Important Trade Research Articles

Play cards, salt, tobacco: trade restrictions of German Zollverein in 1833

Importance. The main objective of the study is to find the special regulations regarding some trade goods. The research is focused on the comprehensive study of restrictions of German Zollverein’s treaty, which had affected the local and foreign trade. The analysis has formed the complex of reasons which led to the special arrangements towards the important goods. The study of particular aspects of customs reforms shows the new perspectives in the research of this topic and fulfills the image of trade connections on German territories in 1820–30s.Materials and Methods. The main document for the research is “The treaty of customs unification” from March 22, 1833. There are also plenty of commercial press articles of that period studied, which overviewed the trade and customs changes and reforms. The analytics and synthesis methods give the possibility to have a full overview of the mentioned sources and to restore the main tendencies in trade restrictions of this epoch.Results and Discussion. The detailed analysis highlights the most important trade goods on the German area, which were the subjects of interests for many German governments. There were the monopoly goods or the sources of big custom duties, which filled the German treasuries for decades. The threat of losing this income due to established German Zollverein, which customs taxes were supposed to be summarized and parted, led to the compromise solution in regards to some goods. The play cards, salt, tobacco and alcohol production were supposed to stay under cautious control, the trade of them was specially mentioned on the extra conditions.Conclusion. Trade restrictions seemed to be the compromise arrangement in the customs treaty, which aimed to keep the state income safe. They were also based on law differences regarding mentioned goods and supposed to protect German industry from foreign competition.

A Comparative Analysis of the Impact of Import and Export Trade on the Economy Between China and the United States

Due to the continuous development of global trade globalization and the weakening of monopolistic policies by major powers, the current international trade pattern has undergone tremendous changes, which has also led to significant changes in the GDP development of various countries. So the impact of import and export trade on international economic growth is enormous. This paper takes the United States as a typical developed country and China as a typical developing country, and the economic growth changes of both countries are most representative of the changes in import and export trade. Therefore, it focuses on the impact of import and export trade on the Sino-US economy to explore the specific changes in recent years. This article mainly focuses on the impact that has changed the import and export trade between China and the United States, resulting in how their economy has changed.

A Comparative Analysis of the Impact of Import and Export Trade on the Economy Between China and the United States

Due to the continuous development of global trade globalization and the weakening of monopolistic policies by major powers, the current international trade pattern has undergone tremendous changes, which has also led to significant changes in the GDP development of various countries. So the impact of import and export trade on international economic growth is enormous. This paper takes the United States as a typical developed country and China as a typical developing country, and the economic growth changes of both countries are most representative of the changes in import and export trade. Therefore, it focuses on the impact of import and export trade on the Sino-US economy to explore the specific changes in recent years. This article mainly focuses on the impact that has changed the import and export trade between China and the United States, resulting in how their economy has changed.

Spatio-temporal evolution and driving mechanism of metal value flow networks: A global value chain perspective

The lengthening of the global value chain (GVC) and the deepening of the transnational labor division system have led to frequent cross-border flows of metal values worldwide, and the pattern of the international metal trade is facing reconstruction. This paper combines a new trade accounting framework and a complex network model to construct global metal domestic value added (DVA) and foreign value added (FVA) flow networks based on global multi-regional input‒output (MRIO) tables for 2000 and 2007–2022 and then analyzes their structural topological features and spatio-temporal evolution trends at the macro, medium, and micro levels. Then, the main driving factors are investigated using the exponential random graph model (ERGM). The results show that the DVA and FVA networks are expanding and have obvious aggregation effects and small-world characteristics, that the community divisions show a trend toward regional integration and worldwide multipolarity, and that Germany is the most important transportation hub and trade medium in the FVA network, while China and the United States are, respectively, the largest creator and consumer of the world's metal value flow. In addition, the DVA network is more susceptible to node attribute effects such as GDP, trade openness, population size and foreign direct investment, while the FVA network is more susceptible to exogenous network effects such as geographic distance and colonial ties.

Study on the current situation and influencing factors of corn import trade in China – based on the trade gravity model

Abstract With the rapid development of China’s economy and society, the income level of Chinese residents is increasing day by day, and the dietary consumption structure of domestic residents is constantly optimized and upgraded. The consumption demand for livestock products such as meat, eggs and milk, and corn starch industrial products is increasing day by day. Therefore, as the main raw material of feed industry and deep processing owners, the consumption scale of China corn market is constantly expanding. However, the corresponding domestic corn production scale has not expanded, and the domestic corn production presents an obvious problem of insufficient supply scale, which leads to a sharp and rapid increase in the number of corn imports in China, which seriously impacts the domestic corn market and affects China’s healthy development of corn industry. In recent years, the continuous spread of the COVID-19 epidemic has seriously affected the global grain production and trade. The fierce military conflict between Russia and Ukraine, the two major grain exporting countries, has once again brought a serious adverse impact on the supply and price of the global grain market, resulting in an increase in the import cost of corn in China and a change in the import pattern of corn in China. In this regard, this study analyzes the current situation of corn production and import trade in China, and based on the relevant trade data between China and major corn importing countries from 2013 to 2022, establishes a trade gravity model to quantitatively evaluate the main factors affecting China’s corn import trade, and analyzes the trade potential of sample countries. It was found that in 2022, China’s import and export trade volume and trade value were 20.62 million tons and 7.11 billion US dollars, respectively, compared with 2013, trade volume and trade volume increased by 6.3 times. Statistics on the potential types of various trading countries showed that the proportion of potential countries was 14.2%, and Brazil had the greatest potential in China’s corn import trade. The proportion of potential expanding countries is about 71.4%, and Laos is a mature country with less opportunities for further development. In order to promote the benign development of the domestic corn industry and the development of China’s corn import trade, this paper puts forward a series of countermeasure suggestions based on the above research.

Municipality manufacturing agglomerations unveiled: Exploring spatial structural transformation in Mexico under import substitution and trade liberalisation

This paper conducts a comprehensive long-run analysis of the global spatial concentration and locational dynamics of manufacturing agglomerations in Mexico. While prior research on Mexico has examined the impact of trade liberalisation on processes of regional convergence or divergence, effects on the scale, location and dynamics of agglomerations and local specialisation remain underexplored. To address this gap in the literature, we use a newly-collated municipality-level dataset containing more granular data distinct from more frequently used state-level data. Our analysis spans the period 1950–2019, capturing the full extent of the growing importance of the manufacturing sector and providing a nuanced perspective on the evolution of agglomerations and local specialisation patterns. We investigate shifts in agglomeration during import substitution and following the introduction of trade liberalisation, examining whether new agglomerations emerged or existing ones attracted further economic activity and how these changes impacted local specialisation. In extension, we also examine recent trends, assessing the persistence or alteration of agglomeration dominance in the north of the country. In doing so, our analysis provides valuable insights into the intricate dynamics of agglomerations and local specialisation and their significance in shaping regional disparities.

Pengaruh Islam dalam Pembentukan Kerajaan-Kerajaan di Sumatera dan Pantai Utara Jawa

This article reviews the development of Islamic kingdoms in Sumatera and the North Coast of Java from the pre-colonial to early colonial period. In Sumatera, kingdoms such as Samudera Pasai, Aceh Darussalam, and Palembang Darussalam played an important role in the spread of Islam through trade, education, and diplomacy. Samudera Pasai became the first center of trade and the spread of Islam in Indonesia, while Aceh Darussalam reached its peak of glory in the 16th and 17th centuries with its military strength and influence in Southeast Asia. Palembang Darussalam became an important trade center in southern Sumatera. On the North Coast of Java, kingdoms such as Demak, Cirebon, and Banten played a significant role in the spread of Islam. Demak, founded by Raden Patah, is known as the first Islamic kingdom in Java and played a role in overthrowing Majapahit. Cirebon developed as a religious and cultural center under Sunan Gunung Jati, while Banten became the dominant maritime and trade power in the Sunda Strait. This study uses a historical approach by analyzing chronicles, hikayat, and travel notes. The results show that the development of these Islamic kingdoms was influenced by political, economic, social, and cultural factors, including the influence of ulama, international trade, and interactions with foreign powers such as the Portuguese and the Dutch. In conclusion, the Islamic kingdoms in Sumatera and the North Coast of Java played a key role in the spread of Islam in the archipelago and in the political, economic, and cultural development of the region, providing a significant historical legacy for the development of Islam in Indonesia.

The Correlation Between Asian Port Cities and Traditional Portuguese Urban Forms Based on Map and Machine Learning Analyses

In the 16th and 17th centuries, under the influence of the Portuguese Empire’s overseas expansion and cultural integration, the island city of Macau became an important international trading port in the Eastern Sea, with close ties to the Asian port cities governed by Portugal. This study introduces a new method for comparing urban morphological layouts using machine learning and investigates the potential benefits of combining urban morphological analysis with machine learning techniques. In addition, a combination of urban morphology theory and machine learning is used to excise samples of urban morphology from Portuguese urban geographical information maps. The morphological characteristics of port city areas are further extracted, and training labels for typical Portuguese urban textures are established. Using the YOLOv4 object detection algorithm, the results are compared with the urban textures of typical island and port cities of the Asian Silk Road—Goa in India, Malacca in Malaysia, Macau in China, and Dili in Timor-Leste—revealing the similarities and differences among the port cities in Asia influenced by traditional Portuguese urban practices. The results reveal the relationship between maritime trade and urban form.

Pengaruh Perdagangan Internasional Ekspor Dan Impor Terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Di Negara ASEAN

This research aims to analyze the influence of international trade, exports and imports on economic growth in ASEAN countries. This research was conducted using international trade and economic growth data from ASEAN countries in the 2013-2022 period. The method used in this research is regression analysis to measure the relationship between export, import and economic growth variables. The data used is secondary data obtained from trusted sources such as reports from the Central Statistics Agency and Word Bank. The research results show that international export trade has a significant positive influence on economic growth in ASEAN countries. This shows that increasing exports can contribute to increasing economic growth in ASEAN countries. On the other hand, international import trade also has a significant positive influence on economic growth in ASEAN countries

A Study on the Recent Trends of Entrepreneurship in Exports

The determinants of participation in international business is a well- researched area with in both economics and business management disciplines. Such studies have largely highlighted factors external to the firm. A few enquiries in the small and medium sector have looked person- specific factors as explaining the difference in behavior between exporters and non-exporters. Taking off from these two streams, this paper delves deep into the exporting behavior of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in two specific sectors after considering the dimensions of entrepreneur, enterprise and environment. Entrepreneurship is the sustainable driving force and stable source of economic development, and it is an important guarantee for the continuous improvement of export product quality and high-quality economic development. This paper selects entrepreneurship and export product quality as research objects. It measures the export product quality at the enterprise level using data from the China Industrial Enterprise Database and the China Customs Import and Export Trade Database. Furthermore, based on matching entrepreneurship at the macro-level and the export product quality at the micro-level, the impact and mechanism of entrepreneurship on the export product quality are empirically examined. It was found that entrepreneurial innovation and entrepreneurship further significantly contribute to the improvement of export product quality by promoting the total factor productivity of enterprises. Entrepreneurial innovation and entrepreneurship do not significantly contribute to the export product quality of state-owned and collective enterprises, while they significantly contribute to privately-owned, independent legal entities, Hong Kong–Macao–Taiwan, and foreign-funded enterprises. Furthermore, the promoting effect on privately-owned and independent enterprises is greater than that on Hong Kong–Macao–Taiwan and foreign-funded enterprises. Further analysis shows that improving the rule of law, reducing excessive government intervention, and improving the market mechanism for products and production factors, as well as vigorously developing the non-state-owned economy, will all be conducive to the cultivation and development of entrepreneurs and better promotion of the improvement of export product quality.

Research On the Influencing Factors of Pulp Import Trade in China

Paper industry is an important basic industry of the national economy, is recognized as "never exhausted" industry. In the 21st century, with the development of social economy, China has become the world's paper products consumer power. Since 2003, China's pulp imports ranked first in the world, and the gradually expanding trade deficit will not only have an impact on China's pulp industry, but also is not conducive to the sustainable development of import trade. Based on the production and consumption gap in China's pulp market, this paper analyzes the demand, scale and structure of pulp import trade, and then empirically analyzes the influencing factors of China's pulp import trade, and finally puts forward the suggestions for safeguarding the safety and interests of China's pulp import trade according to the research results.

Von der Duldung zur Erziehung. Aufgeklärte Judenpolitik in Breslau

Abstract The article deals with the State’s Jewish policies in the Silesian metropolis of Breslau at the turn of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Jews played a significant role in the economic life of the important market and trading city, especially as intermediaries in East-West trade. As a result, the central principle of Prussia’s absolutist Jewish policies, that of keeping the number of Jews resident in the country as low as possible, met with little resonance in Breslau. Instead, under the leadership of the long-time Provincial Minister Hoym, an educational policy was pursued, the aim of which was to harmonize the lifestyle, language and professional practice of the Jewish population with those of the non-Jews as a prerequisite for legal equality. Thus, at the end of the eighteenth century, Breslau became an early experimental field for enlightened Jewish policies, the possibilities of which, as well as its ambivalences and limits, became apparent at an early stage.

PENGARUH SENAM OTAK TERHADAP PENURUNAN TINGKAT KECEMASAN PESERTA UJI KOMPETENSI KEAHLIAN PERDAGANGAN IMPOR PADA LEMBAGA PELATIHAN ASI TRAINING CENTRE KOTA BEKASI JAWA BARAT

An importer must have expertise in this field. One thing that shows is having a certificate of expertise in the field of import trade. To get it, participants must pass certification. Because of these demands, many participants experienced mental disorders, namely anxiety. Anxiety levels often arise due to psychological pressure. In this case, participants are required to pass a skills test in the field of import trade. To reduce anxiety levels, one form of exercise is brain exercise. This research aims to prove the influence of brain exercise on reducing the anxiety level of training participants at the ASI Training Center Institute in Bekasi City. The benefit of this research for physiotherapy is that it adds to the literature to prove that brain exercise can reduce the anxiety level of training participants. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. This group was divided into two research groups. Treatment group with intervention and control group without intervention. Each group consisted of 15 respondents. Statistical analysis used the independent t test. The research results showed that there were differences between the control group and the treatment group. These results indicate that the value of the treatment group is lower than that of the control group. Thus, it can be concluded that the treatment group was more effective than the control group. So it was concluded that brain exercise had an effect on reducing anxiety levels.Key words: Keywords: Jenga game, Anxiety, saturation, Psychology

Polluted air, smarter factories? China's robot imports shed light on a potential link

Robot-centered intelligent manufacturing is leading a new round of technological revolution and industrial change. Existing studies have neglected the impact of air pollution, a non-monetary factor, on firms' intelligent manufacturing transformation (FIMT). Using matched samples from China's industrial enterprise database and China's customs database, and based on enterprises' “machine replacing human” strategy, this paper reveals the facilitating effect of air pollution on FIMT. The robustness estimation results after endogeneity treatment, replacing the core variables, changing the clustering level, removing the policy influence, avoiding the interference of domestic robots, changing the estimation strategy, and restricting the import trade mode still support the conclusion. The mechanism by which air pollution accelerates FIMT lies in the first: the factor substitution effect of rising labor costs due to air pollution. The second is the skill-capital complementarity effect due to increased firms' human capital investment induced by air pollution. The third is the intelligent investment effect due to increased economic policy uncertainty induced by air pollution. In addition, air pollution accelerates FIMT more significantly in non-state-owned firms, high labor-intensity industries, and regions with high population aging. This paper argues that there is no conflict between environmental governance and intelligent manufacturing transformation. Air pollution and “machines replacing humans” in the labor market efficiency and fairness issues need attention.

Feasibility Research on Mutual Recognition of Geographical Indications for Agricultural Products between China and Russia

While China and Russia are both major agricultural producers, their influence on the global agricultural industry still lags significantly behind EU countries. Considering the recent China-EU Agreement on Geographical Indications (CEAGI) and the rapid current growth of China-Russia trade, it becomes crucial for China and Russia to discuss the mutual recognition of geographical indications (GIs) for agricultural products. The potential for cooperation in this area consists in promoting import and export trade of agricultural products between China and Russia, thus enhancing the competitiveness of these products in the international market. However, challenges in the mutual recognition of GIs arise due to imbalances in the trade of agricultural products, as well as differences in trading systems and current legislation on geographical indications. A feasible package arrangement could involve mutual recognition of some GIs for agricultural products based on existing Chinese and Russia multilateral trading systems.

TPMGD: A genomic database for the traditional medicines in Pakistan

ObjectiveIn Pakistan, traditional medicines are an important component of the medical system, with numerous varieties and great demands. However, due to the scattered resources and the lack of systematic collection and collation, adulteration of traditional Pakistani medicine (TPM) is common, which severely affects the safety of their medicinal use and the import and export trades. Therefore, it is urgent to systematically organize and unify the management of TPM and establish a set of standards and operable methods for the identification of TPM. MethodsWe collected and organized the information on 128 TPMs with regard to their medicinal parts, efficacy, usage, and genetic material, based on Pakistan Hamdard Pharmacopoeia of Eastern Medicine: Pharmaceutical Codex. The genetic information of TPM is summarized from national center for biotechnology information (NCBI) and global pharmacopoeia genome database (GPGD). Furthermore, we utilized bioinformatics technology to supplement the chloroplast genome (cp-genome) data of 12 TPMs. To build the web server, we used the Linux + Apache + MySQL + PHP (LAMP) system and constructed the webpage on a PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP) model view controller (MVC) framework. ResultsWe constructed a new genomic database, the traditional Pakistani medicine genomic database (TPMGD). This database comprises five entries, namely homepage, medicinal species, species identification, basic local alignment search tool (BLAST), and download. Currently, TPMGD contains basic profiles of 128 TPMs and genetic information of 102 TPMs, including 140 cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences and 119 mitochondrial genome sequences from Bombyx mori, 1 396 internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) sequences and 1 074 intergenic region (psbA-trnH) sequences specific to 92 and 83 plant species, respectively. Additionally, TPMGD includes 199 cp-genome sequences of 82 TPMs. ConclusionTPMGD is a multifunctional database that integrates species description, functional information inquiry, genetic information storage, molecular identification of TPM, etc. The database not only provides convenience for TPM information queries but also establishes the scientific basis for the medication safety, species identification, and resource protection of TPM.

MSCI全球指数与韩国股指波动对韩国贸易的影响

This study aims to analyse the impact of the stock market on Korea’s import and export trade, mainly through the MSCI Global and KOSPI indices as stock market proxies, and Korea’s total imports, total exports, import price indices, economic sentiment indices, and business surveys indices as proxies for import and export trade. Using a time-varying vector autoregression (TVP-VAR) model, it was found that the MSCI Global and KOSPI indices have a short-term positive effect on Korea’s total imports and total exports, but the KOSPI has a negative effect on total exports. For price indices, the MSCI Global Index has a positive effect on the import price index, while the KOSPI has a negative effect at a 1-month lag. For the export price index, the MSCI Global Index has a negative impact at 1-month lag but a positive impact at 3-month lag. For the Economic Sentiment Index, both indices have a negative impact at the 1-month lag. For the business survey index, both have a positive impact. In addition, the study analyses data from three different points in time: the US subprime crisis in 2008, the European credit crisis in 2015 and the New Crown epidemic in 2020. The results show that in all three financial events, the MSCI Global Index had a positive impact on Korea’s total exports and imports in the short term, while the KOSPI had a positive impact on total imports and a negative impact on total exports. For the import price index, the MSCI Global Index has a short-term positive impact while the KOSPI has a negative impact. For the export price index, both indices have a negative impact during financial events. For the economic sentiment index, the MSCI Global Index has a negative impact in the first lag and turns to a positive impact in the second lag, while the opposite is true for the KOSPI. Finally, in all three financial events, both indices had a short-term positive impact on the business survey index.

Research on Comprehensive Control and Traceability Management of Food Cold Chain Transportation

With the rapid development of economic globalization and cross-border e-commerce, the food import and export trade has encountered growth opportunities. Meanwhile, food safety has gained increasing attention from consumers worldwide. Most food products require cold chain transportation. However, in recent years, various safety hazards have emerged in the process of food cold chain logistics, with disruptions and food spoilage causing significant waste. Ensuring the safety and traceability of the entire food cold chain has become a critical factor limiting its development. This paper proposes strategies for the development of food cold chains, including the establishment of a comprehensive standard system, promoting orderly development of traceability systems, and enhancing traceability supervision platforms to achieve transparency in food cold chain safety.

The Conflict Between the Manila Galleon Trade and the Mercantilism Policy of Spain

The purpose of this article is to delve into the rise and development of the Manila galleon trade between the 16th and 19th centuries and to focus on the deeper reasons for the limitations of Spanish control over this important trade route. The Manila galleon trade not only connected Manila in the Philippines with Acapulco, Mexico but also established economic ties between China and Spanish America, which used Manila as a transit point. In the entire trade, Spain, as a nominal trade monopolist, appears to be unable to effectively control this trade. Research suggests that this is mainly attributed to Spain's directional errors in implementing mercantilist policies in its colonies, which contradicted the principles of free trade that had developed in Manila's sailing trade during the first thirty years. Under the guidance of mercantilism, Spain excessively pursued gold and silver wealth while neglecting the overall development of the colonial economy, resulting in a serious mismatch between domestic and colonial production and actual demand. This policy orientation not only limited the growth potential of colonial economies but also weakened Spain's competitive position in global trade.

Prediction of Liaoning province steel import and export trade based on deep learning models

AbstractIn the field of deep learning, time series forecasting, particularly for economic and trade data, is a critical area of research. This study introduces a hybrid of auto regressive integrated moving average and gated recurrent unit (ARIMA‐GRU) to enhance the prediction of steel import and export trade in Liaoning Province, addressing the limitations of traditional time series methods. Traditional models like ARIMA excel with linear data but often struggle with non‐linear patterns and long‐term dependencies. The ARIMA‐GRU model combines ARIMA's linear data analysis with GRU's proficiency in non‐linear pattern recognition, effectively capturing complex dynamics in economic datasets. Our experiments show that this hybrid approach surpasses traditional models in accuracy and reliability for forecasting steel trade, providing valuable insights for economic planning and strategic decision‐making. This innovative approach not only advances the field of economic forecasting but also demonstrates the potential of integrating deep learning techniques in complex data analysis.