Importing Countries Research Articles

Effects of non-tariff measures on tea exports from Sri Lanka

This study employed the gravity model of trade to examine the effects of non-tariff measures (NTMs) on Sri Lankan tea exports. The study used a panel data set including bilateral exports retrieved from Sri Lanka and its ten major tea export destinations from 2010 to 2019. The frequency of NTMs on Sri Lankan value of tea exports shows an increasing trend. The gravity model estimations show that except for tariff, the coefficients of all other gravity variables are statistically significant and aligned with theoretical justifications. The magnitude of the gross domestic product of Sri Lanka and importer countries and the presence of colonial links positively act on tea exports from Sri Lanka, while the distance between capital cities of trading partners and NTMs lower the exports. More specifically, imposing an additional NTM diminishes the value of tea exports by 48%. Furthermore, the NTMs have a 66% tariff equivalent effect. Hence, Sri Lanka's best prospects for profiting from tea exports depend on altering NTM policies, which are just as significant as other trade barriers.

CEO demographics and gender diversity in senior management in large Scandinavian firms

PurposeThis study aims to investigate whether chief executive officer (CEO) demographics are associated with gender diversity in senior management in the Scandinavia region.Design/methodology/approachThe research design draws on multivariate cross-sectional analysis. The demographic characteristics examined are gender, age and education. A total of six hypotheses are developed and tested. The sample includes the largest 106 public firms from Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden.FindingsResults show that firms with female CEOs have more women in senior management than other firms. However, neither age nor level of formal education of CEOs shows significant results, with the exception of CEOs holding MBA degrees, who are associated with fewer women in these positions. Interestingly, the association between educational background and gender diversity is principally driven by study-abroad experiences. Finally, results show that gender diversity in senior management has an important country component, whereas the industry component is negligible.Originality/valueThe relationship between managers’ demographics and gender diversity among subordinates is a relatively unexplored research issue, as previous works have focused on general comparisons between male and female managers. Furthermore, the Scandinavian context is particularly interesting as this region leads gender equality rankings.

A comprehensive look at Greenwashing from 1996 to 2021: a bibliometric analysis

PurposeThis paper aims to see how scholarly research on Greenwashing practices and behaviour has progressed in the 21st century. There has been a lot of empirical, exploratory and conceptual work done on Green marketing, sustainable marketing and environmental marketing. However, there have been few attempts to produce a comprehensive scientific mapping of Greenwashing as a niche topic. As a result, the study’s goal is to elicit research trends through knowledge structure synthesis.Design/methodology/approachA Bibliometric Analysis on the topic of Greenwashing practices was undertaken on 355 publications. For this, a scientific search strategy was run on the Scopus database for the period 1996–2021. The study was conducted using Biblioshiny, a Web-based application that is part of the Bibliometric package. Important journals, countries, authors, keywords and affiliations were found using the software’s automated workflow and thematic evolution, citations, co-citations and social network analysis were performed.FindingsThe study indicated a gradual increase in the research related to Greenwashing practices. The findings show a relative concentration of more influential work in the said domain amongst a handful of research scholars. Many influential studies have occurred after 2007, and a rally is seen in the studies on Greenwashing till 2020. The authors can say that the rigour of research has started increasing since then. Geographic dispersion of the work has shown that the USA followed by the UK dominates the scholarly inquiry and these countries have major collaboration with European and Asian researchers. The 10 most productive countries were examined, and it was discovered that the USA contributed the majority of the publications, with the UK and China coming in second and third place, respectively, in terms of publication in the said sector. In addition to the domain’s conceptual structure, the study exposes the domain’s social and Intellectual structure. This brings up new possibilities for Greenwashing studies in the future.Research limitations/implicationsThe present research is a Bibliometric analysis that is restricted to science mapping, and hence, limitations apply to the said studies. Researchers can use systematic literature review to build a robust conceptual foundation in the future. The Scopus database was used for this study because it has a greater number of high-quality journals in structured forms that are compatible with Bibliometrix software.Practical implicationsGreenwashing practices and behaviour, as well as their links to sustainability, are discussed in this paper. It highlights the most often stated challenges in the discipline and suggests possible research topics. It provides future scholars with information on this discipline’s issues, contexts and collaboration opportunities.Social implicationsThe current study can give further directions to the researchers for conducting rigorous research on Greenwashing behaviour and practices and will guide the policymakers to formulate policies in the field of non-sustainable activities, with Greenwashing being one of them.Originality/valueA lot of work is done by the scientific community in Green marketing research, and a lot of literature is available on Green and Sustainable marketing practices. However, there is still a need felt for more extensive and rigorous research on the evolution of Greenwashing methods. This study makes a significant addition in that it brings together the scattered literature in the field, focuses on important sources, authors and documents, and investigates Greenwashing techniques and behaviour, which is the other side of the sustainable practices coin.

Key players of the education system: teachers in Transcarpathia in the years of the Ukrainian crisis

In spring 2017 a survey was carried out among 338 practicing Transcarpathian Hungarian teachers about their material and professional satisfaction and migration plans. The study highlighted that one of the most crucial problems of the teachers is the low salary. Among those who are contemplating migration the main push factor is material dissatisfaction, followed by family and partnership reasons. However, we cannot speak about professional burn-out in their case. 72% of the respondents, without being satisfied with their situation, still does not think about migration, or is pretty sure about staying at the homeland. 84 persons (25%) belong to an endangered group, in which people embrace the idea of migration. Only 5 persons have done concrete steps in this direction. In these two groups we find mainly youger teachers. The most important destination country is Hungary. Among the respondents there is high number of Hungarian citizenship holders, however it is not an obvious catalyst of migration: people who are willing to go or willing to stay cannot be differentiated according to this aspect.

Quantifying consumption-based carbon emissions of major economic sectors in Japan considering the global value chain

International trade accelerates the separation between consumption and production on a global scale, thus leading to carbon transfer. Consequently, carbon flow embodied in international trade reallocates global carbon emission responsibilities, consisting of domestic demand and imports but excluding exports. To tackle the geographic flow of emissions embodied in products and services, carbon emissions must be quantified according to the global value chains. Using Japan as a case study, this study tracked the evolution of consumption patterns, international trade, and related carbon emissions based on multi-regional input-output tables, and carbon emissions inventories. Carbon emission transfers among sectors and countries were identified from 2000 to 2014. As a result, imports from the industrial sector led to a gap between production- and consumption-based carbon emissions. Japan was found to be an emissions net import country over the study period, with about 58% of the total carbon emissions inflow coming from China. Moreover, household consumption accounted for nearly 60% of consumption-based emissions, with industrial sector products and services being the primary source of carbon inflow, and the service, transport, and industry sectors are responsible for the majority of domestically released emissions. These conclusions provide valuable information for Japan to customize sectoral carbon reduction priorities, an essential component of setting decarbonization goals from the consumer perspective.

제3국통화표시 수출입가격 결정과 환율의 영향

Purpose - Since most of Korea's import/export transactions are made using US dollars as the invoicing currency, it is necessary to consider not only the won/dollar exchange rate but also the exchange rate between the dollar and the import/export currency when examining the effect of exchange rates on import/export prices.
 Design/Methodology/Approach - This essay theoretically examined that in the vehicle currency trades, the prices in vehicle currency are affected not only by the exchange rate between the exporting country currency and the vehicle currency but also by the exchange rate between the vehicle currency and the importing country currency. This was confirmed by empirical analysis in Korea's imports and exports.
 Findings - In exports by country, the coefficient of the won/dollar exchange rate showed a significant value in 11 out of 21 countries, and the effect of the dollar/importing country currency exchange rate was significant in 13 out of 21 countries. In imports by country, the dollar/exporting currency exchange rates showed significant effects in 10 out of 21 countries, and the effect of the won/dollar exchange rate was significant in 8 countries.
 Research Implications - When studying the effect of exchange rates on import/export prices in the case of vehicle currency pricing, not only the effects of the exchange rate between the importing/exporting country currencies but also the effects of various exchange rates should be considered according to the invoicing currency.

The impact of oil price shocks on macroeconomic indicators: Evidence from four ASEAN countries

Purpose ― This study examines the impact of oil price shocks on macroeconomic indicators, namely real GDP, real exchange rates, inflation, real interest rates, the balance of payments, and unemployment rates in four ASEAN countries, namely Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Thailand. Methods ― This research uses a Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). The oil price variable in this study was divided into two, namely, the increase and decrease in oil prices based on the Mork transformation. Findings ― The analysis showed that the impact of price increases tended to encourage the economy of Brunei Darussalam and Malaysia. The shock of falling oil prices tended to cause a decline in the economy of Brunei Darussalam and Malaysia. The shock of rising prices tended to hamper the economies of Indonesia and Thailand. The shock of falling oil prices did not always positively impact the economy of the importing country, especially for the balance of payments. Implication ― These results show that price shocks will produce different economic responses. Understanding a country's macroeconomic framework is important before implementing effective policies. Originality ― These results expand the literature on the impact of oil price shocks on macroeconomic indicators in developing countries and small open economies, while studies related to macroeconomics generally focus on growth and inflation. This study also distinguishes oil price shocks into rising and falling oil price shocks using the Mork transformation.

PLANT QUARANTINE: AN EFFECTIVE APPROACH FOR THE PREVENTION OF DISEASES: A REVIEW

A major factor in the long-distance spread of diseases and insect pests that could be dangerous to the agriculture of the importing country is the interchange of germplasm and the international trade of agri-horticultural products. Protecting nations from the unauthorized influx of novel insect pests and illnesses fall within the purview of the National Plant Protection Organizations. Combining regulatory and technical strategies that can guarantee biosecurity for a country or region can be used to achieve the exclusion. The International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPMs), which offer standards on pest prevention, detection, and eradication, are developed by the Food and Agriculture Organizations International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC). Inthe recent era, the import and export of plant commodities have dramatically increased,and the chance of plant diseases is also increased from their original native place to new location, where it does not exist. The new diseases have tremendous loss in India and the world. In the last decade beginning the government of India in 2003 has notification of new Plant Quarantine order (PQ order)that harmonized Indias regulatory frameworkwith the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) and internationally accepted standards and the tenants of the sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) agreement of the world trade organization. So,to prevent exotic diseases from a foreign country or within country legal restrictions are enforced commonly known as quarantinelaws. Plant Quarantine measures are taken at the domestic or in time or as well as foreign Quarantine. It acts as an important tool to exclude plant diseases.Effectively implementation of Quarantine is highly emphasized for disease management.

Marketing research of the range of medicinal products based on salts of natural origin

As a source of supply of a balanced complex of salts in pharmaceutical practice, sea water (MW), sea salt (MS), obtained by the method of ordinary evaporation, or salt solutions made from standardized raw materials are used. Deep seawater (SW), typically pumped from depths greater than 200 m, contains a wealth of trace elements, including magnesium, calcium, potassium, chromium, selenium, zinc, and vanadium. Due to this, SW has the potential of a source and raw material for the creation of medicinal products for human health.
 The purpose of the work was to research the assortment of preparations based on salts of natural origin and analyze the segment of such products on the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine as of June 2022.
 The research was conducted on the basis of data from the State Register of Medicinal Products of Ukraine, the Morion information search program, and the classification system of the ATS electronic resource Compendium.online. Methods of structural, statistical and graphic analysis were applied in the work, and their generalization and systematization was carried out.
 It was established that on the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine, the segment of medicines, medical products and cosmetics, the source of active substances of which is SW and/or SS, is represented by 150 trade names. It was determined that by type of registration, the most common are medical products (51%) and cosmetics (42%), only 7% of registered drugs are registered. Manufacturers use sea water obtained from the deep water basins of the Adriatic, Aegean, Mediterranean Seas, Atlantic Ocean, Kankal Bay, sea water of Gullmarsfjorden. Domestically produced drugs of the investigated market segment occupy a share of 57%. Among the importing countries, the leaders are Croatia (9%) and Poland (5%). The analysis of the nomenclature established that the most common medicinal form of the drugs are nasal sprays (78%).
 The obtained data show that as the active substance of saline solutions, manufacturers declare SS (56% of the nomenclature) and SW (53%), however, not all products contain information about the source of origin of SS/SW. It was determined that there are no products on the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine based on the SW and SS of the Black and Azov seas, which is the basis for research and the creation of new drugs of domestic production.

Religious and Economic Soft Power in Ghana-Turkey Relations

Turkey’s government seeks to apply both “religious soft power” and “economic soft power” to increase its influence in Ghana. Turkey’s religious soft power relationship with Ghana is exemplified by Turkey’s paying for construction of a new national mosque in the African country, at a cost of USD 10 million. Turkey’s economic soft power relationship with Ghana is exemplified by both considerable recent investments and in fast-growing bilateral trade. The overall aim of the government of Turkey is to increase the country’s influence in Ghana, part of a wider initiative to expand its regional influence in Africa. Ghana is important to Turkey as it is regarded as a strategically important African country, one of the region’s few democracies and an economic success. The paper assesses Turkey’s various forms of influence in Ghana and considers what Turkey hopes to achieve in foreign policy terms. The paper is in four sections. The first examines religious soft power and Turkey–Ghana relations, noting that recently they have become closer and more cordial, involving both religious and non-religious aspects. The second section examines Muslims’ traditionally marginal political position in Ghana and explains that over time Muslims have become more politically assertive, open to external religious influences, including from Turkey, a country well known to use religious soft power to try to expand its foreign policy influence. The third section assesses recent Ghana-Turkey relations, including the expansion of Turkey’s economic soft power, with three examples: the national mosque, encouraging Islamic education, and mutual desire to quell the activities of what the government of Turkey refers to as the “Fethullah Terrorist Organisation”. The section also considers the role of Turkey’s economic soft power in increasing the country’s presence in Ghana. The concluding section argues that the government of Turkey uses several techniques to increase its influence in Ghana, including both religious soft power and economic soft power. The government of Ghana broadly welcomes Turkey’s influence from both religious and economic perspectives: from a religious point of view, Turkey’s Sunni orthodoxy is seen as very unlikely to stimulate radicalization among Ghana’s Muslims, while Turkey’s economic presence is welcomed as an important means to help further build Ghana’s economy.

Perceptions of Living Conditions across Europe and Their Impact on Xenophobia

Abstract This study investigates whether European reference frames – the rating of living conditions in other countries – affect the prevalence of xenophobia among respondents in different European countries. For justifying such assumption, the author builds on two literatures: a large body of literature investigates the effect of individual and collective relative deprivation on xenophobia. Moreover, studies in the field of European sociology show that, in light of deepening European integration, people compare living conditions in different European countries. The author argues that such European reference frames matter for the development of stereotyped categorization processes and thus xenophobia. Based on original survey data, the author shows that country comparisons matter at least indirectly and he points at apparently important country differences, indicating the salience of the respective countries in public debates and warranting further research. With these insights, this article offers an important contribution to research on xenophobia as well as to European sociology.

Variation of the Antioxidative Defense in Elaeis guineensis Jacq. Facing Bud Rot Disease in the Coastal Area of Ecuador.

Elaeis guineensis Jacq. has gained a reputation in the food industry as an incredible crop capable of supplying the world's largest edible oil production. In Ecuador, an important oil palm-producing country, this crop is affected in a high percentage by the bud rot disease, which is responsible for palm death. The main objective of the investigation was dedicated to understanding the palm defense mechanism facing bud rot disease, translated in the induction of reactive oxygen species, activation of defensive machinery comprising enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidative components, secondary metabolites, carotenoids accumulation in the palm during all stages of disease infection. For this, a survey was conducted in different oil palm plantations in the Esmeraldas province, one of the most representative for its highest incidence of bud rot disease. The survey completed DPPH, FRAP, ABTS, and other spectrophotometric analyses to underline the biochemical, biological, and physiological palm response front of bud rot incidence. The palm defense strategy in each disease stage could be represented by the phenolic compound's involvement, an increment of antioxidant activity, and the high enzymatic activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL). The results of the investigation made understandable the palm defense strategy front of this disease, respectively, the antioxidative defense and the palm secondary compounds involved.

Carbon emissions embedded in China's paper trade: Estimated outcomes of alternative approaches

China is one of the largest exporters of paper products. Along the global value chains (GVCs), specialization and segmentation result in paper products, as well as the intermediate inputs associated with their manufacturing, in one country to be consumed by other countries. This results in the carbon flows embedded in the trade flows and, thus, an ignorance of potential carbon leakage due to production-based carbon emissions accounting. Using the multiregional input-output model and statistics from the World Input-Output Database, we employ a consumer-based accounting method to trace carbon emissions embodied in China's paper trade from 2000 to 2014. It is found that the carbon emissions embodied in China's paper exports were much larger than those of its imports. China's manufacturing and exporting of large amounts of paper products led to high carbon emissions within China. However, substantial carbon leakages can occur to the importing countries of China's paper products if the accounting is done from the production perspective. To reduce paper industry's carbon leakage and participate in GVCs more efficiently, it is also necessary for the country to upgrade the manufacturing technologies and processes.

Strategies for Thai Translation of Guangxi Intangible Cultural Heritage List in the Context of Belt and Road Initiative

In the context of the Belt and Road, Guangxi is an important gateway to Southeast Asian countries. Thailand is an important country along the Belt and Road, while Guangxi has many ethnic minorities and a rich historical and cultural heritage. To date, there are 49 national intangible cultural heritage items in Guangxi, which cover a wide range of cultural contents and have a strong ethnic and cultural flavour of Guangxi. The translation of these items will help Thailand to better understand Guangxi's culture and help "Chinese culture to go out". This paper discusses the principles and methods of Thai translation of the list of intangible cultural heritage of Guangxi to help the research of Thai translation of intangible cultural heritage and the foreign promotion of Chinese intangible heritage.

The Effect of Logistics Performance Index Indicators on Palm Oil and Palm-Based Products Export: The Case of Indonesia and Malaysia

Palm oil is one of the most traded vegetable oils in the global market due to its versatile usage and having a lower price than competitor products. Trade is related to logistics performance as it connects the exporter and importer countries; thus, improving the indicators of logistics also improves the performance of trade, especially in agricultural export. Currently, no study has revealed the effect of logistics performance on palm oil export by considering all the indicators. This study investigates the impact of all the indicators of the logistics performance index on palm oil and palm-based products. Using a panel data regression approach, the extended gravity model is applied in this study to examine Indonesia and Malaysia as the leading exporters of palm oil and palm-based products. The results reveal that all the Logistics Performance Index indicators affect palm oil and palm-based products export in Indonesia and Malaysia. The critical indicators of the Logistics Performance Index in Indonesia are timeliness and tracking and tracing. However, competence and quality of trade infrastructure are the main indicators of Malaysia’s palm oil and palm-based products. The future direction of this research is to explore other agricultural commodities and extend the period of the analysis.

Impacts of Vaccination on International Trade During the Pandemic Era.

This paper examines how COVID-19 vaccinations change international trade. We analyze monthly level trade data from January 2020 to March 2022 that cover the bilateral exports from 40 reporting countries to 220 partner countries. Our findings can be summarized as follows. On average, the effects of vaccination rates in importing and exporting countries on exports were found to be insignificant. When considering the income level, we also did not find significant effects of vaccination rates in high- and low-income importing countries on exports. In contrast, the rise of vaccination rates in low-income exporting countries significantly increased their exports though no significant increase in exports was detected when vaccination rates rose in high-income exporting countries. These results imply that since low-income countries are mainly engaged in labor-intensive industries, the relaxation of lockdown orders (i.e., movement and gathering restrictions) driven by the rise of vaccination rates plays a crucial role in production activities in low-income countries.

Effects of Ukraine’s log export ban policy on log sales prices of forest enterprises in Turkey

ABSTRACT The effects on forest enterprises in an importer country have been neglected in debate on log export bans (LEBs). This study aimed to determine the effects of pine LEB decisions made by Ukraine on the auction sales prices of three different coniferous log types at three Turkish forest enterprises. Sales price functions were derived using multiple regressions with data on log sales at auction of 4,565 sales lots of third-class normal-length Austrian pine, Scotch pine, and fir logs included in the 213 sales by auction conducted between 2009 and 2018. In the analysis, the auction sales prices for each log type were used as the dependent variable, while Ukraine’s LEB, together with the variables related to the possible marketing mix and environmental factors, was treated as the independent variable. Ukraine’s LEB most increased the sales price of fir in the Cerkes enterprise (152.87 TL), while it had a lesser increasing effect on the prices of Scotch pine in the Kizilcahamam enterprise and Austrian pine in the Nallihan enterprise (127.48 TL and 55.21 TL, respectively). Ukraine’s pine LEB gives forest enterprises in Turkey the opportunity to find additional financial resources for forest management, albeit at different levels.

The US Dollar Hegemony Crisis in the Vision of the "One belt and one road" and China's Strategic Choices

At this stage, the US dollar is still the most important international currency in the world and plays a leading role in international trade. However, with the continuous development of the times, the problems existing in the hegemony of the US dollar are gradually exposed, which greatly hinders the development of the world economy. There are congenital defects in the development of the US dollar, which also makes the world economy fall into crisis again and again. With the development of the world economy, the world pattern is quietly changing, the basis of the dollar hegemony is constantly weakening, and a new international financial order is gradually taking shape, which is of great help to the development of the world economy. As an important country in the world, China should grasp the trend of the times, seek new historical opportunities with the help of the "One belt and one road", explore a new international financial order, and gradually break the hegemony of the US dollar.

LAISSEZ-FAIRE LİDERLİK: ALANIN BİR HARİTASI VE BİBLİYOMETRİK BİR ANALİZ / Laissez-Faire Leadership: A Map Of The Field And A Bibliometric Analysis

Laissez-faire liderlik üzerine araştırmalar henüz yeterli düzeyde değildir. Bu çalışmada, 1990-2021 yılları arasında WoS veri tabanında yayınlanan ve başlığında laissez-faire liderlik, pasif liderlik veya kaçınmacı liderlik kelimeleri yer alan 58 makale analizlere dahil edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, alanın yıllar içindeki gelişimi, alandaki en önemli yayınlar, dergiler, yazarlar ve ülkeler belirlenerek haritalandırılmıştır. Ardından, ortak anahtar kelime analizi ve bibliyografik eşleşme analizleri uygulanmıştır. Sonuçlar en fazla makalenin 2021 yılında yayınlandığını, en üretken dergilerin Work And Stress ve Frontiers in Psychology, en üretken yazarın Skogstad, A., en üretken ülkenin ise ABD olduğunu göstermiştir. Bibliyometrik analiz sonuçlarına göre, en yoğun kullanılan anahtar kelimeler; laissez-faire liderlik, pasif liderlik, liderlik, dönüşümcü liderlik, etkileşimci liderlik, laissez-faire, güvenlik iklimi, pasif kaçınmacı liderlik ve işyeri zorbalığıdır. Bibliyografik eşleşme gücü en yüksek olan yazar, Skogstad, A.; dergi, Work and Stress; ülke ise ABD’dir. Sonuçlar, araştırmacılara alandaki mevcut yönelime ilişkin anlayışı geliştirmeleri ve yeni trendleri tespit etmeleri için güçlü bir temel sağlayabilir.

Exploring inclusive education in times of COVID-19: An international comparison of German, Austrian and Portuguese teachers

With the start of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, the global education system has a faced immense challenges and disruptions resulting in and the necessity for an immediate redesign of teaching and learning in the school context. Face-to-face classroom instruction had to be replaced by ‘emergency remote teaching’, requiring teacher to adapt their daily routines to a new and unprecedented educational reality. Researchers and policymakers worldwide have agreed that, despite the fact that efforts were made to immediately adapt to emergency remote teaching, disadvantaged and vulnerable students may be especially at risk in emergency remote teaching. Given the differences in schooling organization across countries during the COVID-19 pandemic it can be expected that teachers performed inclusive instructional practices significantly different. Against the unpredictable situation, cross-country research has been urgently required to provide data that could inform education policy. Thus, this study explored teachers’ perceptions of supporting at risk students during the first COVID-19 school closures, as well as examining teachers’ inclusive teaching practices in three countries: Germany, Austria and Portugal. ANOVA results revealed important country differences. In general, it appears that teachers in Germany and Austria reported to have implemented less practices to address vulnerable and at-risk students compared to Portuguese teachers. Implications of the results, as well as further lines of research are outlined.