Importance Of Various Parts Research Articles

Detection of Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles and Novel Recombinant Strain of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus Causes High Mortality in Yaks.

Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is capable of causing transboundary diseases characterized by fever, nodules on the skin, mucous membranes, and inner organs. The disease may cause emaciation with the enlargement of lymph nodes and sometimes death. It has had endemic importance in various parts of Asia in recent years, causing substantial economic losses to the cattle industry. The current study reported a suspected LSDV infection (based on signs and symptoms) from a mixed farm of yak and cattle in Sichuan Province, China. The clinical samples were found positive for LSDV using qPCR and ELISA, while LSDV DNA was detected in Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles. The complete genome sequence of China/LSDV/SiC/2021 was determined by Next-generation sequencing. It was found that China/LSDV/SiC/2021 is highly homologous to the novel vaccine-related recombinant LSDV currently emerging in China and countries surrounding China. Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that the novel vaccine-associated recombinant LSDV formed a unique dendrograms topology between field and vaccine-associated strains. China/LSDV/SiC/2021 was found to be a novel recombinant strain, with at least 18 recombination events via field viruses identified in the genome sequence. These results suggest that recombinant LSDV can cause high mortality in yaks, and its transmission might be due to the Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles, which acts as a mechanical vector.

Antioxidants from Bauhinia and Future Research Gap

Flower buds of Bauhinia are utilized as a human means of nourishment, and the stem and leaves serve as feed for livestock across the world. This chapter highlights the medicinal importance of various parts of Bauhinia plants. Bauhinia plants’ edible regions are an excellent source of phytochemicals that have notable potential as antioxidants. Various phytochemical compounds that include Saponins, glycosides (kaempferol-3-glucoside), cardiac glycosides, sterols (β-sitosterol), tannins, phenolics, alkaloids, terpenoids (Lupeol), quinones, flavanones and flavonoids reside in these plants. These plants exhibit powerful potential as antioxidants for lipid-reducing, metal-reducing, free radical scavenging activities and metal-chelating. These also demonstrate an encouraging impact on glutathione peroxidase activity, an antioxidant enzyme. Moreover, they inhibit tyrosinase activity. Moreover decreased the levels of different liver markers (ALT, AST and ALP), and antioxidant enzymes and shift them to normal levels. Among the several Bauhinia genus species that have been explored for their antioxidant potential and phytochemical constitution, Bauhinia variegata seeds, leaves and florets have superior antioxidant and phytochemical properties. Other Bauhinia genus species that are packed with antioxidants and phytochemicals include Bauhinia vahlii, Bauhinia strychnifolia Craib, Bauhinia rufescens, Bauhinia racemosa and Bauhinia purpurea. Moreover, many factors influence the anti-oxidant potential of medicinal plants but up to the study of the year 2023, only the impact of solvent on the Bauhinia species’ antioxidant potential has been studied, it is a necessity that upcoming research must focus on the research on remaining factors for maximum yield of antioxidants from this antioxidant-rich plant. The antioxidant capacity and phytochemical composition of Bauhinia plants render them the most suitable candidates for use in therapeutics and dietary supplements.

Revealing differential importance of word categories in spoken sentence comprehension using phoneme-related representation.

Background: Verbal communication comprises the retrieval of semantic and syntactic information elicited by various kinds of words (i.e., parts of speech) in a sentence. Content words, such as nouns and verbs, convey essential information about the overall meaning (semantics) of a sentence, whereas function words, such as prepositions and pronouns, carry less meaning and support the syntax of the sentence. Methods: This study aimed to identify neural correlates of the differential information retrieval processes for several parts of speech (i.e., content and function words, nouns and verbs, and objects and subjects) via electroencephalography performed during English spoken-sentence comprehension in thirteen participants with normal hearing. Recently, phoneme-related information has become a potential acoustic feature to investigate human speech processing. Therefore, in this study, we examined the importance of various parts of speech over sentence processing using information about the onset time of phonemes. Results: The distinction in the strength of cortical responses in language-related brain regions provides the neurological evidence that content words, nouns, and objects are dominant compared to function words, verbs, and subjects in spoken sentences, respectively. Conclusions: The findings of this study may provide insights into the different contributions of certain types of words over others to the overall process of sentence understanding.

Integrated management of vascular wilt of lentil (Lens culinaris M) incited by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Lentis

Lentil (Lens culinaris M) has gained importance in various parts of Rajasthan as potential pulses crop. This crop suffers from many diseases among which vascular wilt of lentil caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis, has become a thoughtful trouble in recent years in Rajasthan and in other lentil growing parts of India, resulting heavy yield losses. Field experiments were conducted during 2016-17 and 2017-18 cropping season to evaluate the effect of different control options (seed treatment with Carbendazim, Trichoderma harzianum and soil drenching alone with chemicals and in combination with organic manures) on lentil wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis. The results indicated that Maximum mean germination per cent (98.71), maximum per cent mean disease control (85.49), mean mortality percentage (8.27) and maximum pooled yield (918.44 kg/ha) of two years 2016-17 & 2017-18 was recorded in soil application with FYM 6t/ha + 2.5 kg/ha Trichoderma harzianum + seed treatment with Carbendazim @ 2g/kg seeds and Maximum 40.71 per cent mean wilt incidence, minimum per cent mean germination (90.82), minimum per cent mean disease control (34.21) and minimum pooled yield (630.35 kg/ha) of two years was reported in treatment soil drenching of Carbendazim + Mancozeb @0.1%/hac.

Management of wilt disease of lentil through bio control agents and organic amendments in Rajasthan

Lentil (Lens culinaris M) has gained importance in various parts of Rajasthan as potential pulses crop. This crop suffers from many diseases among which vascular wilt of lentil caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis, has become a thoughtful trouble in recent years in Rajasthan and in other lentil growing parts of India, resulting heavy yield losses. Systematic studies in laboratory, cage house and field trials were conducted (2016-17 to 2017-18) to controlling wilt of lentil. Laboratory experiments were carried out in Completely Randomized design with four replications and field trials were carried out consecutively during 2016-17 and 2017-2018 crop season in Randomized block design (RBD) with four replications using L9-12 a susceptible cultivar. In In Vitro, bio efficacy of selected bio agents, maximum 81.33 per cent mycelial growth inhibition of pathogen was recorded in Trichoderma harzianum (local isolate) and minimum mycelial growth inhibition 55.00 per cent was recorded in Bacillus subtillus. In In vivo condition, effect of selected bio agents and organic amendments on disease incidence, percent disease control, pathogen spore in per gram soil and yield ha-1 of lentil was recorded. Application of Trichoderma harzianum (Local isolate) @ 6g/Kg seed was found most effective with maximum seed germination 91.95 and 90.62 per cent, lowest disease incidence of 24.22 and 25.39 per cent and higher pooled mean grain yield 774.31 kg/ha over check during 2016-17 and 2017-18, respectively. Among organic amendments maximum disease control 42.02% per cent, minimum average disease incidence 36.33 per cent and minimum pathogen spores (1.3x104 per gram soil) were observed in neem cake amendment followed by poultry manure and Vermicompost amendments. This indicates that these treatments have significant role in biologically based management strategies for controlling Fusarium wilt disease under organic mode of lentil cultivation in Rajasthan

Evaluation of the effects and side effects of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in medicinal plants

Medicinal plants are rich in secondary metabolites, the most important of which are alkaloids. Alkaloids are organic compounds that have diverse structural and physiological activity. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids are non-polar compounds that have side effects and harmful effects especially hepatotoxicity in addition to its medicinal properties. Therefore, due to the presence of these materials in some medicinal plants and the importance of these materials and consumption of plants, and monitoring and more precision in these cases, this study was carried out. In this paper, the information have been collected from electronic library resources and from reputable sites such as Google Scholar and Scopus, PubMed, ISI (Web of Science), and the related keywords, which was the benchmark for the period between 1991 and 2019, and about 90 articles and non-electronic resources for pyrolyzidine alkaloids, Medicinal plants, their effects, and their experiences and experiences were evaluated. Pyrrolizidine alkoxides in some dark Vegetable plants such as Leguminosae, Asteraceae, Orchidoceae, Boraginaceae family have been reported. Consumption of herbal products has been commonplace from centuries ago and is vital importance in various parts of the world, today. Many alkaloids are mutagenic and carcinogenic to humans. PAS-containing plants are present in most parts of the world and cause poisoning and damage to humans, livestock and wildlife.Pyrrolizidine alkaloids, which are found in some plants, can be harmed to body tissues, important properties and medicinal effects, of course, have also been reported, which requires it to be used for studying, knowing and recognizing the structure, organs and plants.

English

Wood-pastures are gaining importance in various parts of the planet, either for their role in combating desertification, protecting endemic faunas and flora, or their role in animal welfare or nutritional value in all year round grazing systems. On Pico Island and on other islands in the Azores, farmers have been using tree pastures for a long time, especially in the winter, when there is a shortage of grass and the climate is harsh, mainly because of the wind. The studied pasture comprises a mixture of grasses, based on ryegrass (Lolium perenne), white clover (Trifolum repens), tufted grass (Holcus lanatus) and lambs’ tongue (Plantago lanceolata), on the border of trees, grasses and shrubs. As trees and shrubs, there is incense (Pittosporum undulatum), holly (Ilex perado), ginger lily (Hedychium gardnerianum) and acacia (Acacia melanoxylon). The wood pastures, according to the results achieved by us, can be used for animal feed in the livestock production of Pico Island, mainly for meat production. However, further studies should be carried out to assess the impact of the use of wood pastures on the production system, on the mitigation of greenhouse gases produced by animal production and on animal welfare. Key words: Wood-pastures, unconventional forages, Pico Island, grasses, trees and shrubs. &nbsp

Insights into the fractional flow of low salinity water flooding in the light of solute dispersion and effective salinity interactions

The objective of Low Salinity Water Flooding (LSWF) is to improve oil recovery. While a significant number of laboratory tests have been carried out to investigate the impact of LSWF, field scale modelling is often reported in the form of sector models with relatively coarse cells. This paper assesses the impact of simulating flow at very fine scales and informs on the properties that should be captured at the coarse scale to avoid numerical errors. We have found that the weighting function that is used to control changes to fluid mobility combines with numerical and physical diffusion to induce a retardation/acceleration effect. This is a physical effect rather than part of a chemical reaction.In this study, numerous simulations of LSWF have been carried out at the reservoir scale to investigate flow behaviour for various salt concentration (salinity) weighting functions and dispersion coefficients. We have examined the effective salinity range over which the weighting function is applied as well as considering various shapes. Dispersion was varied to represent physical and numerical effects. These have been compared to analytical solutions from fractional flow theory.We also observed that the fractional flow of the oil bank will be same for both the secondary and tertiary flooding. We point out the relative importance of various parts of the relative permeability curves. An important finding of this work is that by spreading the salinity front through dispersion and setting a low value at which salinity impacts mobility, we saw the injected low salinity front advance more slowly while the high salinity front of formation water moves more quickly. This is an effective retardation effect. We related this to an effect equivalent to adsorption in the fractional flow theory and could measure it in a similar way. We were also able to develop a prediction of the effect using the analytical solution to the advection-diffusion equation.The outcome is that we can estimate a corrective term for the flow behaviour in situations where the dispersion is quite strong, particularly in numerical simulations. We consider that this enable corrections to be made for numerical dispersion effects in field scale models.

Comparative Analysis on the Management of the Parasitic Weed Striga in the USA, Australia and Kenya

Striga is an invasive root parasitic weed of economic importance in various parts of the world. The Striga financial loss across Africa is estimated to some $US 7 billion and the infested areas 50 million hectares. In the USA, Striga asiatica (L.) Kuntze was considered a threat to agriculture when discovered in 1956, triggering a costly eradication programme of over $US 250 million. In Australia, the detection of Striga Asiatica in July 2013 on seven properties near Mackay, Queensland (Australia), launched an eradication plan worth $AUS 5.86 million. Owing to its distribution, international spread and economic impacts, Striga is subject to intensive management strategies that vary from country to country. The overall objective of this paper is to undertake a comparative analysis on the management of two major weed species of the genus Striga, S. Hermonthica and S. asiatica, under three different contexts. This analysis compares options implemented in Australia, the USA and Kenya to manage these parasitic weeds. The biology and distribution of Striga is presented. Following its detailed description, the strategy deployed in each context is further reviewed and discussed in terms of strengths, weaknesses, future problems and potential improvements.

Pharmacognostic evaluation of stem bark and leaves of Anogeissus pendula Edgew

Background: Anogeissus pendula Edgew has ethnomedicinal importance in various parts of India. It is used in diarrhoea, dysentery, cough, wound healing, burns, skin diseases and gastric disorder. No attempts have been made regarding pharmacognostic investigation of the plant till date. Aim: The present study aimed to perform the pharmacognostic study of leaf and stem bark of Anogeissus pendula Edgew. Settings and Design: The study was designed in accordance with standard procedures. Materials and Methods: Pharmacognostic studies viz. organoleptic, macroscopic, microscopic, physicochemical and chromatographic fingerprinting on fresh and dried plant parts along with the hydroalcoholic extracts were conducted. Results and Conclusions: A. pendula has dorsiventral oblanceolate to obovate leaves arranged in opposite pairs while the stem bark has rough appearance and ash to greyish white in colour. Leaves have anomocytic type of stomata. The characteristic microscopic features of leaves were observed to be epidermal cells, palisade and spongy parenchyma, vascular bundles, xylem and phloem cells. Stem bark microscopy revealed the presence of periderm, secondary cortex and secondary phloem. Chromatographic fingerprinting of extracts showed the presence of flavonoids (Rutin and Quercetin) and they were quantified. Rutin was found to be 6.23% w/w in leaves and 9.97% w/w in stem bark extract while Quercetin to be 27.29% w/w and 51.62% respectively. The present study evaluated various pharmacognostic parameters which will help in quality control (standardization) of A. pendula Edgew in crude form, in herbal formulations and also aid in the preparation of an herbal monograph for the species.

A review of Pinaceae resistance mechanisms against needle and shoot pathogens with a focus on the Dothistroma–Pinus interaction

SummaryDothistroma needle blight (DNB), caused by Dothistroma septosporum and Dothistroma pini, is a highly damaging disease of pine. DNB was originally considered a problem on exotic Pinus radiata plantations in the Southern Hemisphere and on both exotic and native pines in parts of North America in the 1960s. Since the mid‐1990s, however, DNB has increased in importance in various parts of the world, including Europe. On susceptible species, DNB causes premature needle drop, a loss of yield and, in some circumstances, mortality. In some areas, DNB is controlled by the application of copper‐based fungicides and silvicultural techniques, such as thinning and pruning. In New Zealand, there has also been a long history of selection of more resistant P. radiata for use in breeding programmes. A richer understanding of the resistance mechanisms involved in the Dothistroma–Pinus interaction will play a critical role in helping the development of sustainable integrated DNB management strategies. This review therefore summarizes current knowledge of defence mechanisms involved in the defence of Pinaceae against needle and shoot pathogens and identifies research gaps. Collaborative research efforts from countries directly or indirectly affected by DNB are rapidly generating new knowledge to address these gaps.

Buffalo vs. cow milk fat globules: Size distribution, zeta-potential, compositions in total fatty acids and in polar lipids from the milk fat globule membrane

Although buffalo milk is the second most produced milk in the world, and of primary nutritional importance in various parts of the world, few studies have focused on the physicochemical properties of buffalo milk fat globules. This study is a comparative analysis of buffalo and cow milk fat globules. The larger size of buffalo fat globules, 5 vs. 3.5 μm, was related to the higher amount of fat in the buffalo milks: 73.4 ± 9.9 vs. 41.3 ± 3.7 g/kg for cow milk. Buffalo milks contained significantly lower amount of polar lipids expressed per gram of lipids (0.26% vs. 0.36%), but significantly higher amount of polar lipids per litre of milk (+26%). Buffalo and cow milk fat globule membranes contain the same classes of polar lipids; phosphatidylethanolamine, sphingomyelin (SM) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) being the main constituents. A significant higher percentage of PC and lower percentage of SM were found for buffalo milks. The fatty acid analysis revealed that saturated fatty acids, mainly palmitic acid, trans fatty acids, linolenic acid (ω3) and conjugated linolenic acid were higher in buffalo milk than in cow milk. Such results will contribute to the improvement of the quality of buffalo milk-based dairy products.

New concepts of transferred and potential transferred forces in structures

New concepts of transferred force and potential transferred force from the loaded surface to the support surface for a structure are introduced. The basic ideas of these new types of forces are explained using a general continuum model for the structure. Numerical procedures to calculate these forces are presented. Several example problems are solved, and a procedure to depict transferred and potential transferred forces as “force transfer” diagrams, is developed. These forces and transfer diagrams show relative importance of various parts of the structure that can be useful in redesign or optimum design of the structure.

Do steroidal saponins have a role in hepatogenous photosensitization diseases of sheep?

Photosensitization of sheep is a problem of great economic importance in various parts of the world. For instance, more than half a million sheep have been reported to be photosensitized in a severe outbreak of geeldikkop, a photosensitization associated with ingestion of the plant Tribulus terrestris in South Africa (Steyn, 1949). In some years in some flocks in Norway, up to 30 to 50% of the lambs will suffer from alveld, a photosensitization occurring after ingestion of Narthecium ossifragum.

Ethics Spun from Fairy Tales

Considerations are given about the development and changes in the ASCE Code of Ethics. The oxymoronic nature of the concept is analyzed. The changes made in recent years are shown in connection with the DoJ, and other federal requirements, as well as the importance of having a code of ethics. Case studies are given as used in the Wisconsin Section. They illustrate the importance of various parts of the code. The paper ends with a quotation from Shakespeare, “This above all: to thine own self be true, and it must follow, as the night the day, thou canst not then be false to any man.”

On the validity of the triple-dipole interaction as a representation of non-additive intermolecular forces

A complete partial wave analysis of the non-expanded non-additive coulomb interaction energy for three non-degenerate S-state atoms is given through third-order in the interatomic potential energy function. Pseudo state techniques are used to evaluate various partial wave components of the non-expanded second and third-order non-additive interaction energies for various isosceles triangular configurations of three interacting ground-state hydrogen atoms. These second and third-order non-expanded coulomb results are used, in conjunction with Heitler-London results for the first-order non-additive energies for the quartet spin state of the H(1s)-H(1s)-H(1s) interaction, to discuss the relative importance of various parts of the non-additive energy as a function of the geometrical configuration of the atoms, and the validity of both the non-expanded triple-dipole energy and the expanded Axilrod-Teller-Muto triple-dipole result as a representation of non-additive coulomb energies. For example, in the non-bond...

Vibrational Excitation of Hydrogen Molecule by Slow Electrons

The Born approximation is applied to the study of relative importance of various parts of the interaction between an incident electron and a hydrogen molecule in exciting vibration of H 2 . It is found that the polarization force is most important. Then the distorted wave method is applied to obtain a more reliable cross section. The resulting cross section has a magnitude comparable to experimental data reported by Engelhardt and Phelps and by Schulz. The calculated cross section is finite over the whole energy region beyond the threshold in contrast with Schulz cross section which is negligibly small until the incident energy becomes nearly twice the threshold energy.

ABOUT FINE VASCULARIZATION OF PREVERTEBRAL NODES OF THE SYMPATHIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

The works of Russian scientists, based on the materialistic ideas of nervousism, have shown the great importance of various parts of the nervous system for the course of many, both physiological and pathological processes. A clear evidence of the importance of the sympathetic nervous system can be the widespread use in clinical practice of the method of novocaine blockades, proposed and developed by A.V. Vishnevsky, his students and followers, when the anesthetic solution, spreading over loose tissue, washes the nerve plexuses and nodes lying along the trunks large vessels (g. celiacum, pl. renalis, suprarenalis, nn splanchnic, etc.), interrupts the impulses coming from internal organs and tissues to the central nervous system and back, thereby positively affecting metabolic processes, excitability and tissue trophism. The study of the blood supply to the sympathetic plexuses and nodes is also of particular importance in connection with the recognition of the participation of the secret of their chromaffin tissue in the formation of adrenaline and the mediator of the sympathetic nervous system sympathetic.