Important Public Facilities Research Articles

AED Inequity among Social Groups in Guangzhou

Automated external defibrillators (AEDs) are regarded as the most important public facility after fire extinguishers due to their importance to out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) victims. Previous studies focused on the location optimization of the AED, with little attention to inequity among different social groups. To comprehensively investigate the spatial heterogeneity of the AED inequity, we first collected AED data from a WeChat applet. Then, we used the geographically weighted regression (GWR) model to quantify the inequity level and identify the socio-economic status group that faced the worst inequity in each neighborhood. Results showed that immigrants of all ages suffer a more severe AED inequity than residents after controlling population and road density. Immigrants face more severe inequity in downtown, while residents face more severe inequity in the peripheral and outer suburbs. AED inequity among youngsters tends to be concentrated in the center of each district, while inequity among the elderly tends to be distributed at the edge of each district. This study provides a new perspective for investigating the inequity in public facilities, puts forward scientific suggestions for future AED allocation planning, and emphasizes the importance of the equitable access to AED.

Spatial Accessibility of Urban Emergency Shelters Based on Ga2SFCA and Its Improved Method: A Case Study of Kunming, China

Emergency shelters are important public facilities for urban disaster prevention and mitigation. Measuring their spatial accessibility provides a valuable reference for urban modernization and a balanced layout of emergency shelters. In previous studies, the Gaussian two-step floating catchment area (Ga2SFCA) method has the shortcoming of ignoring the effect of a fixed search radius on accessibility. In this study, an improved Ga2SFCA method was proposed to evaluate emergency shelter accessibility in the main urban area of Kunming, China. The parameters of the serviceability of the shelters and the degree of population aggregation were introduced to calculate their effect on the search radius. The traditional Ga2SFCA method and the improved method were compared and analyzed. The results showed that the improved method is more reasonable and realistic in the search radius of densely populated areas and areas lacking shelters, thus providing highly objective and accurate accessibility to emergency shelters. Further, the spatial distribution of the emergency shelters in the main urban area of Kunming was unbalanced and did not match the population density distribution. The accessibility of shelters in parts of the northwestern, eastern, and central parts of the city was low. The method presented in this study could be used to provide reference and support for the government and planners to reasonably plan shelter facilities and promote equal access for all residents to shelter resources.

A Study on the Layout of Hospital Ward Buildings in Cold Regions of China Based on the Efficiency of Nurse Rounds

As an important public facility, the number, area, and scale of hospital buildings are growing rapidly. The efficiency of nurses’ rounds to beds is an important indicator of the efficiency of nursing units in ward buildings. Ward buildings occupy a very important position in the overall energy consumption of hospital building complexes. The type and scale of nursing unit floorplans are some of the key factors affecting the energy consumption of ward buildings. In this paper, three typical floorplan layout types of hospital ward buildings in cold regions of China are selected. The relationships between rounding efficiency, building energy consumption, floorplan layout, and building size were quantified using Origin based on linear regression and non-linear regression. The study showed that at 60 beds, the efficiency of nurse rounds was 35.68% higher in the double-corridor layout compared to the single-corridor. At 44 beds, the difference in average bed energy consumption between the double-corridor type and the single-corridor type is the greatest, with a 9.02% saving in energy consumption. This result confirms that the layout and scale of the ward building has a significant impact on the efficiency of nursing unit rounds and building energy efficiency.

Investigating the Characteristics of Urban Comprehensive Hospitals from a Supply–Demand Balance Perspective: A Case Study of Three Districts in Shenzhen Based on Multi-Source Data

As an important public facility in cities, hospitals provide services that are vital to people’s lives. Big data is representative of geographic data from numerous sources. It has the advantages of large amounts of data, high timeliness, and abundant information, which may compensate for the inadequacy of traditional planning and design, which is overly subjective. Big data can be used to obtain large-scale human movement data to study hospital characteristics from a supply–demand balance perspective. Here, 182 comprehensive hospitals in three districts of Shenzhen were picked as an example, and multi-source data were introduced as a quantitative assessment tool to analyze them. First, the mobile public participation geographic information system (PPGIS) was researched and developed independently and used to collect volunteered geographic information (VGI) data, which was adopted to quantify hospital service supply. Second, the population’s demand for hospitals was characterized by the quantified point of interest (POI) data. Finally, the location entropy method was utilized to quantify the levels of supply and demand for comprehensive hospital services from a supply–demand balance perspective, which was used to guide the classification of the comprehensive hospitals. The result shows that: (1) the service scopes and the service pressure are different for the same type of comprehensive hospitals classified by the traditional method; (2) the spatial distribution of patients is related to land function; (3) the overlap area between the part with a high service pressure level in the comprehensive hospital and the part with high medical demand of the patient is prone to service blindness. This study paves a new way to optimize the spatial allocation of medical institutions or other types of public facilities, rationalize resource allocation, and alleviate urban transportation congestion.

A case of public landscape design for a small city - Dali Erhai Ecological Corridor manhole covers beautification project

Manhole covers are one of the most important public facilities in cities. They are the first choice for public landscape renovation in many small and medium-sized cities because of their low cost of renovation and quick results. Many cities around the world have manhole cover cultures, with more widely used and successful cases in Japan. At present, there is no systematic manhole cover culture in China. This study explores the practicality of manhole covers as a public landscape design for small cities from design, art form and material techniques of the Dali Erhai Ecological Corridor manhole covers landscaping project, which has the value of being widely used and promoted.

Environmental monitoring and policy for sustainable public facilities: case study of a hospital in Yogyakarta

Sustainability is one of the most important issues in the recent year for almost all country in the world. Good environmental monitoring and policy is needed to meet the sustainability. Hospital is one of the most important public facilities, especially during pandemic situation. Therefore, environmental monitoring for this building is necessary. The purpose of this research is to know the monitoring result of a hospital in Yogyakarta by using government regulation. Effluent of wastewater (BOD, COD, TSS, TDS, Coliform, etc.), ambient and emission air quality (SO2, NO2, CO, particulate, etc.) and solid waste management are investigated periodically by using standard regulation. The findings of the present study showed that almost all tested parameters are under the permitted level of the local regulation (Yogyakarta Province). Best practice of the hospital should be considered as a good contribution in term of sustainability.

MOSQUES IN POST-SOVIET KAZAKHSTAN: DISCOURSE INTERPRETATION AND REGULATORY PRACTICES

The authors have analyzed the dynamics of the growth of number of mosques built by religious associations in post-Soviet Kazakhstan and noted a transition from their unregulated and chaotic construction (proliferation) to their precise association with specific maddhabs, and their construction norms conceptualized by religious institutions represented by the Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of Kazakhstan (DUMK). The types of cultic facilities and the actors are discussed and ranked according to the type of their involvement and partnership. We should note that the participation of various actors adds weight to the status of mosques as important public facilities. The authors have paid particular attention to the religious communities’ revised registration realized under the Law of the RK on Religious Activities and Religious Associations of 2011, which optimized the religious space, consolidated the positions of traditional Islam and, hence, standardized the rules related to mosque construction. Keywords: mosque, public space, post-Soviet realities, re-Islamization, re-appropriation, “mosque diplomacy,” religious communities, traditional Islam, DUMK.

Kajian Konsep Arsitektur Bioklimatik Pada Masjid Al Warqa'a, Dubai, Uni Emirat Arab

The mosque is an important public facility for the Muslim community with a function as a place of worship. The comfort of the mosque can affect humility in the process of worship. The bioclimatic architectural approach is a solution that maximizes the benefits of existing conditions through the application of bioclimatic architecture to mosque buildings, and to find out which mosque buildings have a direct influence on aspects of bioclimatic architecture. The purpose of this study is to find out how the application of bioclimatic architecture affects the shape of the Al-Warqa'a mosque. This research method uses descriptive qualitative methods to determine the application of bioclimatic architectural concepts to mosque buildings so that in bioclimatic principles through the layout and shape of the building, the direction and condition of window shading, orientation and color on the walls, building ventilation, material selection. and site landscaping. This study uses secondary data collection methods with variables such as indoor temperature, air flow, and sunlight. Secondary data is a method for surveying data by collecting data from books, journals, archives, and literature from previous research related to the principles of bioclimatic architecture. The results obtained are from 9 bioclimatic principles, there are 2 principles that are not applied to the Al-Warqa'a mosque building, namely terraces and balconies. However, other principles can be applied using adjustments to each of these principles.

User Satisfaction Evaluation of Local Community Facilities : The Cases of Neighborhood III in Sejong City

Community facilities in regional communities are important public facilities that provide services and support residents’ lives. Recently, community facilities have been created as a ‘mixed-use’ form, wherein multiple facilities and programs such as administration, culture, and daycare are placed in one building. The purpose of this study is to analyze the users’ satisfaction levels pertaining to such community facilities regarding the physical environment of the facilities and their use. As research methods, previous studies on changes in functions of community facilities and satisfaction levels of the environment have been considered and a survey was conducted on users of three community facilities. Using factor analysis and ANOVA statistical analysis as analysis methods, factors by detailed investigation items, the correlation between the items, and significance of the results of satisfaction level by facilities were analyzed.

UNCERTAINTY MODELLING OF CITIZEN-CENTERED GROUP DECISION MAKING USING FUZZY-VIKOR CASE STUDY: SITE SELECTION OF HEALTHCARE SERVICES

Abstract. The participation of citizens in decision-making processes is one of the main concerns in urban planning. People’s contributions increase the usability and efficiency of urban facilities. Hospitals and healthcare services are among the most important public facilities that citizens require. This paper aims to improve an approach that could locate the hospitals according to the citizens’ preferences. Decision-making process in this situation should consider the uncertainties exist in any steps of decisions-making. In this regard, this paper applied Fuzzy-VIKOR method that is appropriate to model such kind of uncertainty. The proposed method was accomplished in Districts 6 of Tehran province. The achieved results were compared with each other in two different scenario (using expert knowledge and citizens’ satisfaction). The comparison of the results showed that the more suitable distribution and density of proposed sites for hospitals must be observed if the citizens’ perspectives were considered. Also, the proposed sites with experts follow urban planning principals rather than the second case.

Deep reinforcement learning based valve scheduling for pollution isolation in water distribution network.

Public water supply facilities are vulnerable to intentional intrusion. In particular, Water Distribution Network (WDN) has become one of the most important public facilities that are prone to be attacked because of its wide coverage and constant open operation. In recent years, water contamination incidents happen frequently, causing serious losses and impacts to the society. Various measures have been taken to tackle this issue. Pollution or contamination isolation by localizing the contamination via sensors and scheduling certain valves have been regarded as one of the most promising solutions. The main challenge is how to schedule water valves to effectively isolate contamination and reduce the residual concentration of contaminants in WDN. In this paper, we are motivated to propose a reinforcement learning based method for valve real time scheduling by treating the sensing data from the sensors as state, and the valve scheduling as action, thus we can learn scheduling policy from uncertain contamination events without precise characterization of contamination source. Simulation results show that our proposed algorithm can effectively isolate the contamination and reduce the risk exclosure to the customers.

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The most important features of the drone (unmanned aerial vehicle) are its survivability, noise immunity and secrecy. In this context, the threats that arise during the protection of weapons depots and important public facilities have been analyzed. The parameters of the early detection of drone attacks have been studied. The possibilities of countering the unmanned aircraft attack by means of air defense and electronic warfare systems are considered. In the geographic information system for an electronic map of the area, a simulation model is proposed. The model has an aircraft route organizer that allows analyzing possible flight directions at given altitudes and speeds on various route segments. With fixed initial conditions and repeated model execution, a statistically significant result can be obtained in the form of a mathematical probability of defeat (neutralization) of an unmanned aerial vehicle. This feature is implemented using the definition in the model of the states and events of an unmanned aerial vehicle along segments of the route. For example, a case when the device enters the zone of action of one or more air defense means. Or, an example of another situation, when the drone with a certain probability is affected by air defense units. In the model it is possible to calculate and correct the probabilities of detection, neutralization and hitting of the drones. If in the process of the simulation model re-running, negative results in covering the objects are obtained, then the locations of observation points, electronic warfare and anti-aircraft defense facilities should be changed. The newly formed detection, cover and defeat zones should ensure the neutralization of the UAV in a potentially dangerous direction. In addition, on the base of results of the model, this approach can be used for the protection of other electronic warfare and air defense systems with higher likelihood of destruction and neutralization of the drones.

Design of the Embedded RLC Measurement Module

Based on the frequency measurement principle, an embedded RLC measurement module was designed in this paper. By the RC oscillator circuit and LC three-point oscillator circuit, the R, L, C analog parameters can be converted into a digital frequency for single-chip computer processing, according to the relationship between a function of frequency and component parameters, the RLC components corresponding parameter values is calculated​​. Experimental results showed that the RLC module has an automatic conversion range, high precision, enabling network connections and so on. It can be applied to management and fault monitoring and forecasting power transmission lines, oil and gas pipelines and submarine cables and other important public facilities.

墳墓需要特性の空間分布

How many graves are necessary in the near future? This is one of the basic concerns in the process of city planning; hence cemeteries are the important public facilities. In the past several years, many surveys on graves have been made in order to estimate the demand of graves. However, it is very difficult to get the homogeneous samples from the population by questionnaires. This is because the interests in graves are varied according to their family- or dwelling-types. In this paper we propose a method to reduce this difficulty and estimate the spatial distribution of demand on graves by using urban lattice data. The locality and some other findings are shown in a case study on Kanagawa Prefecture.

Optimal Location of Medical Facilities in Hiroshima Prefecture

It is desirable that public facilities are utilized by every inhabitant in the region. The construction of public facilities is financially limited in number, so that facilities tend to be located in a center with large accessibility. It means that such a location minimizes the sum of effects of visiting the facility for all inhabitants. Accordingly linear programming (LP) may be effectively used as the procedure for the determination of the location of public facilities. LP described here implies trasportation problem, Weberian location problem and location-allocation problem.In this paper the author deals with location problems of the medical facilities which are among the most important public facilities. It is based on that accessibility plays an important roll for the location of medical facilities because they are usually used by sick and wounded persons. It is considered, however, that the outpatient behaves differently to the medical care from the inpatient. In this connection they are treated respectively.Although medical facilities in Hiroshima prefecture are fairly complete both in quality and quantity, the regional imbalance seems to exist in demand and supply of medical services; many facilities are concentrated in urban areas, especially in Hiroshima city. While Hiroshima city has medical function of high level and also a broad health service area, there are some rural communities which lack doctor. Under such imbalanced distribution of medical facilities, the ratio of patients serviced by the facility within their own community to all patients of that community is fairly different from community to community. Generally speaking the ratio is higher for outpatients than for inpatients.For using LP the author firstly constructs the network of communities and traffic routes which constitute nodes and links respectively. The nodes are divided into origins and destinations according to the difference between the number of dwelling patients and that of accomodated patients. The links may be measured by the time-distance from dwelling community to facility place.Transportation problem is applied to the network and the optimal solution is obtained. The actual pattern of patient behavior fits more significantly the pattern of the optimal solution in the case of outpatients than that of inpatients. This means that the behavior of outpatients is affected by the distance factor. Then the sensitivity analysis may be added to this solution. This analysis is used to obtain the optimal pattern of patient flow that decrease in the value of objective function of the solution. In this analysis the parameter which changes the value may be the number of accomodated patient (accomodating capacity).It may safely be concluded through the analysis above that more medical facilities may preferably be located in Kake-cho and Yoshida-cho in Geihoku area. This result can be regarded as the optimal location of the medical facilities.In this paper due to the restriction on the data the author had to treat all patients and medical facilities without paying attention to the difference of particular department of medicine. That is a problem for the analysis based on demand and supply for medical service. The propriety of transportation problem as the model has to be examined, and as the figure of accessibility, more proper one may be needed. The author hopes to investigate further to solve these problems.

Setting Planning Standards for Public Facilities in a City: A Case Study of Ward 50 of Dhaka City Corporation

Availability of different types of public facilities within an urban area is required to achieve specific objectives in urban planning. Planning standards are necessary in such cases to help achieve the adequacy and quality in services and facilities. To improve the situation in rapid and unplanned growth of Dhaka city both in terms of population and size, it demands a large amount of public facilities such as open spaces, playgrounds, schools, hospitals etc. School is an important public facility that requires setting standards and choosing appropriate locations. Standard of school facilities in an area depends upon factors such as, density of population, number of per family school going children, road network etc. This paper explores the existing facilities of primary and secondary schools for school going children in Ward 50 of Dhaka City Corporation. A series of field survey were conducted in order to collect information from primary sources, and standards on school facilities were collected from secondary sources. Based on the findings, suggestions on future planning of school facilities have been made in this paper. Finally, to justify the standards for schools facilities, DMDP planning standards are followed. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbip.v2i0.9577Journal of Bangladesh Institute of Planners Vol. 2, December 2009, pp. 169-178