Important Trade Research Articles

Nacionalno iscrpljenje prava intelektualne svojine kao izazov za inicijativu "Otvoreni Balkan"

In the following paper, we will discuss the possible adverse impact that the regimes of national exhaustion of intellectual property rights, currently applied in the member states, could pose to the Open Balkan initiative. The regimes of national exhaustion of intellectual property rights (implemented in the region) block parallel imports (trade) of the protected goods within the region, i.e., the imports of the protected goods outside the official distribution channels established by the rightholders. Consequently, they impede the establishment of the regional free movement of goods anticipated by the Open Balkan initiative. The aim of our paper is to shed light on this challenge facing the Open Balkan initiative and indicate a possible approach for addressing it.

Role of military cooperation in Vietnam-Russia relations

The primary purpose of this article is the analysis of the evolution of bilateral relations between the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV) and the Russian Federation in the field of military cooperation. It gives answers to following research questions: 1) what is the role of defence collaboration in bilateral ties, 2) what are the most essential elements of Russia-Vietnam military relations, 3) what are the common reasons/ incentives for developing links regarding arms trade, 4) do the Russian annexation of Crimea in 2014 and invasion of Ukraine in 2022 change goals of Vietnamese politics towards Moscow, 5) How do Chinese and US factor affect military cooperation between Russia and Vietnam? The theses of this paper assume that: 1) the government in Hanoi maintains friendly relations with Moscow on the political level in the face of the conflict in Ukraine and continues military cooperation, however Russian arms exports to Vietnam has declined, 2) Vietnam diversifies weapon trade partners expanding cooperation with Israel, Belarus, US and South Korea, but Russia still remains crucial arms importer for Hanoi.
 The analysis is focused mainly on the situation from 2002 to the present, and intends to examine the evolution of military cooperation between Hanoi and Moscow after the signing of the Declaration on Strategic Partnership. The article includes a short overview of Russia-Vietnam relations emphasizing its strong historical background. Paper is also focused on important arms trade contracts, agreements on military cooperation, includes statistics published by Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) to show the scale of collaboration, and points out major challenges for future cooperation.

The Impact of Import and Export Trade on Carbon Emissions: Based on The Perspective of Belt and Road Countries

In the context of economic globalization, environmental issues have gradually attracted people's attention, and the "Belt and Road" Cooperation Initiative (hereinafter referred to as B&R) proposed by China aims to promote economic development at the same time, the environmental role has become particularly important. This study uses linear regression model, two-stage least square (2SLS) method and event study method to analyze the relationship between international trade and carbon emissions from the perspective of B&R countries. The results are as follows: the influence of import and export trade on carbon emissions is generally positive.; The correlation between industrial structure and carbon emission in the B&R countries is low. Joining the B&R has increased the volume of international trade to certain extent, thus increasing the carbon emissions of B&R countries.

Gain without pain? Non‐tariff measures, plant markup, and productivity

AbstractThis paper extends the evidence on the impact of trade reforms on firms by focusing on non‐tariff measures (NTMs), an increasingly important trade policy instrument in advanced and developing economies. We build a novel time‐varying dataset on all NTMs applied to imported products by Indonesia and quantify the trade distortions they generate. We find that unlike tariffs, which reduce plants' productivity, NTMs do not significantly affect plants' performance. However, the most trade‐reducing NTMs are associated with lower plant‐level markups, which is consistent with the increase in the cost of imported inputs induced by these NTMs.

Impact of air connectivity on bilateral service export and import trade: The case of China

This paper examines the effect of bilateral air connectivity on bilateral service trade flows. Our service trade data includes ‘commercial’, ‘transport’, ‘travel’, and ‘government’ services. We developed a reduced-form gravity-type model using the Chinese data. An instrument variable (IV) approach is adopted to address the endogeneity issue between bilateral air connectivity and the service trade variables. Our key results are: (a) increasing the number of direct routes can significantly promote bilateral service export and import trades; (b) the average route-level traffic density has only marginal positive effects; (c) improving air connectivity would enlarge China's overall service trade deficit, because the transport and travel services imports are promoted more than their exports; (d) The ‘commercial’ service exports can be stimulated more than the imports, making China achieve larger commercial service trade surplus by improving bilateral air connectivity.

Research on the impact of digital infrastructure construction on China-Asean trade potential

With the acceleration of the global digitalization process, the construction of digital infrastructure plays an increasingly important role in international trade. As an important trading partner of China, the construction of digital infrastructure in ASEAN countries is of great significance to promote the exploration of trade potential between the two sides. By studying the impact of China-Asean trade potential, this paper discusses the impact of digital infrastructure construction on bilateral trade, with a view to making corresponding contributions to China-ASEAN trade.

Assessment of the Erosion and Outflow Intensity in the Rif Region under Different Land Use and Land Cover Scenarios

The port of Tangier Med is essential due to its strategic location, as it is an important trading center linking Europe, North America, and Africa. However, the increased rates of downstream sediment transportation put pressure on the sustainable future of the port. Thus, assessing the existing erosion rates and future improvement scenarios is imperative for planning sustainable management at the catchment level. We utilize the Erosion Potential Model (EPM) combined with the Intensity of Erosion and Outflow (IntErO) algorithm to assess the erosion and outflow intensity and to distinguish the sediment-producing areas in the R’mel watershed. The port’s proximity at the bottom of the slope opposite the R’mel Dam is relevant in this context. Initial results show an average erosion rate of 13 t/ha/year. Quarry operations were identified as the primary sediment source, as indicated by the factors contributing to erosion. The qualitative PAP/RAC (Priority Actions Program/Regional Activity Center) model was used to assess the development trends in the watershed, confirming a clear tendency toward irreversible degradation in the quarry areas. Considering that the mined carbonate lithology represents 23.77% of the total area of the catchment, the situation in the region could deteriorate if quarry operations continue. The simulation of quarry rehabilitation scenarios through land use and land cover change (LULC) with IntErO shows that reforestation of quarries can significantly reduce erosion rates (4.78 t/ha/year) compared to their conversion to agricultural land. This study underlines the effectiveness of IntErO, based on the EPM model, in quickly and effectively mapping and quantifying water erosion.

The Influence of Japanese Nuclear Sewage Pollution on China's Import and Export Trade

The Fukushima Daiichi disaster occurred in 2011, leading to ongoing concerns about contaminated water. China and Japan have a complex trade relationship, which makes any disruption important. This background sets the stage for exploring potential trade implications. The research will discuss how Japan's nuclear and water pollution affect China's import and export trade. First, we will cover the background of the accident at the Fukushima nuclear power plant in Japan and the atomic sewage treatment plan. Next, we will analyze the potential impact of this incident on China's import and export trade, covering trade relations, seafood, and other aspects. Finally, we will discuss China's measures and proposals to address this impact. In short, it is concluded that Sino-Japanese trade will be subject to inevitable fluctuations in the short and medium term, but in the long run, its transaction will still show a steady upward trend.

The Impact of the EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism on China’s Exports to the EU

The EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), which is regarded as the EU’s key policy tool to address carbon leakage, might have a non-negligible impact on China’s exports, as China is an important trading partner for the EU’s carbon-intensive products. This paper uses the GTAP-E model to simulate the impact of the EU CBAM on China’s exports to the EU from four aspects, export price, trade structure, trade value and terms of trade, by setting up multiple scenarios. The results show that the EU CBAM reduces the export prices of China’s taxed sectors to the EU, and that the export prices of other sectors show the same change characteristics. The export volume of China’s taxed sectors decreases differently with the export transfer effect and export inhibition effect. In terms of trade value, the EU carbon tariffs not only reduce China’s export value but also lead to a reduction in EU exports. The implementation of the EU CBAM improves the terms of trade of the EU and worsens the terms of trade of China. An expansion of the scope of taxation and a change in the calculation method of carbon emissions would aggravate the change in the terms of trade. The results suggest that feasible measures should be taken to strengthen international cooperation, promote the construction of a unified national carbon market and export diversification, and establish a firm carbon emission accounting system in order to mitigate the negative impact of the EU CBAM.

The Specific Impact of Environmental Regulations on the Comparative Advantage of Resource-Based Industries

With the increasing emphasis on global environmental issues and the deepening of the concept of sustainable development, the application and impact of environmental regulation are becoming increasingly prominent. Especially for pollution-intensive products, the impact of environmental regulation on the import and export trade of different pollution-intensive products is subject to various factors. The impact of environmental regulation on different resource-based industries still needs a lot of research. Through the method of literature analysis, this paper integrates the literature on the impact of environmental regulation on resource-based industries and concludes that the overall impact of environmental regulation on resource-based industries is positive and significant. For the paper and pulp industry, both exogenous and endogenous environmental regulations have enhanced its comparative advantage. For the non-ferrous metal and non-metallic mineral industry, environmental regulation can promote its technological progress and gain comparative advantage.

The impacts of digital value chain embeddedness on trade-related carbon emissions intensity

Objective: Digitalization supported by digital technology presents a potential solution for improving the efficiency of resource utilization. However, the impacts of digitalization on trade-related carbon emissions intensity have not been studied systematically.Methods: Based on panel data of 41 countries and regions over the period 2000–2014, this study examines how different types of digital value chain embeddedness can affect carbon emissions intensity using a semi-parametric partially linear model.Results: Research findings indicate that there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between digital domestic value chain embeddedness and carbon emissions intensity embodied in domestic trade; only when digitalization reaches a threshold of approximately 0.88, does the effects on carbon emissions intensity become negative. In addition, the impacts of digital global value chain embeddedness on carbon emissions intensity embodied in import trade and export trade are recognized as being non-linear; the thresholds of digitalization are approximately 0.1 and 0.3 for import trade and approximately 0.03 and 0.21 for export trade. Although participating in global value chains is conducive to accelerating digital technology diffusion, the actual environmental effects are constrained by a country’s absorptive capacity and high economic system complexity. Compared with developed countries, developing countries lag behind in entering the downward stage of the inverted U-shaped curve, thereby gaining environmental benefits from digital value chain embeddedness. Moreover, in terms of utilizing digital value chain embeddedness to improve energy efficiency, measures include optimizing trade conditions, adjusting energy structure, and increasing trade scale, which can play an active role.Value: This study sheds light on the exploration of the potential of digitalization and the facilitation of economic development in a more environmentally friendly manner.

Foreign (Europe and the United States) High-frequency Trading Strategy and Regulatory System to the Domestic Revelation

With the continuous progress of technology and economic development, high-frequency trading has become one of the most important trading methods in the securities market of various countries. This paper mainly analyzes the trading strategy and regulatory system of foreign high-frequency trading, and obtains some enlightenment from it. In terms of trading strategy, domestic high-frequency traders should strengthen technology research and development, improve the level of algorithms; Enhance data analysis capabilities to build a reliable data foundation; Strengthen computer hardware to provide a solid guarantee. In terms of the supervision system, China should set up independent supervisory bodies, strengthen transaction data supervision, limit high-frequency trading, enhance market transparency, and active make the application of regulatory technologies.

The effect of fluctuations in bilateral relations on trade: evidence from China and ASEAN countries

China and ASEAN have strong ties and have become each other’s largest trading partners. This article uses the gravity model and a novel method of analysis, based on massive event data provided by the Global Database of Events, Language, and Tone, to empirically analyse the impact of fluctuations in bilateral relations between China and ASEAN on bilateral trade from January 2001 to December 2020. An analysis of 1,204,126 event records concluded that the improvement of bilateral relations was beneficial for trade between China and ASEAN countries. China’s export trade was more easily influenced by bilateral relations than its import trade. Compared to the one-way behavioural attitude of ASEAN countries towards China, China’s one-way reaction to ASEAN countries had a greater impact on bilateral trade. China’s trade dependence level with most ASEAN countries maintains a trend of steady growth, and trade relations show a positive trend. Therefore, China and ASEAN should maintain stable political ties, enhance mutual understanding, strengthen economic and political connectivity, take adequate measures to promote mutual trust, continue optimizing cooperation models, and promote high-quality and high-level sustainable development across the region.

Bilateral trade potential analysis of the Lanzhou-Kathmandu South Asian rail-road freight trains linking China and Nepal: A stochastic frontier gravity model approach.

In this paper, the stochastic frontier gravity model is applied to analyze the trade potential between China and Nepal and the prospects of Lanzhou-Kathmandu South Asian rail-road freight trains (LKSARFT). Based on the statistical data, we test the Exports Efficiency (EE), Bilateral Trade Efficiency (BTE), Exports Trade Potential (ETP), Bilateral Trade Potential (BTP), Extended Exports Trade Potential (EETP), Extended Bilateral Trade Potential (EBTP), Improved Exports Trade Potential (IETP) and Improved Bilateral Trade Potential (IBTP) between China and Nepal, the following analysis results can be found: for the bilateral trade model, the bilateral non-efficiency factor decreasing at a rate of 0.057 with time increasing, bilateral trade increasing at a rate of 0.057 with time increasing. For the exports model, the exports non-efficiency factor increasing at a rate of 0.004 with time increasing, exports trade decreasing at a rate of 0.057 with time increasing. The BTE between China and Nepal increases when time changes, the EE from China to Nepal remains constant changing during the 18 years. The changing range of BTE is 0.002-0.05; the changing range of EE from China to Nepal is over 0.1, larger than the BTE. The BTE and EE ranking among the eight South Asian countries are ranking fifth and fourth during the 18 years. exports trade resistance from China to Nepal is larger than bilateral trade resistance; The import trade potential from Nepal to China is huge, the focus of bilateral trade between China and Nepal may be changed, there are more goods may be exported from Nepal to China, and China may become trade deficit when trading with Nepal. Then, the development bottlenecks of the LKSARFT are analyzed. Finally, we give policy directions to boost bilateral trade efficiency and tap the potential of bilateral trade between China and Nepal.

The impact of import expansion on energy efficiency: Perspective of cities' geographical characteristics

Energy is an indispensable propeller for economic growth. Improving energy efficiency not only mitigates energy scarcity, but also represents an imperative option for reducing ecological and environmental strain, addressing the challenges of contemporary global warming. With China's increasing participation in global value chains through imports, the question arises: can import trade contribute to advancing energy efficiency? This matter holds great significance in resolving present-day energy challenges and fostering sustainable economic progress. We employ super-SBM model to measure the energy efficiency of cities; based on the data collected from prefecture-level cities from 2000 to 2016, Our findings indicate that: (1) Import trade significantly enhances cities' energy efficiency. (2) Geographical and climatic conditions significantly impact the energy effect of import trade; the enhancement effect is more significant in eastern and northeastern regions, low-relief areas, low-temperature and low-humidity cities. (3) Import trade not only improves local energy efficiency, but also promotes energy efficiency improvement in neighbouring cities, this spatial spillover effect holds significantly under various spatial matrices. We must fully utilize the promotional impact of import trade to enhance the energy efficiency of cities, and maintain our commitment to executing an active import promotion strategy. Considering the impact of topography, climate, and other geographical factors, we must emphasize the role of geographical conditions in optimizing energy and environment. Furthermore, we should encourage inter-regional economic and trade exchanges and establish a joint governance mechanism for cross-regional collaboration.

Spatio-temporal heterogeneity of China's import and export trade, factors influencing it, and its implications for developing countries' trade.

This study constructed a multidimensional indicator system to evaluate spatio-temporal heterogeneity of China's import and export trade of 31 provinces from 2000 to 2022. This study describes the distribution of China's import and export trade by using location Gini coefficient and exploratory spatial analysis. Additionally, Multiple linear regression was used to ascertain the extent of contribution by various factors on the spatio-temporal heterogeneity of import and export trade. The simulation results show that inter-provincial import and export trade displayed distinct spatio-temporal differentiation characteristics with a prominent east-to-west disparity from 2000 to 2022. The trade links between various regions of the country have gradually strengthened, with a corresponding high correlation to the level of economic development. GDP, financial expenditure, freight transportation volume, technology market turnover, foreign investment, and disposable income of all residents, significantly influence the per capita export and import volume. In general, it is suggested that China and developing countries should take effective measures to promote balanced trade development, strengthen regional cooperation and coordination, and promote green trade and sustainable development.

The Macroeconomic Consequences of Import Tariffs and Trade Policy Uncertainty

The Macroeconomic Consequences of Import Tariffs and Trade Policy Uncertainty

Silk Road Concerto: Spatial Narratives of Architectural Cultural Heritage and Linguistic Landscapes in Xinjiang

Abstract The Silk Road is another important international trade route emerging in Eurasia, and Xinjiang, as an important node of the Silk Road, is of great significance in effectively sorting out and studying the architectural cultural heritage of Xinjiang. This paper tries to introduce the concept of spatial grouping in the exploration of the conservation method of Xinjiang’s architectural and cultural heritage and deeply excavate the spatial grouping relationship between each heritage point from the spatial perspective. It combines the quantitative analysis method of space syntax and topological calculation to provide a novel method and thought for studying the spatial narrative of architectural cultural heritage and its linguistic landscape in Xinjiang. The architectural cultures of Marathi Grassland, Sayram Lake, and Kanas Lake in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region are selected as the research objects, and the linguistic landscapes are divided into two dimensions of official and private linguistic landscapes for specific analysis. In the evaluation of the spatial perception of cultural architecture in Xinjiang, the weight of the permeability factor consisting of four dimensions, namely width, size, dynamics, and enclosure, is 0.6579, which verifies the feasibility of quantitative research and provides a supplement based on subjective visual perception. It is also found that both the official and private language landscapes have the national common language as the dominant language, and the language landscapes of instructional function, behavioral regulation function, and cognitive function have a larger proportion. In contrast, the other languages provide convenience for foreign tourists to a certain extent.

The Impact of China Georgia Free Trade Agreement on China Georgia Import and Export Trade

The Impact of China Georgia Free Trade Agreement on China Georgia Import and Export Trade

Research on the Influencing Factors of Cross-border E-commerce Development of Fresh Agricultural Products under the Internet Environment

Abstract This paper analyzes the current situation of cross-border e-commerce of fresh agricultural products in China regarding import and export trade, e-commerce development and logistics services, and summarizes the existing problems and influencing factors. Through the establishment of AHP-fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model, according to the established index system, the weight of each index factor is determined by using hierarchical analysis, and the importance degree of the influencing factors is calculated using fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. The results show that among the primary indicators, the supply of fresh agricultural products has the highest influence, with a score of 4.49. Among the secondary indicators, the quality of new farm products and cross-border e-commerce trading platforms have a very high degree of influence, with scores of 4.714 and 4.518, respectively. The study provides a vital decision-making support for optimizing the development of cross-border e-commerce for fresh agricultural products.