Importance Of Age Research Articles

From Refuge to Riches? An Analysis of Refugees’ Wage Assimilation in the United States1

Given that refugees may be fleeing from political, social, racial, ethnic, or religious persecution, they are not expected to be economically independent upon arrival to the United States. Considerable state and federal resources are specifically aimed at the economic assimilation of refugees in the United States. In this article, I examine the extent to which average refugee wages have assimilated toward those of their native counterparts in the United States. Among synthetic cohorts from 1990 to 2000, most recent young refugees increase average refugee wages by approximately 17 percent within a decade. Similarly, in the period between 2000 and 2010, the gains for young and recent refugees increase average refugee wages by approximately 22 percent. In contrast, across both decades, duration effects for the oldest refugee cohorts — irrespective of their length of stay in the United States — exert a considerable downward push on average refugee wages. The contrasts in wage contributions for the oldest and youngest cohorts are less extreme for non-refugee immigrants. These findings underscore the importance of age at entry into the United States for wage assimilation, especially in the case of refugees.

Older people in Sweden without means: on the importance of age at immigration for being ‘twice poor’

ABSTRACTThis paper examines immigrant poverty at an older age in Sweden with an emphasis on late-in-life immigrants. We analyse tax data for the entire Swedish-born and non-Swedish-born population. The poverty status of a household is assessed using two criteria. First, the disposable income of the household in which the person lived in 2007 must be below 60 per cent of the median equivalent income in Sweden as a whole. Second, to be classified as ‘twice poor’ a household's net assets must be below SEK 10,000. The results indicate that three out of four Swedish-born older persons were not classified as poor by either of the criteria, and only 1 per cent by both criteria. In contrast, among older persons born in low-income countries almost three out of four were classified as poor according to one of the criteria and not fewer than one in three according to both. Results of estimating logistic models indicate that the risk of being considered poor according to both criteria is strongly positively related to one's age at immigration. Our results indicate that it is crucial that migrants, particularly those who arrive after age 40, be better integrated into the Swedish labour market. To alleviate poverty among those migrants who are already of older age, increased transfers are probably the only possible alternative.

Oral health in geroscience: animal models and the aging oral cavity.

Age is the single greatest risk factor for many diseases, including oral diseases. Despite this, a majority of preclinical oral health research has not adequately considered the importance of aging in research aimed at the mechanistic understanding of oral disease. Here, we have attempted to provide insights from animal studies in the geroscience field and apply them in the context of oral health research. In particular, we discuss the relationship between the biology of aging and mechanisms of oral disease. We also present a framework for defining and utilizing age-appropriate rodents and present experimental design considerations, such as the number of age-points used and the importance of genetic background. While focused primarily on rodent models, alternative animal models that may be particularly useful for studies of oral health during aging, such as companion dogs and marmoset monkeys, are also discussed. We hope that such information will aid in the design of future preclinical studies of geriatric dental health, thus allowing more reliability for translation of such studies to age-associated oral disease in people.

Increasing Age Predicts Poor Cervical Cancer Prognosis With Subsequent Effect on Treatment and Overall Survival

Stage and histology are well-established prognostic factors for cervical cancer, but the importance of age has been controversial and a clear role for this factor has not yet been defined. We hypothesize that age will have a significant prognostic role. We aim to evaluate the significance of age as an independent prognostic factor in women with cervical cancer and evaluate the therapeutic consequences and survival outcomes as they relate to this factor. Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database was used to retrospectively analyze patients diagnosed with cervical cancer from 1973 to 2013 in the United States. Statistical analysis performed included the Log-Rank test, Chi-squared analysis, and the Cox Proportional Hazards model. Results: 46,350 women were identified for analysis. Taking stage, histology, race, and treatment into account, increasing age demonstrates negative prognostic significance with a HR of 2.87 for women over age 70 and 1.46 for women ages 50-69. Additionally, women over 70 are significantly more likely to receive non-aggressive treatment (<0.0001) or no treatment at all (p<0.0001). Of note, these women gain a significant survival advantage from treatment, even if less aggressive, as compared to no treatment (p<0.0001), with brachytherapy alone showing the greatest benefit (p<0.0001 vs NT; p<0.0087 vs EBRT) among less aggressive therapies. Brachytherapy continues to hold a significant survival advantage for all stages in women over 70 (localized: p=0.0009 vs. NT; regional and distant: p<0.0001 vs. NT). Older women with cervical cancer show a poor survival trend with risk analysis supporting that age is an independent negative prognostic factor when accounting for stage, histology, race, and treatment. They receive less aggressive treatment as compared to their younger counterparts, with a significant number receiving no treatment at all. Despite this, less aggressive therapy still extends survival, particularly with brachytherapy, supporting the immense potential clinical benefit. This study is novel in that it demonstrates that older women, who we show are at risk for a poorer prognosis because of their age, are not only receiving appropriate treatment less often, they are dying more frequently because of it. Our data supports that older women are a high-risk group of patients that would benefit significantly from treatment, even if only brachytherapy. Brachytherapy for cervical cancer is a tolerable procedure, even for most elderly women, and should, therefore, remain a standard clinical option for this population, regardless of their stage or histology at diagnosis.

Who provides inconsistent reports of their health status? The importance of age, cognitive ability and socioeconomic status

Self-assessed health (SAH) measures are widely used in models of health and health inequalities. Such models assume that SAH is a reliable measure of health status. We utilise a unique feature of a national longitudinal survey to examine the consistency of responses to a standard SAH question that is asked twice to the same individual in close temporal proximity in up to three waves (2001, 2009, and 2013). In particular, we analyse whether the consistency of responses varies with personal characteristics. The main analysis sample includes 18,834 individual-year observations. We find that 57% of respondents provide inconsistent reports at least once. Characteristics that are associated with significantly higher inconsistencies are age, education, cognitive ability, and time between responses. The results suggest that there are systematic differences in the ability of individuals’ to self-evaluate and summarise their own health. Consequently, failure to account for such error may lead to large estimation biases in models of health outcomes, particularly with respect to the relationship between education, cognitive ability, and health.

Ageing, exposure to pollution, and interactions between climate change and local seasons as oxidant conditions predicting incident hematologic malignancy at KINSHASA University clinics, Democratic Republic of CONGO (DRC)

BackgroundThe global burden of hematologic malignancy (HM) is rapidly rising with aging, exposure to polluted environments, and global and local climate variability all being well-established conditions of oxidative stress. However, there is currently no information on the extent and predictors of HM at Kinshasa University Clinics (KUC), DR Congo (DRC). This study evaluated the impact of bio-clinical factors, exposure to polluted environments, and interactions between global climate changes (EL Nino and La Nina) and local climate (dry and rainy seasons) on the incidence of HM.MethodsThis hospital-based prospective cohort study was conducted at Kinshasa University Clinics in DR Congo. A total of 105 black African adult patients with anaemia between 2009 and 2016 were included. HM was confirmed by morphological typing according to the French-American-British (FAB) Classification System. Gender, age, exposure to traffic pollution and garages/stations, global climate variability (El Nino and La Nina), and local climate (dry and rainy seasons) were potential independent variables to predict incident HM using Cox regression analysis and Kaplan Meier curves.ResultsOut of the total 105 patients, 63 experienced incident HM, with an incidence rate of 60%. After adjusting for gender, HIV/AIDS, and other bio-clinical factors, the most significant independent predictors of HM were age ≥ 55 years (HR = 2.4; 95% CI 1.4–4.3; P = 0.003), exposure to pollution and garages or stations (HR = 4.9; 95% CI 2–12.1; P < 0.001), combined local dry season + La Nina (HR = 4.6; 95%CI 1.8–11.8; P < 0.001), and combined local dry season + El Nino (HR = 4; 95% CI 1.6–9.7; P = 0.004). HM types included acute myeloid leukaemia (28.6% n = 18), multiple myeloma (22.2% n = 14), myelodysplastic syndromes (15.9% n = 10), chronic myeloid leukaemia (15.9% n = 10), chronic lymphoid leukaemia (9.5% n = 6), and acute lymphoid leukaemia (7.9% n = 5). After adjusting for confounders using Cox regression analysis, age ≥ 55 years, exposure to pollution, combined local dry season + La Nina and combined local dry season + El Nino were the most significant predictors of incident hematologic malignancy.ConclusionThese findings highlight the importance of aging, pollution, the dry season, El Nino and La Nina as related to global warming as determinants of hematologic malignancies among African patients from Kinshasa, DR Congo. Cancer registries in DRC and other African countries will provide more robust database for future researches on haematological malignancies in the region.

P300 Influence of rTMS with high and low frequency stimulation on motor and executive function in Parkinson’s disease. Follow-up study for half year

The non-invasive brain stimulation, like transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) can influence on both cognitive and motor function of Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, a protocol for daily routine is not yet been known. Furthermore, there are not known the predictors of responders or not responders to rTMS treatment. Our main goal was to select the optimal frequency with low intensity for improving executive and motor function in PD. Furthermore, we clarified the importance of age. Three groups of patients with PD were compared with each other and healthy controls in the mental tests. The 1 Hz (N = 28), 5 Hz (N = 13) and 5 + 1 Hz (N = 19) frequency with low intensity was applied daily over both dorsolateral prefrontal cortices (DLPFC) and over the brain stem for 7 days. Patients were followed for six months after the treatment with rTMS. The participants were divided into two groups according to their age (⩽ 65 years and 65 years >). The patients were tested with UPDRS, walking for 6 min, 10 m walk, Trail Making Test, and dual tasks. Only the 1 Hz treatment with low intensity for 7 days had an effect on the motor scores. The rTMS with 1 Hz caused significant improvement in the motor symptoms assessed by UPDRS after one month (before trial (BF) ⩽ 65 UPDRS total score 32.0 ± 15.0 3, after 1 month: 18.1 ± 8.6 p 0.001 , >65 BF: 28.5 ± 15.8, after 1 month: 18.6 ± 10.3 p 0.05 and it was maintained for six months in the group with ⩽ 65 yrs (N = 10, 18.2 ± 8.8 p 0.001 ). However, in the group with >65 yrs (N = 16) the better outcome was observed only after one month (BF: 28.5 ± 15.8, 1 month later 18.6 ± 10.3 p 0.01 , after 6 months: UPDRS total score: 20.8 ± 12.7 p = 0.06). Although, the stimulation with 5 + 1 Hz decrease scores assessed by UPDRS, but neither the stimulation with 5 Hz nor with 5 + 1 Hz with low intensity caused significant changes in PD. Results of Trail Making Test and dual tests in PD ⩽ 65 yrs did not differ from controls (C) below 65 years. However, the executive function of patients over 65 yrs (N = 16) were significantly worse compared to controls (N = 15) (C: Trail B-A: 50.0 ± 25.1 s, PD: Trail B-A > 65 yrs: 76.0 ± 45.1 s p 0.01 ). Six months after treatment with rTMS with 1 Hz an improvement was observed in Trail Making Test compared to onset of treatment (PD: 48.70 ± 21.4 s p 0.05 ). The dual test was deteriorated in the group over 65 years compared to age match controls. The 1 Hz stimulation did not reverse their values. (C: counting back (CB) −3: 50.0 ± 25.9 s, >65 yrs PD CB −3: 57 ± 21, 1 month after rTMS CB −3: 69 ± 20, 6 months after rTMS: 60 ± 19 s; PD BF CB-7 100 ± 45 s, 1 month 102 ± 32 s, 6 months: 82 ± 23 s). Stimulation with rTMS in the group >65 yrs showed shorter effect in motor scores than in the younger age group. Patients over 65 years in PD caused a significant deterioration in the executive function compared with age matched healthy controls. It was influenced temporarily by 1 Hz low intensity stimulation. Both the low and high frequency stimulation with proper intensity may have good outcomes in neurological diseases. Patients over 65 yrs with PD may deteriorate in their executive function compared with age matched healthy controls and decreases in the therapeutic effect of rTMS on motor function.

The Importance of Age at Onset of Excessive Alcohol Use with Regard to Psychiatric Symptoms and Personality Characteristics

ABSTRACTPsychiatric symptoms and personality characteristics were studied in men (n = 252) and women (n = 86) as they commenced treatment for excessive alcohol use. The Addiction Severity Index, Symptom Check List, and Temperament and Character Inventory were used. ANOVA with early/late onset and gender as covariates showed significantly lower scores for psychiatric symptoms and more mature personality characteristics in the late-onset group compared to early onset. Men described more depression and anxiety, and women higher persistence. Results indicate the importance of considering age at onset of excessive alcohol use when patients enter treatment because different treatment approaches may be required.

Ageing and temperature effect on the fatigue performance of bituminous mixtures

The ageing of asphalt mixes, together with their exposure to low temperatures, causes a progressive increase of cracking. In this paper, the effect of ageing and temperature on the fatigue of asphalt concretes made with two types of binders, conventional (50/70) and polymer modified bitumen (PMB), is studied. For this purpose, specimens previously subjected to an accelerated laboratory ageing process were tested by a strain sweep test at different temperatures (-5ºC, 5ºC and 20°C). Results were compared with the obtained from the unaged specimens showing the relative importance of ageing, temperature and type of bitumen on the parameters that determine the fatigue life of the mixture. The mixtures behaviour becomes more brittle with ageing and the decrease of temperature. However, ageing hardly has an effect on fatigue at lower temperatures. In general, mixtures made with polymer modified bitumen have a better fatigue performance to ageing and temperature.

Distribution of blood flow velocity in the normal aorta: Effect of age and gender.

To apply flow distribution analysis in the entire aorta across a wide age range from pediatric to adult subjects. In all, 98 healthy subjects (age 9-78 years, 41 women) underwent 4D flow MRI at 1.5T and 3T for the assessment of 3D blood flow in the thoracic aorta. Subjects were categorized into age groups: group 1 (n = 9, 5 women): 9-15 years; group 2 (n = 13, 8 women): 16-20 years; group 3 (n = 27, 14 women): 21-39 years; group 4 (n = 40, 11 women): 40-59 years; group 5 (n = 9, 3 women): >60 years. Data analysis included the 3D segmentation of the aorta, aortic valve peak velocity, mid-ascending aortic diameter, and calculation of flow velocity distribution descriptors (mean, median, standard deviation, incidence of velocities >1 m/s, skewness, and kurtosis of aortic velocity magnitude). Ascending aortic diameter was normalized by body surface area. Age was significantly associated with normalized aortic diameter (R = 0.73, P < 0.001), skewness (R = 0.76, P < 0.001), and kurtosis (R = 0.74, P < 0.001), all adjusted by heart rate. Aortic peak velocity and velocity distribution descriptors, adjusted by heart rate, were significantly different between age groups (P < 0.001, analysis of covariance). Skewness and kurtosis significantly increased (P < 0.001) during adulthood (>40 years) as compared with childhood (<21 years). Men and women revealed significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) for peak velocity, incidence, mean, median, standard deviation, and skewness, all adjusted by heart rate. Aortic hemodynamics significantly change with age and gender, indicating the importance of age- and gender-matched control cohorts for the assessment of the impact of cardiovascular disease on aortic blood flow. 3 Technical Efficacy: Stage 5 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;47:487-498.

Increasing Age Predicts Poor Cervical Cancer Prognosis with Subsequent Effect on Treatment and Overall Survival

Stage and histology are well-established prognostic factors for cervical cancer, but the importance of age has been controversial and a clear role for this factor has not yet been defined. Thus, we aim with this study to evaluate the significance of age as an independent prognostic factor in women with cervical cancer and evaluate the therapeutic consequences and survival outcomes as they relate to this factor.

The Importance of Age on Short-Term Outcomes Associated With Repair of Giant Paraesophageal Hernias

Older patients have an increased incidence of paraesophageal hernia (PEH) and can be denied surgical assessment due to the perception of increased complications and mortality. This study examines the influence of age and comorbidities on early complications and other short-term outcomes of PEH repair. From 2000 to 2016, data of surgically treated patients with PEH were prospectively recorded in an Institutional Review Board-approved database. Only patients whose hernia involved over 50% of the stomach were included. Patients were stratified by age (<70, 70 to 79, ≥80 years of age) and compared in univariate and multivariate analyses. Overall, 524 patients underwent surgical PEH repair (<70: 261 [50%]; 70 to 79: 163 [31%]; ≥80: 100 [19%]). Patients greater than or equal to 80 years of age had higher American Society of Anesthesiologists class, more comorbidities, larger hernias, and higher incidences of type IV PEH and acute presentation. Patients greater than or equal to 80 years of age had more postoperative complications, but not higher grade complications (Clavien-Dindo grade ≥IIIa). Median length of stay was 1 day longer for patients greater than or equal to 80 years of age (5 days versus 4 days for patients <70 and 70 to 79 years of age, respectively). Objective, radiologic hernia recurrence at 4.3 months postoperation was 17.3% and was not increased in the greater than or equal to 80 years of age group. After adjustment for comorbidities and other factors, age greater than or equal to 80 years was not a significant factor in predicting severe complications, readmission within 30 days, or early recurrence. PEH repair is safe in physiologically stable patients, irrespective of age. Incidence of complications is higher in older patients, but complication severity and mortality are similar to those of younger patients. Patients with giant PEH should be given the opportunity to review treatments options with an experienced surgeon.

Immunosenescence and the importance of age in risk stratification of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (P2.318)

Immunosenescence and the importance of age in risk stratification of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (P2.318)

Editorial: Note About Inaccurate Results Published in the American Journal of Epidemiology and the American Journal of Public Health

Reviews are provided for the articles Impact of on U.S. Mortality Levels: The Importance of Age and Cohort Factors in Population Estimates by R.K. Masters, E.N. Reither, D.A. Powers, Y.C. Yang, A.E. Burger, and B.G. Link which appears in a 2013 issue of this journal and Obesity and U.S. Mortality Risk Over the Adult Life Course by Masters, Powers,and Link which appears in a 2013 issue of the American Journal of Epidemiology.

Does age modify the association between physical work demands and deterioration of self-rated general health?

Objective Due to the growing proportion of older employees in the work force in several countries, the importance of age in the association between work and health is becoming increasingly relevant. Few studies have investigated whether age modifies the association of physical work demands with health. We hypothesized that the association of demanding body postures with deteriorated self-rated health (SRH) is stronger among older employees than among younger employees. Method We analyzed three 5-year cohorts in the Danish Work Environment Cohort Study comprising 8318 observations from 5204 employees (follow-up participation rate 83%) with good baseline SRH. Physical work demands were assessed as demanding body postures. Age was divided into tertiles; young (18-32 years), middle-aged (33-43 years) and old (44-59 among men and 44-54 years among women). Poor SRH ("fairly good", "poor", and "very poor") was measured with a single item. Log binomial regressions were stratified by gender. Effect modification (ie, interaction) was defined as deviation from additivity and examined by calculating the relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI). The reference group was employees aged 18-32 years with low physical exposure. Results When predicting deterioration of SRH, an interaction between demanding body postures and age was found among men [RERI: 0.75, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.16-1.34, regarding the age group 44-59 years] and among women (RERI: 0.84, 95% CI 0.19-1.34, for the age group 33-43 years; and 1.17, 95% CI 0.42-1.93, for the age group 44-54 years). Conclusion The study findings suggest that demanding body postures have a stronger impact on health among older compared to younger employees.

Otolith shape and size: The importance of age when determining indices for fish-stock separation

Stock-separation of highly mobile Clupeids (sprat – Sprattus sprattus and herring – Clupea harengus) using otolith morphometrics was explored. Analysis focused on three stock discrimination problems with the aim of reassigning individual otoliths to source populations using experiments undertaken using a machine learning environment known as WEKA (Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis). Six feature sets encoding combinations of size and shape together with nine learning algorithms were explored. To assess saliency of size/shape features half of the feature sets included size indices, the remainder encoded only shape. Otolith sample sets were partitioned by age so that the impact of age on classification accuracy could be assessed for each method. In total we performed 540 experiments, representing a comprehensive evaluation of otolith morphometrics and learning algorithms. Results show that for juveniles, methods encoding only shape performed well, but those that included size indices held more classification potential. However as fish age, shape encoding methods were more robust than those including size information. This study suggests that methods of stock discrimination based on early incremental growth are likely to be effective, and that automated classification techniques will show little benefit in supplementing early growth information with shape indices derived from mature outlines.

The importance of age and weight on cavopulmonary shunt (stage II) outcomes after the Norwood procedure: Planned versus unplanned surgery

ObjectiveThe study objective was to evaluate the outcomes of the cavopulmonary shunt after the Norwood procedure with a particular focus on age, weight, and whether surgery was planned or expedited by clinical findings. MethodsWe studied 297 consecutive patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome undergoing the cavopulmonary shunt operation between 2002 and 2014. All patients underwent the Norwood procedure with a right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit. Unplanned surgery was any situation in which surgery was expedited because of refractory desaturation, angiographic findings, or failure to discharge. ResultsThere were 222 planned and 75 unplanned procedures. Planned surgery was performed at median of 5.4 (4.6-6.3) months compared with 3.9 (3.3-5.0) months for the unplanned group (P < .001). Early mortality was 1.3% in the planned group compared with 5.3% in the unplanned group (P = .07). At 5 and 10 years, survival was significantly worse in the unplanned group (73% vs 85%, P = .03). On multivariable analysis, atrioventricular valve regurgitation, the need for atrioventricular valve repair, and impaired ventricular function (graded composite variable) were the predominant risk factors (hazard ratio [HR], 7.49), with an incremental risk within these 3 variables. The planned versus unplanned nature of the surgery was less significant (HR, 1.75) because it was eclipsed by ventricular function and tricuspid intervention. Additional factors were aortic atresia/mitral atresia subgroup (HR, 2.07) and somatic growth (z-score weight) at the time of surgery (HR, 0.60 for z-score change from −2.54 to −1.16). Age and weight at surgery were not significant risk factors for survival. Interstage interventions on the aortic arch or right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit did not adversely influence outcomes. ConclusionsThe ventricular function, atrioventricular valve regurgitation, and need for tricuspid intervention were the primary risk factors for survival after the cavopulmonary shunt operation. Although unplanned surgery is associated with poor outcomes, this is related to the primary risk factors and not the timing or age of the patient. Somatic growth also has a significant influence on survival. Thus, an earlier cavopulmonary shunt operation is safe in infants who are thriving, but those with poor weight gain are at higher risk.

Hepatic fibrosis and factors associated with liver stiffness in HIV mono-infected individuals

BackgroundLiver disease has become an important cause of morbidity and mortality even in those HIV-infected individuals who are devoid of hepatitis virus co-infection. The aim of this study was to evaluate the degree of hepatic fibrosis and the role of associated factors using liver stiffness measurement in HIV mono-infected patients without significant alcohol intake.MethodsWe performed a cross-sectional study of 101 HIV mono-infected patients recruited prospectively from March 1, 2014 to October 30, 2014 at the Center for HIV, St István and St László Hospital, Budapest, Hungary. To determine hepatic fibrosis, liver stiffness was measured with transient elastography. Demographic, immunologic and other clinical parameters were collected to establish a multivariate model. Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) was performed to identify predictors of liver stiffness.ResultsLiver stiffness ranged from 3.0–34.3 kPa, with a median value of 5.1 kPa (IQR 1.7). BMA provided a very high support for age (Posterior Effect Probability-PEP: 84.5%), moderate for BMI (PEP: 49.3%), CD4/8 ratio (PEP: 44.2%) and lipodystrophy (PEP: 44.0%). For all remaining variables, the model rather provides evidence against their effect. These results overall suggest that age and BMI have a positive association with LS, while CD4/8 ratio and lipodystrophy are negatively associated.DiscussionOur findings shed light on the possible importance of ageing, overweight and HIV-induced immune dysregulation in the development of liver fibrosis in the HIV-infected population. Nonetheless, further controlled studies are warranted to clarify causal relations.

Children of the Caliphate: Young IS Returnees and the Reintegration Challenge

This research paper focuses on young or juvenile Islamic State (IS) returnees, assessing what sets juvenile returnees apart from adult returnees or the broader population of young criminals, and scoping the potential venues and challenges in their rehabilitation and reintegration. The authors conclude that rehabilitation and reintegration efforts for juvenile violent extremist offenders (including those returning from IS-territory) need to be based on two underlying assumptions: the importance of age and attitudes. Young children (zero to nine years old) who are born in IS-territory or brought by their parents at a very young age, should first and foremost be viewed as victims. For older children, other factors such as indoctrination, training and potential involvement in violent activities are more likely to play a role, demanding an approach that goes beyond the victim-perspective. Professionals need to determine to what extent these children have been socialised into IS-culture and whether they cope with their experiences more internally or externally. To direct rehabilitative efforts for them, it is even more essential to assess their attitude towards violence and to what extent they have accepted IS’ norms and behaviors, compared to adult terrorist returnees. In the end, the authors conclude that it is not necessary to reinvent the wheel, especially where numbers of terrorism convicts in general, and juveniles in particular are low. But rehabilitation is considered to work best when tailored to individual needs, and policymakers need to take into account the very distinctive needs of juvenile offenders as a separate class of offenders while respecting all relevant international law and human rights standards in the fight against terrorism.

“Does Age Affect Treatment of Depressive Disorders? A systematic review of antidepressants versus placebo studies.”

“Does Age Affect Treatment of Depressive Disorders? A systematic review of antidepressants versus placebo studies.”