Important Bioactive Compounds Research Articles

Chemical profiling of antifungal Dicerocaryum senecioides and Diospyros mespiliformis extracts using TLC-p-iodonitrotetrazolium violet assay and GC–MS/MS

BackgroundDespite the availability of conventional medication for fungal skin diseases, dermatophytic infections are now a major crisis in the whole world due to multidrug resistance. In an effort to search for complementary and alternative remedies, this study evaluated the chemical composition of Dicerocaryum senecioides and Diospyros mespiliformis leaf and fruit extracts, respectively, exhibiting significant in vitro antifungal activity. Ethyl acetate extracts of each plant were screened for antifungal activity against three fungi species: Candida albicans, Trichophyton rubrum and Epidermophyton floccosum using disc diffusion and poisoned food assays. Gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS) was used to evaluate the chemical composition after isolation of active bands by thin-layer chromatography-p-iodonitrotetrazolium chloride assay.ResultsThe composite crude ethyl acetate extracts of D. mespiliformis and D. senecioides (1:1) exhibited concentration-dependent antifungal potencies. C. albicans was susceptible to the crude extracts up to a minimum concentration of 6.25%. E. floccosum and T. rubrum were more susceptible up to a minimum extract concentrations of 1%. GC–MS/MS analysis of the isolated active TLC bands revealed bioactive compounds including flavonoids (quercetin, luteolin), together with their O-glycosylated counter parts and the C-monoglycosylated flavonoids (vitexin, orientin, isovitexin and isoorientin), terpenoids, esters and other phenolic acids. Some of the compounds were common to both plants.ConclusionThe findings of this study show that D. senecioides and D. mespiliformis extracts consist of important bioactive compounds to warrant their use in complementary and alternative poly-herbal formulations against fungal infections.

Heterologous biosynthesis of medicarpin using engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Medicarpin is an important bioactive compound with multiple medicinal activities, including anti-tumor, anti-osteoporosis, and anti-bacterial effects. Medicarpin is associated with pterocarpans derived from medicinal plants, such as Sophora japonica, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., and Glycyrrhiza glabra L. However, these medicinal plants contain only low amounts of medicarpin. Moreover, the planting area for medicarpin-producing plants is limited; consequently, the current medicarpin supply cannot meet the high demands of medicinal markets. In this study, eight key genes involved in medicarpin biosynthesis were identified using comparative transcriptome and bioinformatic analyses. In vitro and in vivo enzymatic reaction confirmed the catalytic functions of candidate enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of medicarpin and medicarpin intermediates. Further engineering of these genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae achieved the heterologous biosynthesis of medicarpin using liquiritigenin as a substrate, with a final medicarpin yield of 0.82 ± 0.18 mg/L. By increasing the gene copy numbers of vestitone reductase (VR) and pterocarpan synthase (PTS), the final medicarpin yield was increased to 2.05 ± 0.72 mg/L. This study provides a solid foundation for the economic and sustainable production of medicarpin through a synthetic biology strategy.

Current and Expected Trends for the Marine Chitin/Chitosan and Collagen Value Chains.

Chitin/chitosan and collagen are two of the most important bioactive compounds, with applications in the pharmaceutical, veterinary, nutraceutical, cosmetic, biomaterials, and other industries. When extracted from non-edible parts of fish and shellfish, by-catches, and invasive species, their use contributes to a more sustainable and circular economy. The present article reviews the scientific knowledge and publication trends along the marine chitin/chitosan and collagen value chains and assesses how researchers, industry players, and end-users can bridge the gap between scientific understanding and industrial applications. Overall, research on chitin/chitosan remains focused on the compound itself rather than its market applications. Still, chitin/chitosan use is expected to increase in food and biomedical applications, while that of collagen is expected to increase in biomedical, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and nutritional applications. Sustainable practices, such as the reuse of waste materials, contribute to strengthen both value chains; the identified weaknesses include the lack of studies considering market trends, social sustainability, and profitability, as well as insufficient examination of intellectual property rights. Government regulations, market demand, consumer preferences, technological advancements, environmental challenges, and legal frameworks play significant roles in shaping both value chains. Addressing these factors is crucial for seizing opportunities, fostering sustainability, complying with regulations, and maintaining competitiveness in these constantly evolving value chains.

Antimicrobial activity of Pantanal macrophytes against multidrug resistant bacteria shows potential for improving nature-based solutions

The presence of macrophytes in constructed wetlands (CW) applied within the concept of nature-based solution (NBS) is crucial. Besides their role in the phytoremediation of pollutants, the cultivated plants, if properly selected, can also produce a range of bioactive compounds, including those with potential inhibitory effects against pathogenic bacteria. Bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids and ellagitannins, known for their remarkable antimicrobial properties, offer a sustainable solution to the global challenge of antibiotic resistance. In this study, we investigated macrophyte species adapted to the water variations in the Pantanal region (flood and dry seasons), focusing on those with both antimicrobial and ornamental potential, that could improve the ability of a CW system to treat greywater. Seven different macrophyte species were collected, cultivated, and evaluated for their antimicrobial activity (AA) against five standard bacterial strains and five multidrug-resistant clinical bacterial strains. Extracts from the leaf, stem, and root of Polygonum acuminatum showed the best AA against clinical multidrug-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecium, and Escherichia coli, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 78.13 to 312.5 µg.mL−1. Furthermore, the leaves of Ludwigia lagunae and P. acuminatum also showed considerable AA against standard strains of Enterococcus faecalis (MIC = 19.5 and 39.06 µg.mL−1, respectively) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC = 156.25 µg.mL−1 for both). High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Ultraviolet and Mass Spectrometry analysis of these extracts identified important bioactive compounds, including flavonoids (quercetin 3-rhamnoside, hydropiperoside, quercetin 3-O-rutinoside, quercetin, myricetin 3-O-rhamnoside, kaempferol 3-O-rhamnoside, formononetin, and calycosin) and ellagitannins (3,3′4-tri-O-methylelagic acid, galloys-HHDP-glucose, and ellagic acid), along with other bioactive compounds. These results indicate that P. acuminatum and L. lagunae hold potential for application in CW owing to their antimicrobial property, local adaptability, and ornamental appeal.

Cladodes of Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) as a source of bioactive compounds in dairy products

Recently, the interest in improving livestock product nutraceutical profiles through sustainable feeding systems has increased. In this context, the overall quality and nutraceutical profiles were examined in dairy products obtained from 16 lactating Cinisara cows given an integrated feed in dry season with Opuntia ficus-indica cladodes. Two homogeneous groups of cows (milk yield: 6.3 ± 1.5 kg; body weight: 213 ± 55 kg) were fed with 2 different diets (CON: pasture and wheat bran; OFI: pasture, wheat bran, and cladodes), according to a 2 × 2 Latin square design. The bulk milk produced during the study was used to make Caciotta cheese and was analyzed at 0, 15, and 30 storage days. Milk and cheese samples were analyzed for chemical, physical, and microbiological traits. The nutraceutical and sensorial profiles, as well as the antioxidant capacity, were also determined in the final products. For milk, the urea content in individual samples was reduced in OFI but not in CON. In the cheese, integration of cladodes did not influence the starter cultures development with 2 strains of Streptococcus thermophilus, but it caused a higher content of polyphenols and a consequent greater antioxidant capacity and a change in the fatty acids profile. In particular, the caprylic, capric, lauric, myristic, and palmitic fatty acids were higher, as were the petroselinic, vaccenic, rumenic, and α-linolenic fatty acids. In contrast, the oleic and the γ-linolenic fatty acids were lower for OFI. The cheese from the OFI group showed better overall acceptability, and a higher yellow color, odor intensity, and butter flavor. The multivariate analysis well distinguished the cheeses belonging to the 2 groups. Further investigations should be conducted to formulate well-balanced diets that include cladodes for Cinisara lactating cows, but also to determine the content of other important bioactive compounds in fresh and treated cladodes, as well as their effects on animal welfare and production.

Rubi idaei fructus as a Source of Bioactive Chemical Compounds with an Important Role in Human Health and Comparison of the Antioxidant Potential of Fruits and Juice of Three Repeat-Fruiting Rubus idaeus L. Cultivars.

Rubi idaei fructus is a source of nutritionally important bioactive chemical compounds, mainly antioxidants, which strengthen the immune system and can be used in the prophylaxis and adjuvant therapies of many oxidative stress-induced diseases. There are no literature reports presenting a comprehensive comparative analysis of the antioxidant activity and nutritionally relevant metabolites contained in the fruits of repeat-fruiting raspberry cultivars, which are commonly grown in Europe. The aim of this study was to carry out a comparative analysis of the antioxidant potential (Folin-Ciocalteu, DPPH, FRAP), the content of selected primary and secondary metabolites, and the qualitative and quantitative composition of amino acids and fatty acids in the fruits of R. idaeus cv. 'Pokusa', 'Polana', and 'Polka'. The fruits of the analyzed cultivars have a low caloric value (171-219 kcal/100 g); low content of available carbohydrates (6-6.6%) and total carbohydrates (3.4-4.8%); and high levels of dietary fiber (4.7-5.8%), vitamin C (22.8-27 mg/100 g), anthocyanins (25.1-29.6 mg/100 g), and flavonoids (0.5-2.6 mg/100 g). The fruits were found to contain valuable unsaturated fatty acids (35-60%), especially MUFAs with dominant oleic, elaidic, palmitic, and erucic acids and PUFAs (α-linolenic, eicosapentaenoic, and linoleic acids). MUFAs from the ω-9 group accounted for 12-18%, whereas the content of PUFAs from the ω-3 and ω-6 groups was in the range of 15-23 and 6-21%, respectively. Exogenous amino acids, accounting for 56-62%, were dominated by leucine, phenylalanine, and lysine. The following order of the total polyphenolic content was established in the fresh fruit juice from the analyzed cultivars: 'Pokusa' < 'Polana' < 'Polka'. The different antioxidant capacity assays used in the study confirmed the high antioxidant potential of the fruits and fresh juice from the three R. idaeus cultivars. This indicates that raspberry fruits can serve as a source of nutrients and can be used as a valuable supplement in a healthy human diet and a raw material in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.

Phytochemistry, Antioxidant Potential, and Antibacterial Activities of Anacyclus pyrethrum: Promising Bioactive Compounds

Secondary metabolites derived from plants have demonstrated significant biological activity and hold both edible and medicinal significance. These compounds play a crucial role in the development of pharmaceuticals, particularly in the context of inflammatory disorders and chronic diseases associated with oxidative stress. The objective of this study was to investigate the chemical characterization, antioxidant potential, and antibacterial properties of the aqueous extract of Anacyclus pyrethrum (AEAP). To achieve this, we employed various analytical techniques including HPLC–ESI–MS/MS, Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The antioxidant activity of the AEAP was assessed using DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and reducing power assays, while antibacterial activity was evaluated against both Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecium) using the broth microdilution assay. Our findings demonstrated significant antioxidant activity of the AEAP, as well as broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. HPLC analysis identified important bioactive compounds, notably pellitorine and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, known for their antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Overall, the AEAP demonstrated potent antioxidant and antibacterial activities, suggesting its potential as a valuable natural source of bioactive compounds with various therapeutic applications.

Seasonal diversity &amp; spaciotemporal distribution of fungal endophytes associated with the medicinal plant Coleus forskohlii Briq.

Fungi that colonize the healthy tissues of the plants without showing any disease symptoms in the host plants are termed as fungal endophytes. The presence of fungal endophytes provides a positive effect on the host’s growth &amp; development and also triggers the production of some essential bioactive compounds in the host. This study was undertaken to isolate, identify and understand the spaciotemporal distribution and seasonal diversity of fungal endophytes associated with the leaf, stem &amp; root of Coleus forskohlii, an important and endangered medicinal plant. Sampling was done for a period of 12 months between May 2020–April 2021. A total of 950 fungal endophytes were isolated from a total of 1680 tissues of the leaf, stem &amp; root of C. forskohlii. The fungi were identified based on their morphological features and some of them were identified by molecular identification by 18S rRNA sequencing. The endophytic isolates belonged to 10 different orders belonging to 3 different classes-Sordariomycetes (Hypocreales, Xylariales, Microascales, Trichosphaeriales, Glomerellales &amp; Sordariales), Dothiomycetes (Pleosporales, Capnodiales, Botryosphaeriales) &amp; Eurotiomyctes (Eurotiales). About 81.26% of the isolates belonged to Ascomycota &amp; 2.63% of the isolates belonged to Mucoromycota. Chaetomium globosum, Collariella bostrychodes, C. robusta, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Fusarium chlamydosporum, Sterile hyaline mycelia, Aspergillus niger, Xylaria curta, X. grammica, Mucor circinelloides &amp; Trichoderma harizianum were the frequently isolated species of fungi. C. globosum, C. bostrychodes, C. gloeosporioides, sterile hyaline mycelia &amp; X. curta were found distributed in all the tissues of the plant. C. forskohlii has thus revealed a rich diversity of fungal endophytes that could be isolated &amp; cultured to yield some pharmacologically important bioactive compounds.

The quality of meat in milk fed lambs is affected by the ewe diet: A review

Several scientific publications have highlighted the importance of feeding management practices in improving the nutritional properties of milk from dairy ewes. Meat production quality from suckling lambs is based on the use of milk as exclusive or near exclusive dietary component. There is considerable evidence that lamb meat contains many important nutrients and bioactive compounds that play an important role in consumer health. This paper examines the different quality characteristics of lamb meat from ewes fed different diets to improve milk quality. To conduct this research, we consulted different scientific databases and acquired relevant documents that studied the relationships between the dietary treatment of lactating ewes and the performance of their suckling lambs (growth and carcass traits) as well as the meat quality in terms of nutrient content (fat and protein in particular), bioactive compounds content (fatty acids, vitamins, and antioxidant molecules), color, odor and flavor. The extent of change in meat carcass traits and meat quality of suckling lambs due to different feeding strategies applied to ewes was evaluated and discussed. This overview of the knowledge on the relationship between the milk quality and suckling lamb quality can be useful for production and communication strategies development for the lamb meat industry.

Natural Bio-Compounds from Ganoderma lucidum and Their Beneficial Biological Actions for Anticancer Application: A Review.

Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) has been known for many centuries in Asian countries under different names, varying depending on the country. The objective of this review is to investigate the scientific research on the natural active bio-compounds in extracts obtained from G. lucidum with significant biological actions in the treatment of cancer. This review presents the classes of bio-compounds existing in G. lucidum that have been reported over time in the main databases and have shown important biological actions in the treatment of cancer. The results highlight the fact that G. lucidum possesses important bioactive compounds such as polysaccharides, triterpenoids, sterols, proteins, nucleotides, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals, which have been demonstrated to exhibit multiple anticancer effects, namely immunomodulatory, anti-proliferative, cytotoxic, and antioxidant action. The potential health benefits of G. lucidum are systematized based on biological actions. The findings present evidence regarding the lack of certainty about the effects of G. lucidum bio-compounds in treating different forms of cancer, which may be due to the use of different types of Ganoderma formulations, differences in the study populations, or due to drug-disease interactions. In the future, larger clinical trials are needed to clarify the potential benefits of pharmaceutical preparations of G. lucidum, standardized by the known active components in the prevention and treatment of cancer.

HPTLC Analysis of Tephorisa pulicherrima (Baker) Gamble Ethanol Extract of Root

Tephrosia pulcherrima commonly known as “Kalakkozhuppa,” is well known for its therapeutic properties in the Indian traditional medicinal system. The presence of important bioactive compounds in plants makes them pharmacologically valuable. Therefore, in this study, the High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) analysis of Tephrosia pulcherrima (root) ethanol extract was performed for its phytochemical profiling. The HPTLC densitometric analysis of the ethanol extract of Tephrosia pulcherrima was carried out using CAMAG HPTLC system, and the results were obtained in the form of chromatograms (scanned at the wavelength of 254 nm and 366 nm) representing several peaks. The phytochemical profile of the plant was determined and presented in the tables showing the total number of peaks, peak heights, peak area, percent area, and Rf values. The study concluded that T. pulcherrima ethanol extract of the root contains a rich variety of phytochemicals which might be accountable for its therapeutic value and thus justifies its traditional use in India.

Bioactive compounds of insects for food use: Potentialities and risks

Insects are an alternative source of human and animal food that not only have nutritional characteristics and important bioactive compounds, but also can help reduce the impact of chronic non-communicable diseases; thus, derivatives from insects are a great contribution to the food and pharmaceutical industry. The aim of the present work was to highlight the chemical composition, main bioactive compounds, and anti-nutritional factors present in some insects and their applications as raw materials in the food and pharmaceutical industry through the analysis of different studies. Results indicated that entomophagy was included in the diet of many regions in the world and that it is going to become a significant component in the food industry. It was also found that bioactive compounds with potential functional properties within the chemical composition of insects such as an appropriate digestibility between 54 % and 86 %, peptides between 35 % and 77 % and other nutrients such as proteins and carbohydrates that can be a great contribution to nutrition and reduce the risk of chronic non-communicable diseases. Global agencies are of the opinion that edible insects are the viable option to over the food scarcity. However, use of food matrices from insects raises safety issues, such as anti-nutritional factors allergenicity and capacity to harbor toxins such as oxalates, tannins, alkaloids, phytates and saponins or pathogens and heavy metal. Insights presented in this work are useful to insect business (such as farmers, producers of edible insect products and consultants), researchers, and policy makers. Such insights can be an initiative for insect food companies in many ways, such as to forge collaborations with different bodies (researchers, peoples, government), improve perception of insect consumption, promote market acceptance, identify new and native edible insect species, make ecologically sustainable insect food companies, produce nutritious and delicious insect-based foods, etc.

A Comprehensive Review of the Key Characteristics of the Genus Mentha, Natural Compounds and Biotechnological Approaches for the Production of Secondary Metabolites.

The genus Mentha is one of the most aromatic and well-known members of the Lamiaceae family. A wide range of bioactive compounds has been reported in mints. Regarding the high economic importance of Mentha plants due to the presence of valuable metabolites, the demand for their products is growing exponentially. Therefore, to supply such demand, new strategies should be adopted to improve the yield and medicinal quality of the products. The current review is written based on scientific literature obtained from online databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science regarding the characteristic features of some species of the genus Mentha, their distribution and cultivation, main uses and benefits, phytochemical composition, biotechnological approaches for the production of secondary metabolites, and strategies for enhanced production of mints secondary metabolites. In this article, we offer an overview of the key characteristics, natural compounds, biological properties, and medicinal uses of the genus Mentha. Current research describes biotechnological techniques such as in vitro culture methods for the production of high-value secondary metabolites. This review also highlights the strategies such as elicitation, genetic, and metabolic engineering to improve the secondary compounds production level in mint plants. Overall, it can be concluded that identifying the biosynthetic pathways, leading to the accumulation of pharmaceutically important bioactive compounds, has paved the way for developing highly productive mint plants with improved phytochemical profiles.

Isolation and Characterization of Fungal Endophytes from Petiveria alliacea and Their Antimicrobial Activities in South Florida

Microorganisms associated with medicinal plants are of great interest as they are the producers of important bioactive compounds effective against common and drug-resistant pathogens. The characterization and biodiversity of fungal endophytes of the Petiveria alliacea plant and their antimicrobial production potential are of great interest as they are known for their antimicrobial and anticancer properties. In this study, we investigated the endophytic fungal microbiome associated with P. alliacea, and the endophytic fungal isolates were classified into 30 morphotypes based on their cultural and morphological characteristics. Ethyl acetate extract of fungal endophytes was obtained by liquid–liquid partitioning of culture broth followed by evaporation. The crude extract dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide was screened for antimicrobial activity against three bacterial strains (Escherichia coli ATTC 25902, Staphylococcus aureus ATTC 14775, Bacillus subtilis NRRL 5109) and two fungal strains (Candida albicans ATTC 10231 and Aspergillus fumigatus NRRL 5109). Among the crude extracts from endophytes isolated from leaves, 65% of them showed antimicrobial activity against the bacteria tested. Similarly, 71 and 88% of the fungal crude extracts from endophytes isolated from root and stem, respectively, showed inhibitory activities against at least one of the bacterial strains tested. Crude extracts (at a concentration of 10 mg/mL) from ten of the fungal isolates have shown a zone of inhibition of more than 12 mm against both Gram-positive and negative bacteria tested. Sequenced data from isolates showing strong inhibitory activity revealed that Fusarium solani, F. proliferatum, and Fusarium oxysporium are the major endophytes responsible for bioactive potential. These results indicate that Petiveria alliacea harbors fungal endophytes capable of producing antimicrobial metabolites. Future studies need to focus on testing against drug-resistant bacteria (ESKAPE group) and other pathogenic bacteria and fungi.

Microencapsulation of bioactive compound extracts using maltodextrin and gum arabic by spray and freeze-drying techniques

Microencapsulation techniques establish a protective barrier around a sensitive compound, reducing vulnerability to external influences and offering controlled release. This work evaluates microencapsulation of Brazilian seed known as pink pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius) extract incorporated with green propolis extract, (main propolis font from the South America native plant Baccharis dracunculifolia DC) to enhancement antioxidant activity through synergic interaction, comparing to the extracts individually. Four treatments were produced using maltodextrin and combined with gum arabic as encapsulating agent, employing two different microencapsulation technique applied (spray drying and freeze drying) to assess their impact on physicochemical properties. The incorporation of gum arabic into matrix yielded higher encapsulation efficiency values, exhibiting significant differences for both encapsulation techniques. Combining the two encapsulation agents afforded greater protection of the bioactive compounds, resulting in an increase of approximately 31 % in the inhibition of the DPPH● radical. In controlled release analysis, maltodextrin exhibits the best protective effect on total phenolic compounds during intestinal release, whereas combining maltodextrin and gum arabic enhanced protection during gastric phase. Microcapsules may contribute to the protection of important bioactive compound, possessing a wide range of applications such as flavors encapsulation in food industry, lipids, antioxidants and pharmaceutical industry for controlled drug release.

Bioactive Metabolites Profile of Methanol Flower and Seed Extracts of Clitoria ternatea (L.)

Since ancient times, plants and plant products were used against numerous diseases. In this context, Clitoria ternatea (C. ternatea) was used for the various treatments of infectious diseases as a therapeutic role containing various phytochemical, antibacterial and antioxidant properties. The methanol flower and seed extracts of C.ternatea were analysed for antibacterial activity against Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) using the agar well diffusion method. However, the probe of the antibacterial activity in both the methanol flower and methanol seed showed more or less the same zone of inhibition at 200 µg/ml. Furthermore, antioxidant properties were analysed by DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity and reducing power assay. Results on the DPPH assay showed better results in the methanol flower (42.79±0.0819) extract than methanol seed extract (37.41±0.0265) 200µg/ml. Likewise, the reducing assay manifested in the extract of methanol flower (0.90737±0.00375) was supremacy. Moreover the High resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HRLCMS) analysis of methanol flower and seed extract of C. ternatea contained 32 and 51 major bioactive compounds, respectively in positive and negative modes. In light of the study, the extracts of methanol flower and seed extract of C. ternatea are utilized in the mode of action against H. pylori. The methanolic flower and seed extracts authenticated the presence of extensive identified and unidentified phytochemicals in C. ternatea and through more light on the important bioactive compounds to be explored for medicinal applications in future research.

Comparative study of the chemical composition and the antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities of Citrus aurantium essential oils extracted by conventional hydrodistillation and microwave-assisted hydrodistillation methods from Algeria

This study aims to evaluate the antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and antioxidant properties of essential oils obtained from the peels of Citrus aurantium and extracted with MAHD and HD. The various compounds detected include limonene and linalol. In this context, we used the methods of bovine serum albumin anti-denaturation to evaluate the anti-inflammatory property and glucose uptake by yeast cells to evaluate the antidiabeticone. The results of evaluating the antidiabetic and the anti-inflammatory activities indicate that the essential oil extracted by MAHD has greater efficiency compared to the essential oil extracted by HD. Besides, the antioxidant potential of the essential oil was evaluated using the DPPH free radical scavenging, reducing power, and β-carotene/linoleic acid tests. Results show that the essential oil extracted by HD presents a high antioxidant activity. Moreover, essential oil is a potential source of important bioactive compounds and of possible synergistic effects among its components. To support the phytochemical analysis, an attempt was made to identify some potential compounds from Citrus aurantium essential oils that can inhibit important drug targets like bovine serum albumin (BSA), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and tubulin using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation methods.

Improved liquid-liquid extraction followed by HPLC-UV for accurate and eco-friendly determination of tetramethylpyrazine in vinegar products

Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) is an important bioactive compound in vinegars, contributing to their health-enhancing attributes. It serves as a crucial benchmark for the assessment of vinegar quality. Unfortunately, inaccuracies have arisen due to incomplete extraction techniques and the use of an inappropriate standard substance. These challenges have significantly curtailed comprehensive exploration into the underlying TMP formation mechanisms, impeding advancements within prevailing benchmarks and methodologies governing vinegar products. To address these challenges, several critical parameters, encompassing pH, solvent type, centrifugal force, extraction times and reference materials were investigated and optimized. The TMP content was determined by adjusting the pH to 9 using a sodium hydroxide solution, followed by extraction with ethyl acetate and subsequent re-extraction of the ethyl acetate layer with 0.2 mol/L HCl. A high-performance liquid chromatography method with an ultraviolet detector (UV) was developed and validated. This method demonstrated superior sensitivity compared to existing methods, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.0237 μg/g, limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.0829 μg/g, method limit of detection (MLOD) of 0.10 μg/g and method limit of quantitation (MLOQ) of 0.25 μg/g. The modified method exhibited excellent linearity for TMP in the range of 0.1–118.4 μg/mL, with a good correlation coefficient (R2 > 0.999). The recovery rate of TMP in vinegar products ranged from 82.4 to 96.2%. Consequently, the proposed method exhibits substantial promise for systematic inquiry into TMP formation mechanisms and for ensuring consistent quality control during the production of premium-grade vinegars.

Extraction, Separation and Characterization of Antibiotic Compound produced by Streptomyces rimosus (ACW9) Active against MDRs Uropathogens

Abstract: Soil is a well-studied ecological niche for the discovery of beneficial biologically active chemicals like therapeutically relevant antibiotics. Actinobacteria have been recognised as one of the largest microbial groups in soil that are capable of producing a wide range of beneficial secondary metabolites and compounds with varying characteristics. Therefore, the current study aimed to assess antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Streptomyces rimosus ACW9 isolated from wheat farm soil. Molecular identification (16S rRNA ribotyping) was used to identify strain ACW9. Ethyl acetate crude extract displayed promising antibacterial activity against clinically isolated uropathogens, Enterobacter sp. (20 mm) and Bacillus subtilis (14 mm). In addition, the extract showed 62.3% DPPH scavenging with IC50= 1.829 mg/ml. The characterization of the purified metabolites from strain ACW9 was done by GCMS, FTIR, and HPLC techniques. The profound metabolites of ethyl acetate extract were identified by GCMS were cyclohexane, (-2-Nitro-2-Propyl), hexadecane, and pentanoic acid. It may be concluded that actinobacteria isolated from wheat farm soil is a promising source for medicinally important bioactive compounds

Quantitative analysis of bioactive compounds by LC-MS/MS from Inula graveolens

Medicinal plants have been employed commonly in many countries to remedy of various ailments. In this study, Inula graveolens leaves (5.0 g) were extracted with methanol (100 mL) for 24 hours at room temperature. After filtration with Whatman 1 filter pater, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to yield the crude extract. Quantification of natural products in methanol extract of Inula graveolens was determined by LC-MS/MS. Chlorogenic acid was determined as a chief product (3.5 mg/g extract). Furthermore, salicylic acid (0.055 mg/g extract), caffeic acid (0.054 mg/g extract), protocatechuic acid (0.026 mg/g extract), hesperidin (0.016 mg/g extract), rutin (0.0160 mg/g extract) were found in the methanol extract. Since Inula graveolens contains important bioactive compounds, it has the possibility to be used in pharmaceuticals and food.