Importance Of Macro Research Articles

The Role of Dietary Intake in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Importance of Macro and Micronutrients in Glucose Homeostasis.

The prevalence of Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is increasing worldwide. Genetics and lifestyle, especially diet, are contributing factors. Analyses of macro- and micronutrient intake across global populations may help to explain their impact on glucose homeostasis and disease development. To this end, 420 Tunisians were enrolled in a prospective cross-sectional study of daily food consumption. Various data were collected and blood samples were drawn for biochemical assay. A 24-h recall questionnaire was obtained from participants to evaluate dietary intake. Statistical analyses were conducted using Nutrilog and R software. Biochemical analyses stratified the studied population (n = 371) into three groups: diabetics (n = 106), prediabetics (n = 192) and controls (n = 73); 49 subjects were excluded. Our results showed that Tunisians had hypercaloric diets high in carbohydrates and fat with variability in the levels of some vitamins and minerals, including riboflavin and niacin, that were statistically different among groups. The lower intake of vitamin D was associated with a greater risk of T2D. Higher vitamin A and sodium intake were associated with poor glucose homeostasis, although protein intake may improve it. In perspective, nutrigenomic studies can provide insight into problematic diets and poor eating habits and offer opportunities to analyze the effects of behavioral changes that can mitigate T2D development and progression.

РОЗРОБКА ЕКСПОРТООРІЄНТОВАНОЇ СТРАТЕГІЇ РОЗВИТКУ В УПРАВЛІННІ ПРИБУТКОВОЮ ДІЯЛЬНІСТЮ ПРОМИСЛОВИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ

The essence of separate elements of export-oriented strategy of development making in management of profitable activity of industrial enterprises has been researched. The main tendencies of foreign economic activity of national enterprises under the conditions of integration processes have been underlined. The role of macroeconomic and regional institutions that deals with foreign trade activity of industrial enterprises has been studied. The main possibilities that are given for national manufactures with integration processes in the sphere of export activity have been formed. Aspects of extensive and intensive growth of industrial enterprises on the basis of strengthening their export orientation have been characterized. The essence of export-oriented strategy of development from the basic scientific views has been researched. The connection between export-oriented strategy of development and profitability has been actualized. The meaning of transformation changes of economy under the influence of integration stages through the activity of industrial enterprises and its export-oriented strategy making have been detailed. The dependence of economic conditions of integration cycles, complexity of levels of export-oriented strategy of development and management of enterprise’s profitable activity has been emphasized. There were proposed macro- and micro-levels of management that are aimed to study demands of external environment and implement its aspects to the operating and manufacturing activity of export-oriented enterprises’ performance. The importance of macro- and micro-levels of management for starting the process of making export-oriented strategy of development in order to increase the enterprise’s profitability has been detailed and presented in structure that provided and intensified by direct and returned feedback.

Winter habitat selection and partitioning in two sympatric farmland small mammals: Apodemus sylvaticus and Mus spretus

Patterns of small mammal habitat selection vary according to scale, although there are discrepancies about the importance of macro and micro-scale factors in rodent community assembly. We assess whether differences in their micro and macrohabitat selection patterns explain the coexistence of two sympatric rodents, Mus spretus and Apodemus sylvaticus, in an agricultural area of central Spain. We trapped mice in uncultivated and crop fields using a grid of Sherman traps. Food availability and vegetation structure (microhabitat) and landscape composition variables (macrohabitat) were measured in each plot. We used GLMs to determine the scale predictors related to specific abundance. The importance of each scale in the assemblage was assessed by a variance partitioning procedure. At microhabitat scale, A. sylvaticus was positively related to shrub cover and M. spretus to seed availability. At macrohabitat scale, A. sylvaticus was negatively associated with distance to the nearest tree, whereas M. spretus was positively associated with this variable. Macrohabitat explained 39 % and microhabitat 8 % of the variance in the assemblage. Results suggest a relative segregation of food preferences at microhabitat scale, and a habitat partitioning at macrohabitat scale, which may allow spatial coexistence of both species, according to community assembly theory. This study shows the importance of both micro and macrohabitat in the configuration of rodent assemblages.

The 2011 Estonian high school language reform in the context of critical language policy and planning

This paper seeks to situate Estonian language use and policy within the emerging field of critical language policy and planning (CLPP) by investigating the discourses that frame linguistic behaviour. This done by way of an analysis of a series of interviews carried out with key actors in language policy in Estonia. The discourses framing language use in Estonia are then related to the practices, or repeated activities, that maintain everyday language use. The aim is to uncover taken-for-granted categories framing social life, in particular those that maintain forms of inequality, and to investigate ways that these might be reshaped in order to bring about outcomes that take into account the everyday needs and realities of a greater proportion of Estonian society. The 2011 Estonian high school reform is a case in point regarding the importance of macro–micro dialogue and coordination in language policy and planning. As this paper argues, more is needed to engage local Russian-speakers in the process of learning and using Estonian and playing a bigger part in wider Estonian society, particularly in the case of the north-eastern county of Ida-Virumaa. This paper considers the ways discourses and practices in education could become more inclusive of Estonia's Russian-speakers while still furthering the key twin goals of the period of renewed independence: normalisation of the use of Estonian and societal integration.

Contribution of macro- and micro-consumers to the decomposition of fish carcasses in low-order streams: an experimental study

Vertebrate carrions, in particular fish, can provide a significant source of organic matter to lotic systems. Most studies related to animal matter degradation have been undertaken in Western North America, where entire lotic networks depend on large masses of anadromous salmonids, but less is known of other aquatic environments. In this study, the decomposition process of trout was analyzed in a Northern Italian stream, investigating the different importance of macro (invertebrates)—and micro (fungi)—consumers. Trout carcasses exhibited an exponential mass loss over time and attracted a rich community of microbic and invertebrate colonists. Final values for fish decay were significantly affected by the presence of macro-consumers; nevertheless, the role of macroinvertebrates seems to be not as predominant as in other ecological systems. Our study indicates that in lotic environments, which lack specialized necrophagous or sarcophagous invertebrate taxa equivalent to those found in terrestrial environments (such as maggots or carrion beetles), micro-consumers play a main role in fish carrions decomposition.

Systematic Examination of Metallographic Methods for Detection of Primary Steel Texture

In spite of speedy development of technical tools for examination, the importance of macro structural investigation has not decreased; on the contrary, these methods are in the state of their revival. One of evident reasons for it is the fact, that the results of macro structural examinations and the conclusions drawn from them are in the closest relation with the parameters of technology, reflect their changes, and the deviations from the specified values. It is expedient from time to time to check the methods proved earlier suitable for macro structural investigation, possibly to develop and implement new methods. We have to take in account that the methods now widely applied were developed when the technology, composition, type and quantity of pollutants were still basically different from those of the present. We mention as an example that in the fundamental work of George F. Vander Voort published in 1984 the examinations of macrostructure of continuously cast semi products occupied hardly one to two pages, while nowadays they produce about 90% of the annual 1.1 billion tonne steel quantity in continuous casting plants, thus the decisive proportion of continuously cast semi products examination can hardly be questioned. Taking in consideration the above points of view, in the frame of a consortium work we examined the macrostructure of samples taken from bloom slabs cast on vertical continuous casting machine from nine consciously chosen charges, with methods known from the literature or personal information.

Determination of trace and bulk elements in plasma and erythrocytes of healthy pregnant women by pixe method

Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) analysis of blood samples from healthy pregnant women was carried out. Elements S, Ca, P, K, Cl, Fe, Zn, Cu, Rb and Br were detected in red blood cells while S, Ca, P, K, Cl, Fe, Zn, Cu, Ni, Br in the plasma. The concentrations of Ca, K and Br were found to be stable throughout pregnancy, others exhibited significant alterations. The importance of macro- and microelement metabolisms during pregnancy and their role in the intrauterine development is summarized.

The carpal tunnel syndrome and amyloidosis. A clinical and histological study

Twenty-six non-randomized patients with carpal tunnel syndrome are presented. It is documented that three out of four patients may be diagnosed pre-operatively by five or more clinical parameters. All patients were screened for amyloidosis in biopsies from the carpal tunnel. One patient presented amyloid deposits in the transversal carpal ligament. The importance of macro- and microscopic findings in the carpal tunnel inclusive local amyloidosis for the pathogenesis of the carpal tunnel is discussed. It is concluded that provided systemic amyloidosis is not suspected, screening for amyloidosis may have diagnostic interest, however without therapeutic consequences and therefore unnecessary.