patient's characteristics. “”Complete conflict” and “hatred” were extracted from the category of causal conditions. The causal conditions and context led to “discriminative nursing care” phenomena. The two strategies were “avoiding the patients” and “robotic care.” Outcomes were located in a spectrum ranging from “annoyance and discomfort” to “imposition of costs.” Finally, the categories were connected together and the meaning of “care in the context of the sense of interaction with the patient” was theorized.Conclusions:It is important to provide nursing education on the development of discriminative nursing care and its associated complications. Nurses should understand the nature, components, and the process of discriminative care. Understanding discrimination improves the action of nurses.

The Efficacy of Targeted Sanctions in Enforcing Compliance with International Law

In the international legal order, sanctions are valued for their coercive and stigmatizing functions. Through the imposition of financial or other costs, these measures seek to induce compliance with international law by those who are targeted. They also aim to signal the sender's commitment to the violated norm and stigmatize an actor responsible for wrongful behavior. In light of these functions, this essay examines the factors to assess when evaluating the efficacy of unilateral targeted sanctions in enforcing international law. The issue is relevant not only for political scientists, but also for international lawyers interested in ensuring compliance with international norms.

Examining the effect of serum level of Vitamin D on union of tibia closed fractures

Introduction: Impaired fracture healing process may lead to prolonged disability, anxiety, and psychological burden on patients, as well as the imposition of additional costs on the treatment system and the patients. The roles of Vitamin D in fracture union process have not yet been clearly determined. Therefore, the present study was aimed to examine the effect of serum level of Vitamin D on the union of tibia-closed fractures. Method: This was a prospective clinical trial conducted on 46 patients with closed tibial fractures. Serum levels of Vitamin D were measured and recorded before surgery using blood tests in all patients. The union process was evaluated through clinical and radiographic evaluations on a weekly basis up to 4 weeks after surgery and then monthly. The patients were divided into two union groups before 6 months of fracture and the group with union disorder after 6 months and presurgical values of Vitamin D were compared between two groups. P 0.05). Conclusion: There was no significant correlation between serum Vitamin D levels and the union of the tibia fracture, and given the contradictory results in previous studies and the prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency in Iran, studies with more samples are recommended.

Argentina 2017: la dinámica intertemporal de la reestructuración económica

El principal hecho politico en Argentina durante 2017 fue el triunfo del gobierno de Cambiemos en las elecciones de medio termino. Ese resultado fue favorecido por la estrategia del gobierno de administrar la dinamica intertemporal del ajuste economico. Antes de las elecciones, el gobierno difirio medidas y llevo adelante una politica economica que, mas alla de empoderar a los ganadores (principalmente al sector agropecuario), compenso a los perdedores (trabajadores, adultos mayores y el sector informal) mediante la recomposicion de sus ingresos. La contrapartida de esta estrategia fue un significativo aumento del stock de deuda y el deterioro de las cuentas fiscales y externas. Despues de las elecciones, los adultos mayores, el sector informal y las clases medias sufrieron una mayor imposicion de costos. Este informe analiza las politicas del gobierno antes y despues de las elecciones, prestando particular atencion a su estrategia de prorrogar los costos del ajuste y de negociacion con ganadores y perdedores. Hacia adelante, el gobierno enfrenta la dificil tarea de reconciliar la resolucion de los desequilibrios economicos acumulados sin erosionar los apoyos sociales que le permitieron imponerse en las elecciones legislativas.

Paying to save the beach: effects of local finance decisions on coastal management

As sea level rises and storm frequency and severity increase, communities worldwide are investing in coastline management projects to maintain beach widths and dunes that support recreational amenities and mitigate storm risks. These projects are costly, and differences in property owners’ returns from maintaining wide beaches will influence community-level support for investment in shoreline defense. One way to account for these differences is by funding the project through a tax instrument that imposes the heaviest cost on residents who benefit most from beach nourishment. Some communities along the US east coast have adopted this approach. We use an agent-based model to evaluate how the imposition of project costs affects coastline management over the long-term. Charging higher tax rates on oceanfront properties reduces desired beach width among those owners but increases desired width for owners of inland properties. The aggregate impact on beach width depends on coastline shape and development patterns that determine the balance between these two groups, heterogeneity of beach width preferences and climate change beliefs, and levels of participation in local politics. Overall, requiring property owners who benefit most from beach nourishment to bear the highest cost results in wider beaches. The result suggests that delineating tax rates to account for unequal benefits of local public goods across taxpayers could facilitate local investment in climate change adaptation.

PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM KONSUMEN LISTRIK PRABAYAR DI MAGELANG

Along with the development of technology, PT. PLN (Persero) has developed a product called "Prepaid Electricity".Prepaid electricity PT.PLN a new service for customers to manage power consumption,that came into effect in 2008. In the course of pre-paid electricity it turns out there is still a shortage of electricity that causes consumer complaints in Magelang. Based on the existing background, the authors are interested in researching it.The problem of this thesis research is:1) How is the agreement between the electrical installation of prepaid electricity in Magelang, (2) How does the legal protection prepaid electricity consumers in Magelang, (3) What efforts were made by consumers of electricity when harmed in the use of prepaid electricity in Magelang.The method used in the preparation of this paper uses normative juridical approach. The research material used by the authors consisted of primary legal materials, secondary and tertiary.The data used is secondary data, research specifications is a research-analytical description. This study using purposive sampling method with the research tools shaped open questionnaire respondents as many as 25 people in the area of prepaid electricity consumers Magelang, interviews with officials of PLN Area Magelang and related parties.Based on the research results showed that the electricity trading mechanism consists of a new installation of electric power, electric power changes and migration electricity. Legal protection prepaid electricity include: (1) The Power Purchase Agreement (SPJBTL), these agreements can be categorized as a standard contract.If the terms of consumer protection laws, clauses in SPJBTL still containing the exoneration clause, thus infringing the rights of consumers,2)Prepaid electricity rates are more expensive than postpaid electricity, this is caused by the electrical installation is not appropriate. Another factor that is coming into effect of the tariff adjustment is affected by the dollar exchange rate, crude oil prices and inflation, causing prices to fluctuate basic tariffs, (3) Their administrative costs and of street lighting tax (PPJ) charged to electricity consumers. Token purchase electricity online through bank services is what causes the emergence of administrative costs, because the bank as a company whose orientation also for profit. If the terms of consumer protection law, the imposition of administrative costs should be the responsibility of the PLN. While RPM is set by the government tax Magelang, PLN only as the tax collector, 4)Electricity consumers are not given the right to choose when it will perform a new installation or additional power, if the terms of consumer protection laws, the violation of consumer rights. Settlement of disputes in the area of prepaid electricity Magelang, completed with a direct way between PLN and consumers. Consumers are harmed can submit a complaint directly to PLN through the contact center "PLN 123”.In principle PLN Magelang emphasizes dispute resolution deliberation, to reaching an agreement and promote justice between PLN and consumers

Conceptualizing Cyber Deterrence by Entanglement

Conventional models of deterrence focus on the ability to deter adversaries through ex-ante threats that impose ex-post costs or through the elevation of ex-ante costs through strategies that deny. The imposition of costs on adversaries in cyberspace is extremely complex and the establishment deterrence by threat or denial is constrained by problems associated with resource asymmetries, attribution, and a diverse set of actors with overlapping capabilities. Due to these challenges, conventional models of deterrence have seen limited success in cyberspace. Rather than building more robust defenses or threatening retaliatory actions technical entanglement within cyberspace offers an alternative approach that might affect the decision-matrix of adversary states. This paper examines the concept of technical entanglement as a way of altering how states conceptualize offensive actions cyberspace and works towards building mutual inter-dependencies to make actions that disrupt, degrade or deny within cyberspace undesirable.

Monetary Sanctions: Legal Financial Obligations in US Systems of Justice.

This review assesses the current state of knowledge about monetary sanctions, e.g., fines, fees, surcharges, restitution, and any other financial liability related to contact with systems of justice, which are used more widely than prison, jail, probation, or parole in the United States. The review describes the most important consequences of the punishment of monetary sanctions in the United States, which include a significant capacity for exacerbating economic inequality by race, prolonged contact and involvement with the criminal justice system, driver's license suspension, voting restrictions, damaged credit, and incarceration. Given the lack of consistent laws and policies that govern monetary sanctions, jurisdictions vary greatly in their imposition, enforcement, and collection practices of fines, fees, court costs, and restitution. A review of federally collected data on monetary sanctions reveals that a lack of consistent and exhaustive measures of monetary sanctions presents a unique problem for tracking both the prevalence and amount of legal financial obligations (LFOs) over time. We conclude with promising directions for future research and policy on monetary sanctions.

Misconstruing Whistleblower Immunity Under the Defend Trade Secrets Act

In crafting the Defend Trade Secrets Act of 2016 (DTSA), Congress went beyond the federalization of state trade secret protection to tackle a broader social justice problem: the misuse of nondisclosure agreements (NDAs) to discourage reporting of illegal activity in a variety of areas. The past few decades have witnessed devastating government contracting abuses, regulatory violations, and deceptive financial schemes that have hurt the public and cost taxpayers and investors billions of dollars. Congress recognized that immunizing whistleblowers from the cost and risk of trade secret liability for providing information to the Government could spur law enforcement. Congress solved the problem through a true “cone of silence.” Congress immunized whistleblowers from liability under federal and state trade secret law for disclosure, in confidence, of trade secrets to government officials and attorneys for the purpose of reporting or investigating a suspected violation of law. Defend Trade Secrets Act of 2016, § 7 (codified at 18 U.S.C. § 1833(B)(1)(A) (2012)). By limiting disclosure to trusted intermediaries -- government officials bound by state and federal law to protect trade secrets and attorneys bound by confidentiality obligations -- the DTSA whistleblower immunity regime promotes law enforcement without risking commercial harm to legitimate trade secret owners.Unfortunately, the first case to apply the DTSA whistleblower immunity provision (Unum Group v. Loftus, 2016 WL 7115967 (D. Mass.)) turns Congress’ immunity regime on its head. By treating a statutory immunity as a defense rather than a safe harbor, the court effectively resurrected the murky situation that Congress corrected by immunizing employees and contractors for protected activities. Notwithstanding that Unum provided no evidence that Loftus has done anything more than share company records with his counsel as part of an effort to investigate a suspected violation of law, the court nonetheless imposed upon Loftus the burden of proving that he did not have an improper purpose. In so doing, the court ignores the vaccine and subjects Loftus to the very disease that Congress cured: the imposition of substantial costs and adverse career repercussions by sharing, in confidence, company documents with counsel. Where the employee asserts under oath that he or she disclosed company documents to government officials or an attorney in confidence solely for the purpose of reporting or investigating a suspected violation of law, the DTSA whistleblower regime requires the employer-trade secret owner to come forward with concrete evidence that the employee or contractor has shared trade secret information outside of the protected categories or for an impermissible purpose. Absent such evidence, the employee-contractor remains free to work with counsel to investigate and report alleged violations of law and immune from suit for trade secret violations.

Opening gambit: Strategic options to initiate the tobacco endgame.

Endgame strategies to rapidly hasten the decline of tobacco are already well within reach; a few plausible policy options are outlined herein for policy practitioners, tobacco control advocates, and public health specialists. The implementation of these measures which already exist within the gamut of existing legislation requires the galvanization of political will. The options we essay include liquidating existing public investments in tobacco, holding tobacco companies accountable within the jurisdictions of their operations, fixing liability for injury and the imposition of realistic costs on insurance providers.

The Relative Costs of Accidents Following the Establishment of the Health, Safety and Environment Management System (HSE-MS) for the Construction Industry in Tehran

BACKGROUND: Accidents in the construction industry are a significant problem in many countries around the world. Occupational accidents result in reduced working hours, loss of life, and other related costs. These accidents result in socio-economic losses such as disability support costs, loss of working time, and increased medical care needs. They also create a lot of waste for communities and labor organizations. Objectives: Despite extensive studies calculating the cost of accidents, our understanding of these costs is still not clear or practically applicable; consequently, the ultimate aim of the present study is to provide a new framework for the calculation of the (direct and indirect) costs of construction accidents. Methods: In this paper, using a new and structured seven-step approach, the costs of construction accidents were calculated. In order to calculate the total cost of construction accidents in the city of Tehran for 2013 - 2014, the severity of accident results were first classified into five groups: 1, short-term absences from work; 2, long-term absences; 3, partial disability; 4, total disability; and 5, death. The types of costs resulting from accidents were also categorized: 1, production disturbance costs; 2, human capital costs; 3, medical costs; 4, administrative costs; 5, transfer costs; and 6, other costs. These costs were classified according to the direct or indirect costs resulting from the incident and the imposition of costs on workers, employers and society. Finally, the calculated amount of investment in HSE-MS was analyzed using statistical tests. Results: The present study indicates that before and after the establishment of HSE-MS that the maximum calculated cost was related to the production disturbance cost (before: $568,000; after: $80,500) and the lowest cost was related to transfer costs (before: $15,000; after: $3,000) and other costs (before: $98,000; after: $28,500). Statistical analyses indicates that there is a significant difference (P =.007) between the direct and indirect costs of accidents for before and after the establishment of HSE-MS. In other words, the direct and indirect costs had multiple, significant differences. The present study indicates that the indirect cost is four times greater than the direct costs. Conclusions: Accidents resulting in death, total disability and partial disability impose huge costs that are borne by society, and employers bear relatively low costs due to the health, treatment and welfare systems provided by society for the treatment and rehabilitation of injured workers and their families. Also, the results of this study show that investment in the HSE-MS is effective and associated with reduced accidents. Keywords: Accidents; Indirect Costs; Direct Costs; HSE-MS; Construction Industry Language: en