Important Amendment Research Articles

Nonverbal synchrony of head- and body-movement in psychotherapy: different signals have different associations with outcome.

Objective: The coordination of patient’s and therapist’s bodily movement – nonverbal synchrony – has been empirically shown to be associated with psychotherapy outcome. This finding was based on dynamic movement patterns of the whole body. The present paper is a new analysis of an existing dataset (Ramseyer and Tschacher, 2011), which extends previous findings by differentiating movements pertaining to head and upper-body regions.Method: In a sample of 70 patients (37 female, 33 male) treated at an outpatient psychotherapy clinic, we quantified nonverbal synchrony with an automated objective video-analysis algorithm (motion energy analysis). Head- and body-synchrony was quantified during the initial 15 min of video-recorded therapy sessions. Micro-outcome was assessed with self-report post-session questionnaires provided by patients and their therapists. Macro-outcome was measured with questionnaires that quantified attainment of treatment goals and changes in experiencing and behavior at the end of therapy.Results: The differentiation of head- and body-synchrony showed that these two facets of motor coordination were differentially associated with outcome. Head-synchrony predicted global outcome of therapy, while body-synchrony did not, and body-synchrony predicted session outcome, while head-synchrony did not.Conclusion: The results pose an important amendment to previous findings, which showed that nonverbal synchrony embodied both outcome and interpersonal variables of psychotherapy dyads. The separation of head- and body-synchrony suggested that distinct mechanisms may operate in these two regions: Head-synchrony embodied phenomena with a long temporal extension (overall therapy success), while body-synchrony embodied phenomena of a more immediate nature (session-level success). More explorations with fine-grained analyses of synchronized phenomena in nonverbal behavior may shed additional light on the embodiment of psychotherapy process.

Upping their number, addressing their risk. Viola singularis (Violaceae) revisited, and an evaluation of sect. Andinium, its higher taxonomic group

An important amendment is made to the type locality given for Viola singularis. We analyse the precarious rarity of many Viola sect Andinium taxa, including this particular species. It is only known as a solitary specimen from a single site. The combined effect of rarity and geographical remoteness on the numerical content of the section is also discussed.

Management Strategies and Environmental Accounting in Economic Entities. A Contribution to Sustainable Development

Abstract: The economic transactions made in an causes interactions with the environment, in some cases occurring adverse environmental effects. Progressive degradation of the natural environment and increasing social concern before this event, converted protect the environment in one of the most important strategic actions amendment requiring entities to include consideration of environmental issues. The general objective of this study is to analyze business practices related to environmental issues, both in its accounting treatment and environmental management strategies to entities that perform activities of environmental degradation.

'Relative Movements of Real Wages and Output' How Does Keynes's 1939 Essay Relate to His Principle of Effective Demand?

Keynes’s essay “Relative Movements of Real Wages and Output” is widely believed to be an important amendment to his General Theory because, in this essay, Keynes relaxed his core assumption of decreasing marginal returns to labour. Non-decreasing marginal returns, however, do not sit comfortably with the prime innovation of the General Theory: the Principle of Effective Demand. This will be demonstrated by performing – for the first time in the literature – numerical simulations with Keynes’s Aggregate-Demand-Aggregate-Supply (D/Z) model. The view that Keynes’s 1939 essay constitutes an important amendment to his General Theory thus has to be put into perspective.

BOTH SIDES OF THE FENCE: METHODOLOGICAL CHALLENGES IN UNDERTAKING RESEARCH INTO END OF LIFE CARE FOR PRISONERS

IntroductionThe number of older prisoners in the UK has more than doubled in the last decade, with the greatest increases amongst those over 70. Around 40% of older prisoners are...

Oxalic Acid Enhances Remediation of Cr Contaminated Soil in Leersia Hexandra Swartz

This study examined the effect of oxalic acid on phytoremediation of Cr contaminated soil in Cr-hyperaccumulator Leersia hexandra Swartz (L. hexandra). The effects of 0, 40, 80, 120 mmol kg-1 oxalic acid (OA) on biomass, Cr accumulation and translocation of L. hexandra and four kinds of enzymes in 200,400 mg L-1 Cr contaminated soil planted L. hexandra were studied. The results showed that above-ground biomass was maximumly increased by 48.25% under OA treatment and OA also enhanced the plants ability to translocate Cr from roots to the harvestable aerial part which could contribute to phytoremediation. OA applied to soil planted L. hexandra with Cr stress maximumly increased dehydrogenase, sucrese, urease, peroxidase activities by 82.51%, 125.22%, 56.25%, 64.57% (p < 0.01). These results suggest that OA is an important amendment which can enhance the remediation capability and soil activity of Cr contaminated soil in L. hexandra.

'Kill the Sea Turtles' and Other Things You Can't Make the Government Say

In Pleasant Grove City v. Summum, the Supreme Court confirmed that there is no heckler’s veto under the government speech doctrine. When speaking, the government has the right to speak for itself and to select the views that it wants to express. But the Court acknowledged that sometimes it is difficult to determine whether the government is actually speaking. Specialty license plates have proven to be one of those difficult situations, raising novel and important First Amendment issues. Six circuits have reached four separate conclusions regarding the status of messages on specialty license plates. Three circuits have held that specialty plates are private speech, one that they are government speech, and another that specialty plates are hybrid speech. Yet another circuit has held that the issue is non-justifiable under the Tax Injunction Act. And the uncertainty continues as North Carolina, Texas, and Oklahoma currently confront litigation over their license plates — litigation that will determine whether States or third parties have the right to select the messages on specialty license plates. This paper explores the Court’s “recently minted” government speech doctrine in the context of specialty plates. In particular, it analyzes the circumstances under which a State can adopt one message (Save the Sea Turtles) while refusing to authorize opposing viewpoints (Kill the Sea Turtles). To date, the majority of circuits has applied a literal speaker test, which looks to see if a reasonable observer would view specialty plates as government or private speech. Under that test, specialty plates are private speech, and any restrictions on the content of such plates must be reasonable and viewpoint neutral, even if a State disagrees with that message. The paper contends that a careful review of Summum, which was decided after all but one of the circuit court decisions, shows that the majority interpretation is wrong. The literal speaker test is inconsistent with the “control” test set out in Summum and Johanns. Under the Court’s new test for government speech, many specialty license plate programs are government speech, and third parties cannot force States to promulgate messages with which they disagree. If a state has a “Save the Sea Turtles” plate to promote conservation and the protection of its wildlife, it cannot be forced to offer a “Kill the Sea Turtles.” And the same holds true for more controversial messages such as Choose Life in North Carolina as well as Texas’s ban on plates containing divisive images such as a Confederate flag. Thus, this paper concludes that Summum marks a significant development in the Court’s free speech jurisprudence, one that affirms the States’ ability to control the messages on their specialty license plates as well as their other expressive activity.

Artificial radionuclides 90Sr and 241Am in the sediments of the Baltic Sea: Total and spatial inventories and some temporal trends

The Baltic Sea was contaminated by radioactivity following global nuclear fallout and later by the Chernobyl accident. Despite the decrease of radioactivity caused by radioactive decay, radionuclides have a prolonged residence time in the water of the Baltic Sea due to slow water exchange and relatively rapid sedimentation. Very little is known about the amounts or spatial differences of 90Sr and 241Am in the Baltic Sea sediments. In this study, 20 sediment cores taken around the Baltic Sea were investigated to estimate inventories of these radionuclides. The rough results show that the Chernobyl fallout added the amount of 90Sr in the same areas where the increase of 137Cs can be detected, whereas this is not the case for 241Am which is more evenly distributed in the sea bottom. In addition, local differences occur in the concentrations. These results are an important amendment to the radioactivity baseline of the Baltic Sea.

Network Functions of Travel Marts in China: Amendments to the Rosson and Seringhaus Network Model

The two-dimensional network model proposed by Rosson and Seringhaus in 1995 was a key achievement in the study of trade fair functions. The model incorporates both exhibitor–visitor interactions and the multi-level functions of trade fairs and has attracted considerable scholarly attention. It is based on the case of Western market-oriented trade fairs in which material objects are displayed. However, the model is unable to explain certain aspects of China's travel marts, which are strongly controlled by the government and where the only exhibits are intangible services. Another of the model's shortcomings is that it is limited to two-dimensional exhibitor–visitor interactions. This study tests, complements and amends the Rosson Seringhaus network model for the special case of China. The authors investigate the differences between travel marts and traditional trade fairs, and amend several parts of the model, taking the China International Travel Mart (CITM) and China National Travel Mart (CNTM) as case studies. In light of their analysis, they propose an important amendment to the Rosson Seringhaus model, revising the relationship network, the network boundaries and the multiple participant identities. In addition, they find that the relationship network in a travel mart is much wider and more complex than that in a traditional trade fair, leading to greater complexity and diversification in the functions of a travel mart. Finally, they find that, in a three-dimensional exhibitor–visitor–organizer network, the overlap between identities and network expansion results in a highly complex interaction among stakeholders. Consequently, it is difficult for organizers and exhibitors to handle a travel mart successfully and improve the effectiveness of their trade fair participation.

Epilogue: a critical look at a nascent field.

A broad coalition of partners, entitled PHIRIC (Population Health Intervention Research Initiative for Canada), are working to increase the amount/quality of population health intervention research (PHIR) in our country. A central theme is to advance the science in this area. The current CJPH Supplement is welcomed as a set of diverse studies done to further our understanding of PHIR. The papers illustrate the range of questions that can be addressed and the variety of methods that need to be utilized. There is a need for critical reflection on three questions: 1) what constitutes PHIR? 2) which intervention parameters can be researched? and 3) what methods are recognized by the research community? Although legitimate attempts to define PHIR exist, the boundaries remain elusive. (Even the choice of articles in the current Supplement might be questioned.) It has cogently been argued that 'true' public health interventions intend to change risk conditions and alter distributions of health risk. This commentary suggests an important amendment to prior evaluation questions in stating that PHIR must pay attention to how intervention outcomes are distributed. There are also questions inherent in assessing the equity and distribution of an outcome. The bottom line is that we need to spread the word: more research is needed.

A Critical Look at a Nascent Field

A broad coalition of partners, entitled PHIRIC (Population Health Intervention Research Initiative for Canada), are working to increase the amount/quality of population health intervention research (PHIR) in our country. A central theme is to advance the science in this area. The current CJPH Supplement is welcomed as a set of diverse studies done to further our understanding of PHIR. The papers illustrate the range of questions that can be addressed and the variety of methods that need to be utilized. There is a need for critical reflection on three questions: 1) what constitutes PHIR? 2) which intervention parameters can be researched? and 3) what methods are recognized by the research community? Although legitimate attempts to define PHIR exist, the boundaries remain elusive. (Even the choice of articles in the current Supplement might be questioned.) It has cogently been argued that 'true' public health interventions intend to change risk conditions and alter distributions of health risk. This commentary suggests an important amendment to prior evaluation questions in stating that PHIR must pay attention to how intervention outcomes are distributed. There are also questions inherent in assessing the equity and distribution of an outcome. The bottom line is that we need to spread the word: more research is needed.

Using Wood Ash to Ameliorate Acidity and Improve Phosphorus Availability in Soils Amended with Partially Decomposed Cattle or Chicken Manure

The application of partially decomposed animal manure can acidify the soil by nitrification and may cause problems with phosphorus (P) availability. This study investigated the influence of applying wood ash to two soils amended with partially decomposed cattle or chicken manure on pH and P. The treatments consisted of two soils, a clay loam and sandy loam, each amended with partially decomposed chicken or cattle manure applied at 0, 5, or 15 t ha−1, and wood ash was applied to each manure treatment at rates of 0 or 2 t ha−1. The addition of wood ash significantly increased pH, thereby making more P available in soil and maize (Zea mays L.) tissues for both soils after being amended by manure. Both chicken and cattle manure significantly increased all the measured variables compared to the unamended soils. These results suggest that wood ash is an important amendment that could be used to amend partially decomposed manure, thereby not jeopardizing P availability to crops.

Yesterday’s luxury – today’s necessity: end-tidal CO2 monitoring during conscious sedation

The Canadian Journal of Anesthesia recently published the Canadian Anesthesiologists’ Society (CAS) ‘‘Guidelines to the Practice of Anesthesia – Revised Edition 2012’’ (hereafter referred to as the 2012 Guidelines), which included an important amendment in the section regarding required monitors – CO2 monitoring (capnography) during conscious sedation. While a few practitioners may have been fortunate to use this valuable monitor for deeper levels of sedation during monitored anesthesia care, most others probably have not (or have chosen not to use it). As the practice of CO2 monitoring is now expected to change, at least for anesthesiologists, some practitioners may question the rationale for implementing this amendment. Originally introduced in 1975, the CAS Guidelines are reviewed annually by the CAS Standards Committee, and changes are advanced for approval by the Board of Directors of the CAS. Many factors are considered when changes to the CAS Guidelines are contemplated, including a review of the relevant peer-reviewed literature and pertinent practice guidelines in other jurisdictions, especially those in North America. A lengthy discussion amongst the members of the Standards Committee often forms a necessary part of this decision-making process, referred to as ‘‘expert consensus’’. While the value of rigorous ‘‘evidence-based guidelines’’ is recognized, the costs to develop such formal documents are considered beyond the reach of the CAS. In perspective, the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) estimates the costs to create evidencebased guidelines to be in the order of approximately $2.5 million per document (Dr. J. Apfelbaum, personal communication), which is roughly equal to the entire annual budget of the CAS. Over the past few years, there have been a number of small modifications to the body of the CAS Guidelines as well as the addition of two appendices (i.e., two position papers, one on anesthesia assistants and another on sedation). The 2012 Guidelines include an important addition to the section that defines ‘‘Patient Monitoring’’ standards. Monitoring equipment is classified as ‘‘Required...must be in continuous use throughout the administration of all anesthetics’’ or ‘‘Exclusively available’’, or ‘‘Immediately available’’. The new classification stipulates that ‘‘Capnography for general anesthesia and sedation (RSS 4-6)’’ is ‘‘required’’ monitoring. The modified Ramsey sedation scale (RSS) is outlined in Appendix 6 of the 2012 Guidelines, ‘‘Position Paper on Procedural Sedation’’. According to the RSS, a patient who no longer ‘‘responds to commands only’’ (patient does not make eye contact or respond to commands) is deemed to require capnography. The 2011 Guidelines specified that capnography was required only ‘‘when endotracheal tubes or laryngeal masks are inserted’’. This new requirement for capnography in sedated patients (RSS 4-6) also applies to patients whose airway has not been instrumented. Capnography has been routine monitoring in the operating room (OR) for more than twenty years, but, surprisingly, its use is still uncommon in most other areas (emergency room, intensive care unit, postanesthesia care unit, cardiac arrest carts, and out-of-OR sedation suites). Over the past ten to 15 years, there has been a steady increase in the number of investigators studying the role of M. M. Kurrek, MD (&) Department of Anesthesia, University of Toronto, 150 College Street, Room 121, Fitzgerald Building, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada e-mail: m.kurrek@utoronto.ca

15. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

At its December session, the FAO Council recommended an important amendment to the first global goal of the organization, from diminishing hunger to its elimination, which reads as follows: ‘eradication of hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition, progressively ensuring a world in which all people at all times have sufficient safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life’ [revised language in italics]. Expected to be endorsed by the FAO Conference at its forthcoming session in June 2013, this substantial policy change would represent a radical transformation of the current strategy in this regard, which less ambitiously aims to reduce the absolute number of undernourished people—in line with Millennium Development Goal 1 to halve the proportion of those who suffer from starvation by 2015—rather than aspiring to the complete eradication of hunger and malnutrition worldwide.

Figures of speech: First Amendment heroes and villains

For the last 25 years, William Bennett Turner has taught a course on the First Amendment at UC Berkeley. His book, Figures of Speech , describes the colorful characters who have played roles in important First Amendment controversies. Choosing figures and cases from his own personal experience, Turner illustrates broad First Amendment principles and describes how we've arrived at our contemporary understanding of the First Amendment's meaning.

Design and results of the pretest of the IDEFICS study

During the preparatory phase of the baseline survey of the IDEFICS (Identification and prevention of dietary- and lifestyle-induced health effects in children and infants) study, standardised survey procedures including instruments, examinations, methods, biological sampling and software tools were developed and pretested for their feasibility, robustness and acceptability. A pretest was conducted of full survey procedures in 119 children aged 2-9 years in nine European survey centres (N(per centre)=4-27, mean 13.22). Novel techniques such as ultrasound measurements to assess subcutaneous fat and bone health, heart rate monitors combined with accelerometers and sensory taste perception tests were used. Biological sampling, physical examinations, sensory taste perception tests, parental questionnaire and medical interview required only minor amendments, whereas physical fitness tests required major adaptations. Callipers for skinfold measurements were favoured over ultrasonography, as the latter showed only a low-to-modest agreement with calliper measurements (correlation coefficients of r=-0.22 and r=0.67 for all children). The combination of accelerometers with heart rate monitors was feasible in school children only. Implementation of the computer-based 24-h dietary recall required a complex and intensive developmental stage. It was combined with the assessment of school meals, which was changed after the pretest from portion weighing to the more feasible observation of the consumed portion size per child. The inclusion of heel ultrasonometry as an indicator of bone stiffness was the most important amendment after the pretest. Feasibility and acceptability of all procedures had to be balanced against their scientific value. Extensive pretesting, training and subsequent refinement of the methods were necessary to assess the feasibility of all instruments and procedures in routine fieldwork and to exchange or modify procedures that would otherwise give invalid or misleading results.

The Most Dangerous Man in America: Daniel Ellsberg and the Pentagon Papers. Dir. and prod. by Judith Ehrlich and Rick Goldsmith. Kovno Communications, 2009. 94 mins. (http://www.mostdangerousman.org)

The period between mid-June and mid-July 1971 constituted a perfect storm of consequential events. On June 13, the New York Times brought to light a top secret Department of Defense study of the origins of a war that was still raging in Vietnam and that was ripping apart American society. The leak of the Pentagon Papers led to the 1971 case New York Times Co. v. United States, which an American Civil Liberties Union attorney who is interviewed in this documentary calls the most important First Amendment case in the nation's history. That is an exaggeration, but the 6-3 decision to lift injunctions against the New York Times and the Washington Post was surely the most significant Supreme Court opinion ever to define the scope of freedom of the press. Thus stymied by the judicial branch of government, the executive branch quickly proceeded to give dirty politics a bad name,...

Will Teachers Shed Their First Amendment Rights at the Schoolhouse Gate? The Eleventh Circuit's Post-Garcetti Jurisprudence

Since the 1960s, educators have enjoyed a significant (if confusing) array of First Amendment privileges. The confusion resulted from tensions between principles of academic freedom (both of the educator and the educational institution) and the public employee speech doctrine. The Supreme Court's 2006 decision in Garcetti v. Ceballos threw approximately forty years of First Amendment protections for educators into grave doubt. While Garcetti explicitly declined to address the unique situation of educators, at least with respect to academic freedom issues, the Eleventh Circuit lost no time in adapting the Garcetti reasoning to educational settings, however inexact the fit. This article begins by examining the various doctrinal threads that previously comprised First Amendment protections for educators, and then analyzes how Garcetti and the Eleventh Circuit's incorporation of Garcetti into its jurisprudence jeopardize important First Amendment rights in the educational setting. The article concludes with a proposal for re-thinking the Eleventh Circuit's First Amendment jurisprudence as it applies to educators.

<i>Byron's Romantic Celebrity: Industrial Culture and the Hermeneutic of Intimacy</i> (review)

BYRON'S ROMANTIC CELEBRITY: INDUSTRIAL CULTURE AND THE HERMENEUTIC OF INTIMACY. By Tom Mole. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. Pp. xiv + 227. ISBN 978 1 4039 9993 1. £45.00. 'From Shelley onwards, serious criticism of Byron has often defined itself by turning away from celebrity's meretricious glitter to weigh the real merits of his poetry', Tom Mole tells us, before adding cheerfully: 'this book reverses that procedure by making Byron's celebrity its subject'. It does indeed - this is a serious book about Byron that also sets out to address a perceived lack of 'a history of celebrity'. Unsurprisingly Mole argues that modern celebrity culture began in the Romantic period and that Lord Byron is not only one of its earliest examples but also one of its 'most astute critics'. The old narrative of Byron's celebrity would be that he found himself famous in 1812, then courted and despised this popularity until 1816 when its sudden evaporation showed him how worthless the reading public and his own investment in it had been. His later years would be distinguished by a studious attention to unfashionable formal disciplines and a satirical goading of his ex-audience. Tom Mole's book does not overturn this account; rather we re-read it through a new lens. The book begins with a beautifully articulated discussion of the etymology of 'celebrity', carefully distinguishing it from fame with the help of Hazlitt so that we are to understand that 'celebrity' is to 'fame' what 'tourism' is to 'travel' - to use another cultural divide that Byron helped to shape. Mole is very good at telling us the precise number of conditions that are required in order to fulfil certain paradigms or the exact number of reasons for a particular outcome: 'Celebrity is a cultural apparatus consisting of three elements: an individual, an industry, and an audience'. The industry bit is very important, as this is a 'print culture' monograph, developed at Glasgow, where Mole worked with Clifford Siskin, and judiciously placed in Palgrave's 'Cultures of Print' series. Mole concedes that there were elements of celebrity culture before the end of the eighteenth century - he goes back as far as theatrical celebrity in 1660 - and while one is tempted to insert the Roman gladiators of the first century as an earlier example, the defining characteristic of celebrity for Mole is the manipulative power of modern technology, specifically the mass production of the printed word or image. The eight chapters of the book follow Byron's participation in and gradual rejection of this industry. Chapter 2, on 'An Ode to the Framers of the Frame Bill', is based on Mole's groundbreaking 2003 article in the Keats-Shelley Journal. It contains his fascinating reconstruction of the passage of the Frame Bill in February-March 1812, which allows us to understand the newspaper publication of Byron's poem as a genuine contribution to the parliamentary debate, thus correcting previous accounts of the poem which saw it as a belated comment after the event. Mole makes his point well: '[Byron] is intervening in an ongoing process, in a poem that may well have influenced the important amendment that reduced attempted framebreaking to a misdemeanour'. Mole then reflects on his discoveries, suggesting that 'there are two ways to theorise the position' of Byron's poem: we could argue that his reliance on the print industry makes him 'complicit in the process of dehumanising industrialisation', or that Byron 'appropriates the technology of the press' for humane ends. Inclining to the second while deftly evading any kind of partisan commitment, Mole uses this discussion to bring in the 'two kinds of agency' his book revolves around: the agencies of text and poet closely followed by the 'two poles' of 'Lord Byron the cultural producer and Lord Byron the cultural product'. …

Much Ado About...Something Else: D.C. v. Heller, the Racialized Mythology of the Second Amendment, and Gun Policy Reform

D.C. v. Heller, currently pending before the Supreme Court, is already being hailed as the most important Second Amendment case in history. It is my contention, however, that Heller's resolution of the existing circuit split will almost certainly have little practical effect nationwide on gun policy. The reason is simple: The persistent and always tense debate over gun rights has thinly veiled underlying racial and socio-political struggles that are as old as the Union itself. In this article, I argue that the greatest legacy of Heller will lie not in its interpretation of the constitutional right to bear arms, but rather its potential to generate a reformed conversation about gun policy and its racial implications. Conflicts over gun policy and over the meaning of the Second Amendment betray a deeper clash over intensely held competing cultural values, in which the cultural mythology of the frontiersman, often white and male, is pitted against the racial and class subaltern, African Americans in particular. While some scholars have identified this submerged battle over cultural values at the heart of Second Amendment interpretation and have suggested that successful reform to gun policy depends on unmasking and addressing the sources of those values, none has adequately considered the key, racialized underpinnings of Second Amendment rhetoric. Resolution of the great American gun debate depends neither on the latest disquisition from the Court on the Amendment's scope nor on facile attempts to assuage competing cultural adherents, as recommended by these scholars. Heller's most critical legacy, particularly in an election year, will lie in its ability to ignite discourse that inspires policy reform to dismantle racially laden cultural assumptions that nurture Second Amendment mythology. In this spirit of inspired discourse, therefore, the article concludes with suggestions for reform.