Importance Of Agreement Research Articles

Participatory governance of intangible heritage to develop sustainable rural tourism: the timber-raftsmen of La Pobla de Segur, Spain

ABSTRACT Rural areas face the challenge of managing intangible heritage in ways that avoid problems such as the loss of authenticity linked to over-tourism, or living heritage becoming disconnected from the local community due to overprotection. This study explores an innovative method for promoting a participatory governance process for intangible heritage currently managed on a non-participatory basis, in that the local community establishes a consensual model of sustainable tourism development that promotes both the rural renaissance of the area and the preservation of its Intangible Cultural Heritage. This research explores the case of the ‘raiers’ (timber-raftmen) of La Pobla de Segur, an ancient trade of transporting timber by river, recently awarded Intangible World Heritage status by UNESCO. Methods include participant observation, interviews, and discussion groups. The local community felt empowered to find a consensus on how to manage this Intangible Cultural Heritage by focusing on sustainable tourism development that preserves heritage while contributing to the rural renaissance of the area. The local community eagerly engaged by putting forward proposals, indicating the importance of agreements and new initiatives.

Znaczenie umów o popieraniu i wzajemnej ochronie inwestycji dla bezpośrednich inwestycji zagranicznych na przykładzie wybranych krajów Bałkanów Zachodnich

Przedmiot badań: Przedmiotem badania jest zależność bezpośrednich inwestycji zagranicznych (BIZ) i sytuacji makroekonomicznej w gospodarkach w okresie transformacji oraz ocena znacze­nia zawieranych przez te kraje umów o popieraniu i wzajemnej ochronie inwestycji (ang. Bila­teral Investment Treaties – BIT) dla napływu bezpośrednich inwestycji zagranicznych. Badania są prowadzone w czterech krajach na Bałkanach Zachodnich: Bośni i Hercegowinie, Chorwacji, Macedonii Północnej i Serbii w latach 2001–2019.
 Cel badawczy: Celem artykułu jest ocena zależności bezpośrednich inwestycji zagranicznych (BIZ) i sytuacji makroekonomicznej w gospodarkach w okresie transformacji oraz ocena zna­czenia zawieranych przez te kraje umów o popieraniu i wzajemnej ochronie inwestycji (ang. Bilateral Investment Treaties – BIT) dla napływu bezpośrednich inwestycji zagranicznych. Bada­nia wypełniają lukę w wiedzy na temat zarówno znaczenia BIT dla BIZ, jak i znaczenia BIZ dla sytuacji makroekonomicznej.1
 Metoda badawcza: Dla oceny znaczenia bezpośrednich inwestycji zagranicznych dla gospodar­ki oszacowano korelację między BIZ a wskaźnikami opisującymi sytuację makroekonomiczną, w tym wzrost PKB, PKB per capita oraz stabilność makroekonomiczną. W dalszej części skon­centrowano się na BIT jako potencjalnych narzędziach oddziałujących na skłonność inwestorów zagranicznych do podjęcia decyzji o zainwestowaniu w kraju rozwijającym się, zapewniającym ochronę inwestycji zagranicznych na podstawie BIT. W związku z tym sprawdzono, czy po za­warciu umowy BIT nastąpił wzmożony napływ BIZ. Dane pozyskano ze źródeł Banku Świato­wego, baz danych UNCTAD i EBOR, a także baz instytucji lokalnych w każdym badanym kraju.
 Wyniki: Wnioski z badań sugerują, że z jednej strony napływ BIZ nie był istotnym czynnikiem rozwoju gospodarczego w badanym regionie, a z drugiej strony – BIT nie stanowiły istotnego narzędzia oddziałującego na decyzje inwestycyjne zagranicznych inwestorów.

EU-Japan Agreements: Content, Context and Implications

The article analyses the agreements concluded by the EU with Japan: Economic Partnership Agreement, Strategic Partnership Agreementand the negotiated agreement: Investment Protection Agreement. EPA liberalizes trade in goods and services. By setting the legal framework for a strategic partnership, SPA facilitates cooperation against common challenges. IPA will regulate standards for investment protection and disputes resolution.
 The analysis consists: – the content of the Agreements; – socio-economic and political potential of the parties; – EU’s legal powers to negotiate and conclude agreements, and its competence, whether exclusive or shared, to enter into these Agreements; – the importance of Agreements for their parties and for other international actors as well as for regional, trans-regional and global relations.
 The thesis of the study is the statement that in a world where instability is increasing and security is reduced, the parties are fulfilling their, as real great powers, obligation to bear special responsibility for the implementation of the values represented. The Agreements confirm the community of values on which they are embedded and create conditions for strengthening these values.
 The study consists of five parts. First we analyse the subject matter of the Agreements , then their actors, and the reasons of concluding them and why. In part IV \we explain the importance of the Agreements for the contracting parties and for the international community, and in part V we concentrate on the Agreements as seen from the external perspective.
 The conclusions state that the Agreements institutionalise security communitywhere the security and defence policy component is still relatively weak, but is also being developed. The agreements making closer political and economic ties between the UE and Japan open the way to creation of the EU’s security community with “democratic diamonds” in the Asia–Pacific region.

CITIZENSHIP IN THE STRUCTURE OF SOCIO-POLITICAL ORIENTATIONS OF RUSSIAN YOUTH: PLACE AND ROLE IN STATEHOOD STRENGTHENING

Purpose of the study: In this study, we analyze citizenship in the structure of socio-political orientations of Russian youth and explore the youth role in strengthening statehood and formation of civil society institutions. The development of active citizenship values in sociopolitical orientations of Russian youth is determined by the need to change relations between the state and society. The citizens shall develop civic responsibility and civil initiatives and control the institutions of power.
 Methodology: The theory of social anomie and the concept of socio-cultural crisis serve the methodological basis for this study. This theory explores the eclectic nature of citizenship ideas in the youth environment. The civilizational approach makes it possible to investigate features of citizenship idea and practice information of Western European and Russian cultural traditions. All that is methodologically significant in tracking citizenship specificity of the Russian youth. The integrated approach becomes a conceptual one in this study as it treats the citizenship of Russian youth as a complex multi-component phenomenon. This phenomenon includes moral, legal and socio-political attitudes reflecting the various aspects of relations in the "man-society-state" system.
 Results: We conclude that in the citizenship of Russian youth there dominate two main attitudes: liberal and paternalistic. In the liberal aspect, the young people consider citizenship to be awareness of their civil rights and responsibilities, a kind of rational and active behavior corresponding to democratic political system. Paternalistic attitudes are manifested in loyalty to the state. Paternalists consider the state to be the political institution that is solely responsible for the present and future of the young people.
 Applications of this study: The results allow us to understand the significance of citizenship as an ethic-legal quality of personality that strengthens Russian statehood and the importance of agreement (contract) between government and society. The results discovered the need for the citizens to be engaged in solving the state's socially significant problems. The state shall also develop a favorable institutional environment for civil socialization and self-realization of the young people.
 Novelty/Originality of this study: The eclectic nature of Russian youth citizenship points at hindering factors in the development of active and responsible citizenship as the youth ability to self-organize and solve socially significant problems. The main factors hindering the process of civil activity formation among the young people are the stable etatist-paternalistic traditions of political culture and institutions of Russian civil society. Although, development of youth citizenship is a well-managed process. It requires the youth policy to be the stimulating and guiding force. This force is necessary to solve the problems of legal personality type formation. Such a personality is characterized by politically and socially active civic-mindedness.

Attributional consensus: The importance of agreement over causes for team performance to interpersonal outcomes and performance

ObjectivesInvestigate (a) the effects of attributional consensus on interpersonal outcomes and performance, (b) the effects of attribution type (i.e., adaptive/maladaptive) on performance, and (c) the interaction effects between attributional consensus and attribution type on performance. DesignAcross two studies (i.e., vignette and behavioural experiments), independent samples t-tests were used to examine the main effects of attributional consensus on interpersonal outcomes. A 2 (attributional consensus: high, low) x 2 (attribution type: adaptive, maladaptive) x 2 (time: pre, post) ANOVA with repeated measures on the last factor was used to analyse the main and interaction effects of attributional consensus and attribution type on performance. MethodIn Study 1, participants (N = 100) read a vignette describing a hypothetical situation in which they and their partner agreed or disagreed over an adaptive or maladaptive attribution. They then completed measures of conflict and cohesion. In Study 2, participants (N = 56) completed an experiment in which they performed a dart throwing task with a partner (a confederate) and were subsequently told they failed the task. After selecting an adaptive or maladaptive attribution, the confederate then agreed or disagreed with the participant. Measures of conflict, cohesion, social identity, and performance were then taken. ResultsHigh attributional consensus led to lower levels of conflict and higher levels of cohesion and social identity. Further, regardless of attribution type, high attributional consensus led to better performance. ConclusionOverall the results provide evidence for the positive effects of high attributional consensus on interpersonal and performance outcomes.

Local-to-global mesh saliency

As a measure of regional importance in agreement with human perception of 3D shape, mesh saliency should be based on local geometric information within a mesh but more than that. Recent research has shown that global consideration has a significant role in mesh saliency. This paper proposes a local-to-global framework for computing mesh saliency where we offer novel solutions to solve three inherent problems: (1) an algorithm based on statistic Laplacian which does not only compute local saliency, but also facilitates the later computation of global saliency; (2) a local-to-global method based on pooling and global distinctness to compute global saliency; (3) a framework to integrate local and global saliency. Experiments demonstrate that our approach can effectively detect salient features consistent with human perceptual interest. We also provide comparisons to existing state-of-the-art methods for mesh saliency and show improved results produced by our method.

The importance of agreement and consensus in leadership research: Introduction to the Special Issue

Questions regarding the nature of leadership have persisted for decades. Specifically, is leadership best considered a behaviour that leaders convey or is it more phenomenological in nature such as...

Agreement Among Stepfamily Members

Despite a paucity of empirical evidence, theorists have continued to emphasize the importance of agreement among members of a stepfamily. It is argued here that methodological considerations, particularly regarding approaches to the statistical modeling of agreement, have interfered with an accumulation of empirical evidence which supports or refutes this assumption. A critique of a number of commonly used modeling approaches is presented and several new approaches that are accessible to researchers through recently developed software packages are offered as alternatives.

Today's preparation for tomorrow's practice: the Lehman College nursing programme

This paper is based on a speech given at the twenty‐second annual convention of the Massachusetts League for Nursing, Boston, USA, on 24 September 1975. The author looks at the changing trends in nursing education in the USA, the importance of agreement on the level of entry into nursing and the need for a clear conceptual educational model. The Lehman College nursing programme is used as a prototype for such a model and its curriculum and the role of its nursing graduates as primary care practitioners are discussed and evaluated.

Sodium: potassium ratios in insect cell culture and the growth of cockroach cells (Blattariae: Blattidae).

Efforts to culture cockroach cells in media currently in use for Lepidoptera failed until the Na:K molar ratio was reversed, with sodium made 10× the concentration of potassium. With this alteration, cells grew out from several tissues of cockroaches. Cells grew out continuously for as long as 156 days in the original cultures of oviduct from Blattella germanica (L.). Fat body and an unidentified tissue adhering to malpighian tubules also produced cellular outgrowths for shorter periods. An extensive comparison of basal salt solutions which serve for insect cell cultures indicates the importance of agreement of the Na:K ratios of the culture fluids with the ratios of the blood, which in turn are correlated with phytophagous or carnivorous food habits.