Wine Imports Research Articles

The nature of the relationship between international tourism and international trade: the case of German imports of Spanish wine

This article deals with the relationship between international trade and tourism. We focus on the effect that German tourism to Spain has on German imports of Spanish wine. Due to the different stochastic properties of the series under analysis, which display different orders of integration, a methodology is used based on long memory regression models, where tourism is supposed to be exogenous. The period covered is January 1998 to November 2004. The results show that tourism has an effect on wine imports that lasts between 2 and 9 months. Disaggregating the imports across the different types of wine, it is observed that only for red wines from Navarra, Penedús and Valdepeñas, and to a certain extent for sparkling wine, tourism produces an effect on future import demand. From a policy-making perspective our results imply that the impact of tourism on the host economy is not only direct and short-term but also oblique and delayed, thus reinforcing the case for tourism as a means for economic development.

The effect of wine purchasing at major hyper markets attributes on customer satisfaction

This study was investigated wine purchasing at major hyper markets attributes of customers : analyzing how the selection attributions of purchasing wines in hyper markets, through factor analysis and regression analysis, authors identified 6 factors of selection attributes of purchasing in hyper markets (professional service, variety of physical service, spatiality of atmosphere, sales promotions, and diversity of wine selection) and special sales promotions had the most positive influence on customer satisfaction and behavior intentions (revisit, recommendation). The paper provides marketers of wine importers, wine related industry specialists, and people in a wine business industry with the useful clues to understand consumers' choice behavior of wine purchasing in major hyper markets in Korea.

The Importance of Australian Corporate Brand and Grape Varietal Wines: Hedonic Pricing in the British Columbia Wine Market

AbstractA hedonic analysis is applied to a unique data set of Australian wines imported by the British Columbia Liquor Distribution Branch. The data included the important corporate red wine brands produced in Australia. Hedonic price functions are estimated for red Australian wines to show how price premia associated with the attributes of wine brands including the grape variety and alcohol content differ by corporate brands. Results show the positive effects on price of highly reputable brands, positive effect of grape variety Shiraz, and premia for alcohol content. (JEL Classification: D49, L15, L66, QII)

Trends in wine production and trade

Historically, wine production and consumption have been at home in Europe. The most important countries mentionable are France, Italy, Germany, Spain, Greece, Portugal, Moldova, Romania, Bulgaria and Hungary. The European Union (EU 27) occupies a leading position on the world wine market. Globally, it accounts for 49.9% of growing areas and 39.1% of grape production, according to FAO data for the year 2006. The European Union (EU 27) produces 60.0%of wine and accounts for 55.4%of wine imports and 72.8%of exports. Wine production and consumption is increasing in Argentina, Australia, Chile, New Zealand, South Africa, Uruguay and in the United States, and decreasing in many traditionally wine growing countries. As a result of growing globalization, the EU wine market has to face changing circumstances and increasingly sharp competition. In the last 10 years, European imports from non-EU countries have doubled, and countries such as the United States, Chile, Argentina, South Africa and Australia have developed aggressive marketing policies, while promoting products at highly competitive prices. Wine production in 2006 represented 5 percent of the value of EU agricultural output. EU wine consumption is falling steadily, although sales of quality wines are increasing. Over the last ten years, imports have grown by 10 percent per annum, while exports are increasing slowly. According to current trends, excess wine production will exceed 10-15% of annual production by 2010, although the EU spends around half a billion euros every year to solve the problem of its wine surplus. The European Union and the United States signed a bilateral accord in 2005, which helps EU winemakers to build on their current success. The annual EU wine exports to the USA are worth more than 2 billion US$, which is around 40% of EU wine exports in term of value. The new provisions on the common organisation of the wine market are also discussed in this paper. The intention is to develop leadership in this specific, lifestyle-associated market segment. The objectives of new reform are to maintain EU dominance over the world wine export markets, to simplify the legislation in this field and to assist rural development objectives within the Common Agricultural Policy. EU regulations favour the wine industry and European wine will meet the demand of consumers for individualised, customised products, which are natural, environmentally-friendly and healthy.

Influences on supplier repurchase selection of UK importers

PurposeTo investigate the influence of supplier‐performance criteria on importers' decisions to repurchase from the same source, in the context of wine‐importing.Design/methodology/approachSelection criteria were derived from the literature and preliminary discussion with importers. Hypotheses were formulated, linking criteria and performance attributes to post‐purchase re‐buying intentions. Data were collected by self‐completion questionnaire from 152 UK‐based wine importers, and analysed by multiple regression.FindingsSupplier performance with respect to relationship commitment, payment facilities and product quality has a positive impact on repurchase intentions; the influence of price and brand recognition was found to be insignificant.Research limitations/implicationsThe study was limited geographically and by questioning only importers. Future study should investigate relevant behaviour across a wider spread of countries, business types, decision parameters and external variables, and collect data from exporters as well as importers.Practical implicationsIt is concluded that suppliers should focus strategy on all the decision‐criteria investigated in the study, rather than on the narrow base typically found in practice. Exporters should nurture strong relationships with importers, emphasise consistent product quality, and offer flexible payment arrangements. Branding is a route forward, and price will be an issue in the highly competitive UK market.Originality/valueThis is the first study to empirically test the effect of suppliers‐performance criteria on importers' repurchase intentions.

Beyond drinking: the role of wine in the life of the UK consumer

AbstractSince the development of wine sales via supermarkets in the UK in the 1970s wine consumption has more than doubled so now the UK is the largest wine import market (by value) in the world. Wine is now consumed by approximately 61% of the UK adult population on a regular basis. For many social wine consumption has become part of their lifestyle. Given the international importance of the UK wine market, plus the increasing incorporation of wine into regular consumption behaviour, it is remarkable how few academic studies have been undertaken into the consumption behaviour of moderate, social UK wine consumers. This paper aims to start developing that knowledge, thus adding to our understanding of consumer behaviour in general. The results show that consumers use wine in very sophisticated ways via purchasing, gifting and consumption. The findings also show that social interaction with wine varies significantly, dependant upon occasion and environment. Behaviour also varies if the purchase, as gift and/or for consumption, is perceived as a private or public activity. This paper places UK wine consumer behaviour within a social context, and is able to show that all consumers display a range of behaviours in relation to wine which are situation and occasion dependant.

Pomegranate Wine Has Greater Protection Capacity Than Red Wine on Low-Density Lipoprotein Oxidation

Although there is a large body of evidence on the main role of red wine in protection of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) against oxidation, there are few data on the role of pomegranate juice, which has high phenolic content. We conducted this study considering the possible importance of pomegranate wine as an antioxidant and in order to make a comparison between red and pomegranate wines. The phenol levels of pomegranate and red wines (4,850 mg/L gallic acid equivalents and 815 mg/L gallic acid equivalents, respectively) were in accordance with their total antioxidant activity (39.5% and 33.7%, respectively). Both wines decreased LDL-diene levels following a 30-minute incubation period compared with controls (145 +/- 3.2 micromol/mg of LDL protein). However, pure pomegranate wine demonstrated a greater antioxidant effect (P < .01) on diene level (110 +/- 4.6 micromol/mg of LDL protein) than pure red wine (124 +/- 3.2 micromol/mg of LDL protein). In conclusion, we suggest that pomegranate wine has potential protective effects toward LDL oxidation, and it may be a dietary choice for people who prefer fruit wines.

The Colonial Identity of Wine: TheLeakey Affairand the Franco-Algerian Order of Things

This article focuses on the 1905 crisis of French and Algerian viticulture that came to be known as the "Leakey Affair." It explains why metropolitan French observers reacted so strongly to Leakey's contract and subsequent advertising of Algerian wine on the British market, first from a socio-economic perspective, and second by reference to the importance of wine in French culture and identity. The final section of the article explains the response of Algeria's colonists to their metropolitan critics. Throughout, wine is used as a prism through which to explore the nature of identity in modern France and the complex colonial relationship in which the wine industry played such a major role. The Leakey Affair revealed the fragility of colonial cultural formations and the importance of wine as a conduit of ideas, and a symbol for fierce wrangling over identity, belonging, and the nature of empire. What was at stake was no less than the intellectual ownership of a mainstay of France's cultural mythology -- wine -- and the relationship between an imperial power and its colonial world.

Selection of Potential Impact Odorants and Sensory Validation of Their Importance in Typical Chardonnay Wines

The aim of the present study was to validate the joint sensory impact of target compounds on the typicality degree of wine. Target compounds were selected from previous gas chromatography-olfactometry analysis. The preliminary experiment consisted in selecting odorants thought to have a positive effect on typical Chardonnay wines. Two sets of target compounds were chosen with regard to expected relationships between their concentrations and typicality scores. Target compounds were quantified in 20 wines. The second experiment was dedicated to the sensory evaluation of aroma models obtained by supplementation in wines. Three Chardonnay wines with intermediate typicality scores were supplemented with 6- or 10-compound combinations. The typicality degree of 24 samples was assessed by expert orthonasal perception. Wines supplemented with the 6-compound combinations were judged to be intermediate, whereas wines including the 10-compound combinations were considered to be quite representative of the Chardonnay concept. Such results confirm the active contribution of the 10 combined target compounds to typical Chardonnay wines.

Evaluation of colour parameters and antioxidant activities of fruit wines

The evaluation of oenological colorimetric indexes, CIELAB parameters, total phenols and antioxidant activities has been studied in different fruit wines made from black mulberry, blackberry, quince, apple, apricot, melon, red raspberry, bilberry, sour cherry and strawberry.The highest value of antioxidant activities and total phenolic contents were determined in bilberry, blackberry and black mulberry wines (61.80%, 1161 mg/l gallic acid equivalents; 60.00%, 1232 mg/l gallic acid equivalents; 58.10%, 1081 mg/l gallic acid equivalents), respectively. The highest values for A420 nm, A520 nm, A620 nm, the proportion of blue, wine colour, wine total colour of pigments, wine polymeric pigment colour and K-K values logarithmic colour intersity) were determined in bilberry fruit wine. Positive correlation was found between antioxidant activities and total phenols (r=0.958, P = 0.001). The results of grouping of different parameters in n-dimensional space with different fruit wines demonstrated the importance of bilberry, blackberry and black mulberry wines as natural antioxidants and colourants.

Adaptation of the Czech viniculture to the conditions of the European Union

In the Czech Republic, the sector of viniculture tried to use the period before the entry into the European Union (1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt;May 2005) for the maximum development of resources needed for its both quantitative and qualitative advancement. The legislation concerning this sector was changed and harmonised with the legislation of the EU. The total acreage of vineyards was expanded and another 7 thousand hectares were planted. The size of business units changed as well. For the time being, the production potential of this industry is 19.3 thousand ha of vineyards, more than 18 thousand wine growers were registered and there are nearly 600 producers of wine. In this sector, there are approximately 20 thousand jobs and the consumption of wine is gradually increasing and equals 16.5 litres per capita per year. As far as the prices of grapes are concerned, it was found out that they were relatively stable in the period under study and that the price of blue varietals is higher than that of white ones. The Czech wine import is constantly higher than the export, both in volume and financial value.

A consultancy on wine imports

A consultancy on wine imports

La liberalización controlada del mercado del vino en Noruega (1996-2002): nuevas oportunidades para la industria vinícola española

Este trabajo pretende analizar las tendencias del mercado del vino en Noruega tras la formalización del Espacio Económico Europeo en 1994 y valorar la trayectoria de los vinos españoles en este país. Para ello se ha utilizado información recabada sobre el terreno mediante estadísticas oficiales y entrevistas con agentes locales expertos. Durante los últimos años el consumo de vino ha aumentado en Noruega en detrimento de los licores, más tradicionales en sus hábitos gastronómicos. Este proceso se ha acelerado desde 1996, una vez liberalizada la importación de vinos e introducida la competencia por abastecer al Vinmonopolet, empresa estatal que conserva el monopolio de la venta al público y cuyas tiendas no solamente expenden bebidas, sino que funcionan como centros de educación para el consumidor. En este contexto de cambio institucional, el vino español está ganando presencia en Noruega, tanto en el segmento de los vinos de calidad como entre los vinos más corrientes.

Wine-trade in the Czech Republic in 2000-2003

The paper focuses on wine imports into the Czech Republic in the period of 2000&amp;ndash;2003 with a&amp;nbsp;special attention paid to the imports from the European Union countries. It describes the results of trade balance in its value and natural expression, as an important impulse for producers, mediators, and traders for increasing their participation in the sales in foreign markets. For the the evaluation of profitability of trade transactions, unit kilogram prices are used. Imports of the particular wines are structured according to the nomenclature of harmonised codes of customs statistics. For mutual comparison, the indicators of unit kilogram prices are used. Imports are monitored for individual commodities according to the structure, which is used by customs statistics.

Assessing import channels for a land‐locked country: the case of Lao PDR

Lao PDR, as the sole land‐locked country in South East Asia, is dependent upon available infrastructure in neighbouring countries for fast and efficient import of goods. The validity of a cost model for multimodal transport, which was originally proposed by Beresford and Dubey (1990) and developed by Beresford (1999), is tested against a real case in international logistics, namely the import of wine from Marseilles in France to Vientiane in Lao PDR. The main elements of the model are as follows: cost, time, distance, transport mode and intermodal transfer. The model is tested using real data over a series of alternative routes between Marseilles and Vientiane. The selection of appropriate international logistics system will have a direct impact on the efficiency of Lao PDR import channels. The research findings clearly demonstrate that the “sea‐road” combination via Danang Port in Vietnam is the most competitive in terms of costs while the “sea‐rail‐road” option via port Klang in Malaysia and through Thailand offers the fastest transit time.

Selling to reluctant drinkers: the British wine market, 1860–1914

Attempts to stimulate wine drinking in Britain in the early 1860s succeeded in tripling wine imports, but this increase proved short lived, and per caput consumption was no greater in 1914 than it had been in 1815. Supply volatility, together with difficulties in establishing impersonal exchange mechanisms in place of those based on the personal reputation of economic agents, made it difficult to create a mass market. Not only did consumers receive insufficient information to identify quality prior to purchase, but the high price of some wines also encouraged cheap imitations, some of which were prejudicial to the health of the drinker.

The influence of immigration and international tourism on the demand for imported food products

The role of immigration and international tourism in food product imports, as two factors which potentially influence the (trans-) formation of tastes in a country, is theoretically and empirically analysed. In using an econometric error-correction specification of an import demand function, the scale of the impact of these two factors is estimated for the case of Germany (annual data from 1967 to 1990). The results show that, while aggregate food import demand from India, Thailand, China and Turkey is inelastic with regard to migration to Germany and international travel activities of Germans to these destinations, the estimated average elasticities for imports of wine, cheese and processed/preserved vegetables from France and Italy are all well above unity, thus suggesting that immigration and international tourism may indeed affect the import demand for certain food products.

Products and Prejudice: Measuring Country-of-Origin Bias in U.S. Wine Imports

Should exporters worry about country-of-origin bias? Although the pervasiveness of country-level product advertising suggests that they do, lack of data has limited the empirical study of subjective bias toward products from a specific country. Using data from the U.S. wine industry, including numerical blind tasting evaluations, this paper directly computes the impact of country-of-origin bias upon wine import prices. A hedonic pricing framework is used to control for vintage, blind-tasted quality, varietals, production costs and quantities. Cross-country comparisons of price residuals suggest that Product of Italy on the label can raise the price of a bottle by more than fifty percent.

Cash Crop Production and Storage in the Early Bronze Age Southern Levant

Often an Egyptian demand for olive oil and wine is seen as a stimulus not only for the increasing production of these commodities in the Early Bronze Age (EBA) southern Levant, but also for their growing socioeconomic importance. While the import of southern Levantine wine to Egypt is proven by archaeological finds, the scale of this trade as well as its significance for the socioeconomic development of the southern Levant is debatable. It is more likely that the production of cash crops in the southern Levant was primarily directed towards the needs of local markets, and that it was local elites who gained power by controlling the flow of agricultural goods between the highlands and the lowlands. Thus the production of cash crops may be regarded as one of the factors that led towards increasing social stratification, eventually resulting in an urban society in the EBA southern Levant.

Imports versus Domestic Production: A Demand System Analysis of the U.S. Red Wine Market

The U.S. wine market experienced rapid growth in all facets—production, consumption, exports, and imports—over the past decade. Red wine imports more than tripled while consumption of domestically produced red wines doubled. This research estimates demand elasticities of U.S. red wine imports from five countries accounting for over 90% of imports—Italy, France, Spain, Australia, and Chile—using the first-difference version of the almost ideal demand system (AIDS). These elasticities are compared with those for domestically produced red wine. Results for conditional expenditure elasticities indicate that the U.S. red wine industry gains over imports when U.S. consumers’ total expenditures on red wine increase. However, comparing own- and cross-price elasticities reveals an increase in the price of U.S. red wine results in a decline in quantity demanded six times greater than for French and Italian red wines and over 20 times greater than other import countries, thus harming the U.S. red wine industry. Empirical results suggest that U.S. red-wine producers could increase their total revenue by decreasing prices, while Italian and French producers can increase total revenues by increasing them.