Important Elements Of Communication Research Articles

“You” versus “children”: A repeated-measures experiment on the effects of social robots’ use of (im)personal address forms when talking to children

Address forms are an important element of communication and can both reflect and affect how social robots are responded to. However, their effects on children’s responses to social robots remain understudied. To fill this gap initially, we conducted an online repeated-measures experiment to investigate the effects of a robot’s use of personal (“you”) versus impersonal (“children”) address forms on children’s involvement in the interaction, their perception of the robot (in terms of cognitive and affective perspective-taking and social support) and their relationship with it (i.e., feelings of closeness and trust). Children (N = 282, age 8-9) watched two videos of a Nao robot with one week in between, in which the robot addressed them either personally or impersonally. We expected that children would respond more positively to a robot that always used personal address forms than to a robot that always used impersonal address forms, resulting in higher scores on all aforementioned variables. In addition, we expected that a change from impersonal to personal address forms over encounters would positively influence children’s involvement, perception of the robot, and relationship with it, and vice versa for a change from personal to impersonal address forms. However, we did not find any significant effects of address form. We discuss the lack of significant findings in light of the differences between communication with humans versus machines.

Eğitim Örgütlerinde Çift Yönlü İletişim Yöntem ve Tekniklerinin Uygulanması

As a goal, in this study, a study will be conducted on the application of bidirectional communication methods and techniques in educational organizations. One of the basic and first models of the communication process was developed by Aristotle. In Aristotle's model, who is also an educator, the communication process consists of three main elements; speaking, spoken (message) and listening. It requires a resource that contains a thought, idea, need, or information to be transmitted in communication. It converts human mental perceptions into a code containing the meaning that a person would like to convey. The most common code used to explain such mental perceptions is language. The source-coder develops attitudes that can affect communication that are completely appropriate to the personality of the person. The source transforms it into a message that can convey meaning. The message is the physical production of the source encoder. Message codes have a structure that shows how to arrange symbols. A channel is a line that connects the sender and the receiver. A successful communication is received by the willing person who gives it meaning and resolves it. A requirement of correct communication is that the receiver and sender understand the symbols used. After the person analyzes and interprets a message, the recipient becomes the source state. That is, now the person has a goal, such as responding to the original source, and must encode a message to generate a response through a source. This is another valid element of feedback in communication. Again, noise, which is one of the important elements of communication, is a factor that reduces the accuracy of communication. It crashes down on the system like a cloud and can be ready above all other elements. The source produces noise that is conducive to understanding or describing something, if it is not suitable. The healthy part of communication is two-way communication. In terms of organization and management, it is usually defined as a system in which the consciously coordinated activities of two or more people are involved in bidirectional communication. Communication between the source and the recipient, if there is no reflection, loses its process quality and Decays into a linear one-way communication flow, on the other hand, with the participation of the reflection element, communication turns into a form of action and reaction, not just action. This brings with it the process that prevents communication. Key Words: Educational Organization, Communication, Two-Way Communication

COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES REGARDING GENDER EQUALITY. A CASE STUDY IN CUBA

The objectives of this article are to describe the communication strategies developed on the subject of gender equality and to analyze the results of their implementation within the student community at the institutional level in Cuban higher education; specifically, the case of the Faculty of Design (Higher Institute of Design) of the University of Havana, Cuba, is analyzed. The methodology used for this research is the case study, and the techniques of document analysis and expert interview have been applied. The results display that students were sensitized to the issue of gender equality. Debate workshops were held on the topic, as well as activities inside and outside the institute in order to generate products of design to promote the topic of gender equality. The different manifestations of gender violence and how to confront them were made visible. The potential of visual communication as a strategy to promote gender equality was recognized, as a wide range of design results addressing the topic were achieved, which were socialized by the students with the rest of their colleagues through workshops created for this purpose. The designs generated became the coursework for several of the subjects included in the students curriculum. From this point on, the students participation became much more feasible, as their design and photography work for the project also contributed to their coursework. In addition, the optional subject Gender and Design was organized, where students were able to acquire the essential theoretical elements on the relationship between gender theory and industrial design, in order to develop the necessary skills to unlearn gender stereotypes that influence the creation of their products and incorporate new creative visions in the professional activity of design as an important element of communication.

Argumentum Ad Alia: argument structure of arguing about what others have said

Expertise, authority, and testimony refer to aspects of one of the most important elements of communication and cognition. Argumentation theory recognises various forms of what we call the argumentum ad alia pattern, in which speakers appeal to what others have said, including Position to Know scheme, Witness Testimony scheme, Expert Opinion scheme and the classical ad verecundiam. In this paper we show that ad alia involves more than merely an inferential step from what others (a person in position to know, a witness, an expert) have said, and that studying this type of argumentation requires going beyond the argument structure of propositional contents to account for different speech activities. We also demonstrate that using the words of others, attacking what has been said, and reasoning from how others reason constitute a rich repertoire of communication strategies which we need to model in order to be able to analyse them manually and to process them computationally.

Speech Emotion Recognition Based on Two-Stream Deep Learning Model Using Korean Audio Information

Identifying a person’s emotions is an important element in communication. In particular, voice is a means of communication for easily and naturally expressing emotions. Speech emotion recognition technology is a crucial component of human–computer interaction (HCI), in which accurately identifying emotions is key. Therefore, this study presents a two-stream-based emotion recognition model based on bidirectional long short-term memory (Bi-LSTM) and convolutional neural networks (CNNs) using a Korean speech emotion database, and the performance is comparatively analyzed. The data used in the experiment were obtained from the Korean speech emotion recognition database built by Chosun University. Two deep learning models, Bi-LSTM and YAMNet, which is a CNN-based transfer learning model, were connected in a two-stream architecture to design an emotion recognition model. Various speech feature extraction methods and deep learning models were compared in terms of performance. Consequently, the speech emotion recognition performance of Bi-LSTM and YAMNet was 90.38% and 94.91%, respectively. However, the performance of the two-stream model was 96%, which was a minimum of 1.09% and up to 5.62% improved compared with a single model.

Doğal dil işleme ve makine öğrenme algoritmaları ile makine dili modellemesi

Language is one of the most important elements of communication for people and all living things. A large number of studies have been conducted in the literature on the formation of languages and natural language processing processes. It has been observed that these studies contain differences in terms of analysis, approach and method. In the study, a model has been proposed for machines to create their own language as a contribution to the literature. With this point of view, it has been contributed to the idea that the efficiency of all processes will increase by communicating with each other in their own language like humans. With the aim of developing an approach for machines to produce their own languages, it is aimed to distinguish the sounds of living things by classifying them and to generate new sounds by using convolutional deep neural network method. In the study, the applied alphabet was decided by the system. In next step, Regenerative Artificial Neural Networks were used together with Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficient and Dynamic Time Warp methodologies to create similar sounds and the living things were named with their respective sounds. Unlike similar studies, a visual data was applied which was converted from the audio files that was obtained from Kaggle open data repository "Audio Cats and Dogs" dataset. In addition, the model was supported with CNN networks to achieve effective performance.

Comparative Analysis of Communicative Values in Phraseology on the Material of the English, German and Russian Languages

The article considers the semantics of English, German and Russian idioms representing communicative values, in particular: mutual understanding and conflict. The syntax and semantic properties of idioms are analyzed in the contexts of use, obtained from the British National Corpus, Corpus of Contemporary American English, Corpus of the Institute of the German Language in Mannheim, the National Russian Language Corpus, the correlation of the dictionary and actual meanings of fixed expressions, the specificity of communicative values in different cultures and ways of their conceptualization are revealed. The results of research show that communication has a certain structure, is aimed at obtaining and transmitting information, reaching consensus, building relationships, can lead to either understanding or misunderstanding and dispute. Communication has two or sometimes more sides, one and more participants of communication. Communication is also influenced by social, personal experience and values of a person. Understanding is a consent, reaching a consensus. Thus, all languages reflect such communicative values as: freedom of expression, building a dialogue, sense transmission in speech. The German language emphasizes the value of building communication, the desire to find a common language, an attempt to interact. In Russian - openness, truthfulness as important elements of communication.

Determinants of grandparent–grandchild digital contact in Italy

The broad definition of intergenerational contact includes not only meeting face-to-face, but also the important element of communication at a distance, such as via telephone. With the pervasion of the Internet and electronic devices, digital contact has become another increasingly important option. We examined digital contact between grandparents and grandchildren in comparison with traditional forms of contact (i.e. face-to-face and by telephone) using Italian data from the 2016 Families, Social Subjects and life cycle (FSS) survey. We found that grandparents belonging to younger cohorts, those with higher education, those who lived in urban areas and those in better health were more likely to maintain digital contact with their grandchildren. Results also show that digital contact tends to compensate for a lack of (frequent) face-to-face contact, and to cumulate with telephone contact. Our results have significant implications for the current and future development of intergenerational relationships as they suggest an increasing role of digital contact for distant geographical situations. Against the background of persisting inequalities in the access and the use of the Internet, our findings emphasise the need to improve digital network connectivity and user skills, particularly among specific sub-groups of the population.

STUDENTS’ ERRORS IN POSITIONING CONJUNCTION IN WRITING ESSAY

Abstract Conjunction plays an important element in communication which acts as a connector between clauses with other clauses. Some students still make errors in positioning conjunction in writing. This research aimed to identify students’ errors in positioning conjunction in writing essay. This research is conducted to the fifth semester students of English Language Education Study Program, Faculty of Teacher Training Educational Sciences, Pakuan University. There were 20 students who become the participants. The writer uses descriptive method to analyze students’ error in positioning conjunction. The data are collected by using students’ work, questionnaire, and interview note. There are four types of error: omission, addition, misformation, and misordering. From the result of the research, it is found that the highest error is misformation. There are (50,6%) misformation errors. Addition appears as the second error (34,5%). The third error comes from omission (11,5%) and the lowest error is misordering (3,4%).

Deviations of Language Politeness among Teachers and Students in Online English Learning in 9th Grade at SMP N 1 Pandak

Language politeness is an important element in communication, by paying attention to language politeness, someone is considered to have good character so that what is conveyed can be accepted by the interlocutor. The application of language politeness is very necessary in every speaking activity. This study aims to determine describe the forms of language politeness among teachers and students in English learning activities. This research is included in the type of descriptive qualitative research. So that the data obtained in qualitative form and analyzed descriptively. The method used in this research is the padan pragmatic method by Sudaryanto. The data collection technique used in this research is the technique of with dasar or basic technique in the form of sadap and its lanjutan or advanced technique in the form of simak bebas libat cakap then are continued with rekam or recording and catat or note-taking technique. The results of the analysis show that there is an application or use of language politeness in the teaching and learning process in the English class which is represented in the transactional text English subject for 9th grade at SMP N 1 Pandak.

ART COMMUNICATION LANGUAGE AND THE ANALYSİS OF MUHSİN KUT’S WORKS

In every geography where people live, besides their efforts to meet their mandatory needs, people also put forward their first artistic products. While carving the rocks, the first humans expressed their feelings, what they thought, saw, and lived, and made various descriptions. Thus, the foundations of the art of painting were laid and the colors discovered. In fact, human beings, who are innately creative, have searched for permanent ways to express their feelings, thoughts and wishes as well as their battles and successes, and transfer them to the future generations. In this way, various artistic works that developed from simple pictures to symbolic forms and letter sequences were created. The communication established in this way with art also started a process of exchange of messages between individuals and groups. This exchange, which plays an active role in the interaction of people with each other, has appeared in every situation as a social consequence of being a receiver and a giver. Because the most important elements of communication are formed with these forms of expression, which are realized in written, verbal, visual and auditory terms between the receiver and the transmitter. Today, many artists create works by using the universal language of symbols, by attributing their own meanings to many contents with commonsymbolism, objects and colors. Effective communication between societies with art is also ensured through the symbolic forms used. With this research, it is aimed to examine and evaluate the works of artist Muhsin Kut, who presents different thematic perspectives with his paintings with and without figures containing social themes, in terms of their technical and aesthetic features. The research was carried out with document analysis (literature review) method, which is one of the qualitative research types. Today, many artists create works by using the universal language of symbols by attributing their own meanings to many content with common symbolism, objects and colors. Through the symbolic forms used, an effective communication between societies with art is also ensured. With this research, it is aimed to examine and evaluate the works of the artist Muhsin Kut, who presents different thematic perspectives with his social paintings with and without figures, in terms of their technical and aesthetic features.

THEORETICAL NOTES ON DICTION AND ELOCUTION

Humankind have made their voice a means of communication and made sense of it through language. The person who conveys thoughts to other people and society with language plays a role in the initiation of the communication process. The whole of discourse, concept, meaning and messages in which language emerges are also among the other important elements of communication. Speech, which is the main factor of verbal communication, is the most basic form of communication. However, effective communication depends on certain rules. These rules function according to the structure of the language. How to use the factors such as sound and articulation that make up the speech effectively is the subject of the art of speaking. Diction enables the word to be pronounced correctly and effectively by using the phonological rules of the language. In order to find a double-sided common point in the conversation; There are points to be considered such as commitment to a specific goal, expressing thoughts clearly, avoiding spoken and language mistakes, articulation, effective use of voice, using body language, and adjusting style. All of these place at the intersection of diction and elocution. In this study, the relationship between diction and eloquence and the theoretical elements of diction were discussed, and the importance of diction training in proper and effective speech was tried to be emphasized.

Коммуникативная культура педагогов и родителей как условие воспитания свободы поведения ребенка

This article emphasizes the correlation between the communicative culture of adults (teachers and parents) and cultivation of freedom in preschool children’s behavior. The first part of the article is devoted to the pedagogical approaches to development of preschool children's communicative ways of speech communication. Among the methods of dialogical speech development there are communicative games, verbal didactic games with pair interaction and problematic situations. The communicative content of these games is realized through the child's implementation of certain game rules, which are perceived as rules of communication. This part discovers the effectiveness of playing out communicative situations as a method to master children’s culture of communication with their peers. The relations of full-fledged communication and cooperation require a significant renewal of children's life organization in kindergarten, and conditions for free communication, without any instructions, for the emancipation of the child's and the adult's personalities.
 The article shows the possibilities of children’s artistic activity for their dialogical communication with peers and teacher. It considers the features of organizing creative artistic activities when children create their own product (drawing, modeling, application, DIY) and wonder the opinion of other people – adults and children. This discussion differs from everyday dialogue in its content, since it has an artistic focus on the perception of art and creative activity. It is shown that communication during joint creativity of children arises due to an objective situation and a desire of children to cooperate, co-creation and empathy.
 The final part of the article is related to the content of experimental work to support the communicative culture of teachers and parents as the first transmitters of healthy communication experience to children. It examines domestic and foreign communication models that are most effective in working with teachers and parents of preschool children. The important elements of communication are explained accompanied by examples. Such support includes not only the level of verbal communication, but also a certain type of contact between an adult and a child: emotional, motional, gaming.

Communication and leadership in healthcare quality governance

PurposeThe importance of hospital board engagement in the work of governing healthcare quality has been demonstrated in the literature. Research into influences on effective corporate governance has traditionally focused on board architecture. Emerging research is bringing to light the importance of governance dynamics. This paper contributes to emerging research through highlighting how communication and leadership underpin effective engagement in governing healthcare quality.Design/methodology/approachA comparative case study of eight Australian public hospitals was undertaken involving document review, interviews and observations. Case studies were allocated into high- or low-engagement categories based on evidence of governance processes being undertaken, in order to compare and contrast influencing factors. Thematic analysis was undertaken to explore how communication and leadership influence healthcare governance.FindingsSeveral key components of communication and leadership are shown to influence healthcare quality governance. Clear logical narratives in reporting, open communication, effective questioning and challenge from board members are important elements of communication found to influence engagement. Leadership that has a focus on healthcare excellence and quality improvement are aligned and promote effective meeting processes is also found to foster governance engagement. Effective engagement in these communication and leadership processes facilitate valuable reflexivity at the governance level.Practical implicationsThe findings highlight the way in which boards and senior managers can strengthen governance effectiveness through attention to key aspects of communication and leadership.Originality/valueThe case study approach allows the exploration of communication and leadership in greater depth than previously undertaken at the corporate governance level in the healthcare setting.

Clinician-Family Communication About Patients’ Values and Preferences in Intensive Care Units

Little is known about whether clinicians and surrogate decision makers follow recommended strategies for shared decision making by incorporating intensive care unit (ICU) patients' values and preferences into treatment decisions. To determine how often clinicians and surrogates exchange information about patients' previously expressed values and preferences and deliberate and plan treatment based on these factors during conferences about prognosis and goals of care for incapacitated ICU patients. A secondary analysis of a prospective, multicenter cohort study of audiorecorded clinician-family conferences between surrogates and clinicians of 249 incapacitated, critically ill adults was conducted. The study was performed between October 8, 2009, and October 23, 2012. Data analysis was performed between July 2, 2014, and April 20, 2015. Patient eligibility criteria included lack of decision-making capacity, a diagnosis of acute respiratory distress syndrome, and predicted in-hospital mortality of 50% or more. In addition to the patients, 451 surrogates and 144 clinicians at 13 ICUs at 6 US academic and community medical centers were included. Two coders analyzed transcripts of audiorecorded conversations for statements in which clinicians and surrogates exchanged information about patients' treatment preferences and health-related values and applied them in deliberation and treatment planning. Of the 249 patients, 134 (54.9%) were men; mean (SD) age was 58.2 (16.5) years. Among the 244 conferences that addressed a decision about goals of care, 63 (25.8%; 95% CI, 20.3%-31.3%) contained no information exchange or deliberation about patients' values and preferences. Clinicians and surrogates exchanged information about patients' values and preferences in 167 (68.4%) (95% CI, 62.6%-74.3%) of the conferences and specifically deliberated about how the patients' values applied to the decision in 108 (44.3%; 95% CI, 38.0%-50.5%). Important end-of-life considerations, such as physical, cognitive, and social functioning or spirituality were each discussed in 87 (35.7%) or less of the conferences; surrogates provided a substituted judgment in 33 (13.5%); and clinicians made treatment recommendations based on patients' values and preferences in 20 conferences (8.2%). Most clinician-family conferences about prognosis and goals of care for critically ill patients appear to lack important elements of communication about values and preferences, with robust deliberation being particularly deficient. Interventions may be needed to better prepare surrogates for these conversations and improve clinicians' communication skills for eliciting and incorporating patients' values and preferences into treatment decisions.

Urbanonyms are one of the most important elements of communication

The article deals with communication problems. The communicative functions of urban-legitimate texts are defined and described, namely: the function of preserving and transmitting national identity, traditions and culture; playback function, the function of reporting events or people; the function of summarizing information and presenting sustainable public knowledge about the world; evaluation function, the function of reference to another geographic object. The expediency of the use of urbanonyms in classes in the Ukrainian language as a foreign language has been substantiated. Urbanonyms can be both a condition and a means of communication revealing not only the essence of the language, but also performing informative and communicative functions. Urbanonomy is an important linguistic and historical-cultural component that accumulates and transmits information from one generation to another. At the same time, the urban-type text reflects the thoughts, the spiritual world of its creators, the peculiarities of a certain historical period, thus fulfilling the function of preservation and transfer of national identity, traditions, and culture. The exploration of urban units allows one to describe the aspect of the language and culture interaction, in particular, how the lexical system reflects the needs, interests and characteristics of human behavior as a carrier of a particular culture. Spatial reality, presented in the linguistic consciousness and formalized as a concept “place”, can be considered as a toponymic picture of the world, which is an integral part of the linguistic picture of the world as a whole. The toponymic picture of the world reflects the character of the culture of every ethnic group and every person. In speech, an urbanization is implemented as a compressed text and is a variant of the text of culture, since it contains information about associations, representations, background knowledge of the object. The acquaintance of foreign students with urban areas contributes to the formation of their communicative competence, provides students with the information necessary for linguocultural adaptation. Urbanonyms are one of the forms of obtaining regional knowledge.

Gaze behaviours in infancy: Rethinking their development as a dynamic system

Purpose: Eye gaze is an important element of communication and serves as an index of deficits in atypically developing children. This study examined the development of gaze behaviours in typically-developing infants within the Dynamic Systems framework which stresses variability and nesting in the development of any behaviour.Method: Nine infants (six males and three females) were videotaped during play/interactions with their primary caregiver between the ages of 3–12 months. The video samples were coded for the occurrence of six gaze behaviours. The rates of occurrence of these behaviours were calculated and non-linear methods were used to analyse the data.Result: The growth trajectories of three behaviours revealed non-linear and linear patterns and environment exploration-related behaviours demonstrated an age at which reliable change in the rate of occurrence was seen within the developmental period. Further, correlations in the occurrence of few behaviours indicated that the gaze system exhibits nested growth.Conclusion: These results suggest, with caution, that development in the gaze system is dynamic in nature. Thus, development should not only be viewed as skills achieved by an expected age due to biological maturation, but also as variable skills whose occurrence is dependent on factors such as environmental and parental influences.

Does the Acquirement of Knowledge Prevent Diabetes- Related Foot Problems?

Introduction: Diabetes related foot problems are one of the complications leading to poor quality of life, hospitalization, disability, economic burden and mortality. Patients’ self-management of diabetes need support from health providers. Patient education and follow-up are important elements of communication for health providers. Methods and objectives: This case control study compares 199 diabetes patients with diabetes-related foot problems (cases) and those without (196 controls) to find out whether the acquired knowledge or the follow up visits to the Family Health Centers prevent foot problems. Results and conclusions: The results suggest that being on insulin therapy, forgetting to take medication and reduced attendance to the health care center are risks for foot problems. Although the level of knowledge acquired is satisfactory, there is a gap between knowledge level and attitude / practice. A relative high knowledge did not have impact on reduction of obesity or glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C). Some knowledge items such as risk related to diabetes complications need to be stressed on. The education of people with diabetes needs to address more knowledge gaps and to link to patients’ attitudes and practices.

Pragmatic potential of Russian discursive units: a constructional approach

Because different languages often lack semantic equivalents, translationmay require looking for other cross-linguistic correlations on the level of theutterance. To find a functional equivalent that is adequate to the translation of agiven context, the search should focus on pragmatic correspondences rather thansemantic equivalents. The present article examines this phenomenon on the basisof the Russian near-synonymous discursive units with focus-sensitive semanticsimenno (just/precisely) and kak raz (just/precisely). They are important elements ofcommunication but have far not been fully described. Using relevant lexicographicinformation, text corpora, including parallel corpora, and works of fiction, we aregoing to show that synonymy of these discursive units is not as complete as itappears at first glance. We will analyze their semantic and pragmatic properties,usage peculiarities as well as systemic and translational equivalents in English, German and Swedish.

Ragnarok Online, Reality of Virtual Phenomenon

Originated from South Korea, Ragnarok Online is an entertainment product in comics and games which is popular in the world especially South-East Asia. Ragnarok in Nordic Mythology described as the doom of the gods. In the case above, Ragnarok is used as a background setting of a comic, which created, by Lee Myung Jin and Ragnarok MMORPG based on that comic. Internet is described as a many-to-many medium. Games turn out to be one of the first popular settles in the Internet among e-commerce, portals, free advertisers, and sexual exploitation sites. Online Game becomes a new frontier that could connect people to interact and play similar game on the same time and Massive Multiplayer Online Role Playing Game of Ragnarok is one of the best and successful Online Game worldwide. It is one of the phenomena in online gaming today. Recently, official Ragnarok Online Characters (NPC, Monsters and Players Characters) have developed in quantity approximately 200 and still have possibility to increase. In international Ragnarok Online provider, more than 120,000 customers connected in 12 servers on real time basis at the same time everyday and this exclude local Ragnarok Server provided by several countries with similar number of player.Ragnarok Online is a virtual representation of reality, it creates and represents visual social semiotics, which became very important element of communication in recent years. As one of visual product in modern culture, the distance between reality and virtual realm become closer and sometimes it blurred and formed new realm. A new dawn of community born in virtual realm and develop in some way that many though it would consume the community it represented. Is it possible that the characters and environmental design, which is built, really has the enormous attraction? Or is there something else work behind the surface such as the representation and online culture. Although there are many contradictions about the impacts of Ragnarok Online, this paper is endeavors a new insight of Ragnarok Online, which may have not being researched by others. The combination of online culture and virtual media design with interactive and inviting visual interface may open wide the possibilty of encountering new methods and keys of success in designing digital media through descriptive analysis.