Import Substitution Research Articles

Small And Medium Size Enterprises (Smes), Made In Cameroon, Import-Substitution: Possible Or Mirage?

The objective of this research was to apply scientific methodology to assess the capacity in term of Technical, Innovation, and Financial of Small and Medium Sizes Enterprises (SMEs) in Cameroon to face the challenge of Import Substitution with “Made in Cameroon” products and services. This was done through analyzing data on a sample which was randomly selected from SMES operating in different sectors in Cameroon. A structured survey questionnaire was used to collect quantitative data on SME efforts on key variables such as SME size, years in operation, investment in technology, R&D expenditure, access to finance, and perceptions of government support. The Mean Computation analyses allow us to compare two or more important variables to achieve the main objective, while the Correlation Analyses bring us to analyses the relationships or the interdependencies that exist between a given set of variables. The study concludes that the main findings are in line with our hypotheses and show that using strategies to replace imports can help increase local production, particularly in manufacturing sector. To support SMEs a pack of recommendations was proposed to enhance government support toward SMEs

Assessing the Prospects for Import Substitution in the Russian Automotive Components Market

Assessing the Prospects for Import Substitution in the Russian Automotive Components Market

Идентификация и преодоление таможенных барьеров при переходе на отечественные компоненты в сельскохозяйственном машиностроении

The article examines the key customs barriers and risks faced by manufacturers of agricultural machinery when switching to domestic components in the context of import substitution. The systematization and classification of risks associated with a possible decrease in product quality, violations of production processes, cost increases and insufficient competence of personnel has been carried out. Special attention is paid to the development of a strategy to minimize these risks, including organizational, technological and regulatory measures. Recommendations are also offered on adapting production to new conditions and increasing the competitiveness of domestic agricultural machinery.

Assessing the evolution and perspectives of developing the russian export in current terms: adoption of the 4P model

The study’s relevance is caused due to the Russian export experiences, which acts as a research subject. Goal is to reveal current peculiarities of Russian export. As methodical tool the model of marketing mix was applied, which includes product, price, place, promotion. The analysis has shown: the Russian economy, to promote its export in new terms, uses marketing with new characteristics. The bigger are become the share in it of agricultural and metallurgical products, the share of developing countries among buyers. Promoting the export is provided including through the free trade zones of the Eurasian economic union with the third countries, common trade and cooperation areas with them. State support for import substitution assists to create the production able to export. Scientific contribution of the research results consists in that they expand application of micro-economic marketing mix model on export of national economy as a whole. The results received make possible to study in complex and simultaneously in detail the strengths and weaknesses of export, including the volume and structure of export, price dynamics, currency and financial, transport, trade and diplomatic peculiarities of sale.

Совершенствование технологического цикла клонального микроразмножения Rubus chamaemorus L.

The results of the study of the microclonal propagation of the cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus L.) of the Leningradskaya and Kondinskaya forms at the stages of microclonal propagation itself and rooting of microshoots in in vitro culture are presented. R. chamaemorus is one of the most popular bog berry plants in the countries of Northern Europe and the northern regions of Russia, possessing highly valuable nutritional and pharmacological properties. In order to intensify industrial berry growing in Russia and meet the market demand for berry products in the context of import substitution, it is necessary to use high-tech methods for obtaining planting material. In order to preserve the valuable gene pool and accelerate the production of a large amount of healthy planting material of R. chamaemorus forms, it is necessary to improve and optimize the technologies or microclonal propagation of this species. The largest number (on average 9.6–9.9 pcs.) and the total length (16.4– 19.5 cm) of R. chamaemorus microshoots in in vitro culture at the stage of microclonal propagation itself have been observed on the Murashige and Skoog culture medium. An increase in the concentration of the “Dropp” preparation from 0.1 to 0.2 mg/l in the culture medium has contributed to an increase in the number of R. chamaemorus microshoots (on average by 1.8–2.4 times), an increase in their total length in the Konsinskaya form (by 1.5 times) and its decrease in the Leningradskaya form (by 1.1 times). The largest number (on average 3.9–4.6 pcs.) and the total length (13.2–14.0 cm) of R. chamaemorus roots at the stage of microshoot rooting in vitro have been noted on the Murashige and Skoog culture medium. An increase in the concentration of indolebutyric acid from 0.5 to 1.0 mg/l in the culture medium has contributed to an increase in the number of R. chamaemorus roots (on average by 1.4 times) and a decrease in their total length (by 1.15–1.25 times).

Projecting the long‐run impact of an economic reform: The case of the Indonesian Omnibus Law

Indonesia has been seeking to improve its investment climate. The most recent development in this process is the enactment of a ‘Job Creation Law’, which aims to achieve improvement in the investment climate through simplifying red tape, eliminating large numbers of overlapping regulations, and adopting a Risk‐Based Assessment approach to business licensing. In parallel with this development, the Indonesian Government is pursuing an Import Substitution Strategy (ISS) to help preserve external balance while fostering local activity. In this paper, the recursive dynamic GDyn‐FS model of the global economy is used to highlight the positive impacts of improving the investment climate, on national investment and trade over time, and the flow‐on impacts to industries and households. On the other hand, the analysis indicates that the pursuit of an ISS, while possibly favouring protected activities, is likely to act as an ongoing drag on the wider economy.

Влияние различных рас дрожжей на качество саке из отечественного сырья

Abstract. In the alcoholic beverage market, some attention has recently been paid to new beverages, one such beverage is saké. Along with other imported products, it is also necessary to establish production of this drink for the purpose of import substitution. The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of different yeast races on the quality of saké from domestic raw materials and to develop recommendations for their use. The research tasks included the study of the following issues: testing of different yeasts, study of the quality of domestic raw materials – rice from Krasnodar region for saké production, study of biochemical parameters of the obtained products, study of the elemental composition of saké, organoleptic evaluation of products. The research was carried out in the laboratory of the Department of Horticulture, Viticulture and Winemaking of the Institute of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture at the Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Education “Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy” and in the Scientific Centre “Low-tonnage chemistry”. Eight yeast strains were included in the study, which were infected with steamed rice grains. Observations, records and analyses were carried out for each of 8 experimental samples: elemental and chemical composition, alcohol content, organoleptic indicators. For the first time in the established zymological features of yeast quality in obtaining products from domestic raw materials, features of microbiological characteristics of the resulting product and gave a conclusion and recommendations for the production of sake. Optimal variants of yeast, regularities of formation of biochemical composition of saké, content of various elements in the finished product, organoleptic indicators are established, recommendations on the studied factors are made. Key words: Yeast strains, saké, Japanese culture, sensory analysis, rice wine

Economic Development of the Major Cities in the Context of Demographic Challenges

In recent years, Russia has faced serious global challenges. Particular attention is required for demographic challenges, which are caused by natural population decline, ambiguous migration processes, and their exacerbation due to the spread of the coronavirus infection and subsequently the aggravation of the foreign policy situation. The largest Russian cities are centers of economic growth with significant potential for solving regional livelihood problems. An important indicator of the state and development of a city as a socio-economic system is the change in population size. The dynamics of demographic and other socio-economic indicators deserve detailed analysis and study. The results obtained must be considered when making strategic decisions and developing adaptation mechanisms. In the past five years, a natural population decline has prevailed in the studied largest municipalities, which is only partially offset by migration growth. In most cities with a population of over one million, there is a correlation between the dynamics of population growth (both natural and migration), the average wage level, and the quality of the urban environment. In cities with migration outflow, measures are needed to improve these parameters. Since all cities have developed industries, including due to natural and historical factors, systematic monitoring of the relevant indicators and a detailed analysis of the reasons for negative trends, including demographic ones, are important for ensuring balanced economic development. To ensure the balance of supply and demand in the labor market in terms of qualification and professional requirements and expectations, the implementation of regional programs and projects with the participation of government and business is proposed. In the context of the economic development of the largest cities and adaptation to global challenges, it is proposed that government authorities, local governments, the scientific community, and businesses identify new promising specializations for cities, including the need to enhance import substitution and implement high-tech, science-intensive industries.

Comparative analysis of the effectiveness of mechanical treatment of root canals by various Ni-Ti file systems

INTRODUCTION. One of the main stages of successful endodontic treatment is high-quality mechanical treatment of root canals. А large number of various rotary Ni-Ti files in the dental market poses a difficult choice for the doctor, especially in the context of import substitution. It is necessary to have knowledge about the effectiveness of different system of instruments in a particular clinical case. AIM. With the help of scanning electronic mycoroscopy and computer microtomography, to analyze the quality of mechanical treatment of the root canal with files of domestic and foreign production.MATERIALS AND METHODS. During the study, single-root and multi-root teeth with different root canal curvature were selected, which were distributed according to the Ni-Ti file system used: group 1 – RM files (RusMed), group 2 – ProTaper Universal (Dentsply Mallifier), group 3 – M-two (VDW).RESULTS. The analysis of scanning electron microscopy of tooth showed that the largest number of open dentine tubules is determined when treating the root canal with instruments of the group 1 (55.4±1.37) and group 3 (60.25±1.59). The centering ability with a curvature of the root canal of 20–25° had no significant differences between the tools used. With a curvature of the root canal of 40–45°, the value of this parameter decreased significantly in all groups of instruments, it was greatest in the groups 1 and 3.CONCLUSION. It was revealed that the best quality of mechanical treatment of the root canal was obtained using RM-files and Mtwo in samples with a channel curvature of up to 25°.

Import substitution of technological equipment in Russian conditions

Import substitution of technological equipment in Russian conditions

Цифровая трансформация и инновационные технологии в спортивной индустрии: анализ глобальных тенденций и российских практик рынка спорттех

The article examines the term "Sportstech", which refers to a range of high-tech projects in the sports industry. It discusses the current state and future prospects of this field both globally and in Russia. To conduct the research, 202 structured interviews were held with industry experts, secondary data from public sources was analyzed, and Russian examples were compared to international ones. The Russian Sportstech market is a promising area for the development of technology and business, albeit it is currently in its early stages of growth compared to other countries’ best practices. Despite sanctions and restrictions, investments in this field continue to increase due to government initiatives and opportunities for import substitutions. The potential of the domestic market and the development of infrastructure are important factors in supporting and promoting entrepreneurship in this sector.

Фронтиры развития автопроизводства в РФ в условиях адаптации к новым вызовам

The automotive industry is one of the main industries in mechanical engineering. It accounts for a large share of capital investments. The conveyor assembly system, which was widely used in this industry at the time, radically changed the entire industry of the XX century. The multiplicative effect of car production makes the industry the "locomotive" of the economy. The automotive industry is today one of the frontiers in the development of our country's economy. The purpose of the study is to analyze the situation in the Russian car market and assess the prospects for the development of the Russian automotive industry in the context of the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic and the strengthening of sanctions restrictions by unfriendly countries. In the process of working on the study, methods of analysis, synthesis, description, comparative, problematic, logistic and dynamic methods were used. According to the results of the study, the following conclusions were drawn: the automotive industry plays an essential role in the processes of globalization of the modern economy. However, the disruption of logistics chains had a negative impact on the situation in the domestic automotive industry and the consumer market, led to a reduction in production and an increase in unemployment in this industry. The way out of this situation is to reorient domestic car production to cooperate with companies from friendly countries, such as China, and establish logistics chains through intermediary countries, such as Kazakhstan, but adjusted for minimizing costs. An important role in solving this problem can be played by the development and implementation of an import substitution mechanism in the production of domestic cars, including electric cars. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that the proposed frontiers in the stabilization of Russian automotive production have been identified taking into account the impact of both external and internal factors in the current volatile economic situation caused by the reaction of unfriendly countries towards Russia.

Development of a model of a dosage form for a new domestic compound (pyrrolo[3,2-l]acridinone derivative) and studying its cytotoxic activity

Background. Expanding the list of safe and effective medicines are the main directions of development of modern medicine and pharmacy. Acridine derivatives are an interesting object of study due to their proven antitumor effect on leukemia and lymphoma. The mechanism of their antitumor effect is the ability to intercalate DNA, as well as to inhibit topoisomerases and telomerase, initiate ROS-mediated oxidative stress, arrest the cell cycle, and interact with glycoprotein-P.Aim. To develop the composition and technology for obtaining a model pharmaceutical form (PF) for parenteral use of a new compound a pyrrolo [3,2-l] acridinone derivative with antitumor activity.Materials and methods. Substance MOB 265 S (Institute of Technical Chemistry of Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences – Perm Federal Research Center, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP, Kollidon® 17PF, BASF, Germany), polyoxyl-35-castor oil (Cremophor® ELP, BASF, Germany), macrogol (15) – hydroxystearate (Cremophor® ELP, BASF, Germany), water for injection. Technological (solubilization, dissolution, filtration, lyophilization), analytical (spectrophotometry, potentiometry) and biological (in vitro) methods were used in the experimental work. Cytotoxic activity was determined on cell lines of T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia Jurkat, PC-3 prostate carcinoma, A549 lung carcinoma, colon carcinoma HCT-116, breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7.Results. In the course of experimental studies using various solubilizers, model compositions of a PF based on MOB 265 S were obtained, in which water for injection was used as a solvent. The formation of a clear solution was observed only in the model with PVP, which was characterized by basic pharmaceutical parameters and studied in vitro. The inhibitory concentration causing 50 % cell death on various cell lines was 29.6–65.5 μM.Conclusion. Model of the PF a new domestic compound (pyrrolo [3,2-l] acridinone derivative) in the form of a lyophilisate with a mass ratio of MOB 265 S: PVP – 1:5, as well as a technology for its production in 5 stages. The main quality indicators of the resulting model were selected. The results of cytotoxic activity showed that the composition is effective in all used cell cultures, with maximum cytotoxicity observed in the Jurkat leukemia cell line, which coincides with literature data on the cytotoxic activity of acridine derivatives on leukemia and malignant lymphomas. The new PF is promising for further research as an import substitution, due to the lack of acridinone derivative drugs in Russia.

Economic gains from geographic shifts in international sourcing

The geographic evolution of global value chains (GVCs) has been significantly changing the pace and structure of economic development in many countries. We first employ a global input-output (IO) model to quantify the contribution of geographic shifts in international sourcing to China's economic gains. In 2019, China's GDP per capita was 11% below the world average. We show, however, that the gap would have been 39% if there had been no international sourcing shifts between 1995 and 2019. We subsequently propose an optimization model in the global IO framework to explore potential strategies which further improve China's GDP per capita. The optimization results suggest that import substitution and export promotion could be two possible strategies. However, these strategies could fail if all countries adopt the same strategies and participate in the non-cooperative competition. Instead, our results suggest that promoting technological upgrading provides more sustainable opportunities for improving a country's gains.

Changing the Trade and Development Consensus: Evidence Building from Little, Bhagwati, Krueger, and Balassa in the 1960s

Economists became skeptical about the benefits of free trade for developing countries during the Great Depression, but in the 1960s some had come to recognize the problems with import substitution policies and the benefits of encouraging exports. This article examines how four economists who led this transition—Ian Little, Jagdish Bhagwati, Anne Krueger, and Bela Balassa—came to their views and helped build a new professional consensus on trade policy and economic development. In each case, practical experience, and empirical observation, particularly from India, helped shape their opinions, persuading two of the four to revise their previous beliefs.

Measures of state regulation and support of the soybean breeding and seed production industry

Abstract One of the priority directions of economy in different countries of the world is the application of measures of state support and regulation of the agricultural industry, including laws and various programs that foster sustainable development of agriculture. In view of prevailing social and economic conditions in Russia, the problem of domestic supply of agricultural production with in-country selected high-yielding varieties of soybean and intensification of domestic seed production has become acute. Currently, the State is providing support to the seed industry and is intended to ensure import substitution in the seed market in the foreseeable future. However, there are also revealed some problems, which are mostly related to the functioning of state breeding and seed production centers, which include state breeding plots, breeding and seed production farms at research institutions and agrarian universities. To solve these problems, state research organizations and universities should become full-fledged participants of the seed market on a par with business. Achieving the assigned tasks should be facilitated by measures, supporting science and innovation at the state level.

Study of Characteristics of Fluorescent Optical Crystals of Multi-Leaf Collimator of Linear Electron Accelerator By Electa Synergy for the Purpose of the Possible Import Substitution

Study of Characteristics of Fluorescent Optical Crystals of Multi-Leaf Collimator of Linear Electron Accelerator By Electa Synergy for the Purpose of the Possible Import Substitution

Ensuring food security of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the conditions of import substitution

The aim is to determine the level of food self-sufficiency of the country in the conditions of import substitution. In developing the theoretical section of the work universal scientific methods - analysis and synthesis, comparison, logical. Collection and processing of secondary information, based on the use of official data of the Bureau of National Statistics of the Agency for Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Ministry of National Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the results of the Global Food Security Index 2022. Results - theoretical aspects of the food situation and issues of accessibility of quality products for the population were studied, the role of the agrarian sector in the economy of Kazakhstan was shown and the importance of the agrarian sector in the economy of Kazakhstan was substantiated. Calculated and analyzed such indicators as the degree of self-sufficiency of consumption products in the country, output of various types of products per capita, average consumer spending on food, the dynamics of exports and imports of food products. The dependence on imports of the main types of foodstuffs is considered and the forecast of production of products of the agrarian sphere with regard to ensuring food independence is presented. Three forecast scenarios are proposed: basic, optimistic and pessimistic. Conclusions - it is revealed that food stability implies a sufficient level of development of the agro-industrial complex, at which the domestic demand for food products can be largely satisfied by the production of own food products. The key task of agrarian policy - to achieve selfsufficiency in the country of at least 80% of the total demand is outlined. Import substitution contributes to the implementation of large-scale and deep modernization of the domestic agro-industrial complex, which requires the use of innovative technologies.

Технологии цифровой экономики в обучении переводу

Introduction. Due to the active introduction of digital technologies into human activity, there is a change in the way of work organisation, changes in the content of processes, including the profession of translator. Inclusion of the study of the peculiarities of the use of digital economy technologies in the educational process allows preparing future specialists for their professional activities. The aim of the work is to identify the main features of digital economy technologies, to determine the possibilities and directions of their use in the activity of a translator, as well as to identify the content of digital competences and ways of forming them in linguistics students in the educational process. Materials and methods. The methodology is determined by analytical approaches to identifying the features of digital economy technologies, the comparative method allowed us to form approaches to the content of digital competence in translation activity. The method of point-rating assessment allowed us to identify the level of formed designated knowledge, skills, abilities and competences. The survey method allowed to get feedback from the 4th year students of the direction “Linguistics” participating in the sample. As a theoretical basis we used scientific works devoted to the issues of digital competences of translators, as well as digital technologies in their professional activities. The results of the study and their discussion. The introduction of the issue of the use of technologies of the digital economy into the educational process of training future translators allows us to define the content of the discipline “Information Technologies in Translation”, the components of the translator's digital competence determine the directions of competence formation and the content of the current control. The policy of import substitution and sanctions has imposed requirements on the relevance of the applications and services used, which poses difficulties for the technical organization of the learning process and allows us to formulate new criteria for the selection of software. The results of the interim control showed an increase in the efficiency and quality indicators of the learning process in the discipline. Conclusion. A properly organized digital environment, modern information technologies selected on the basis of scientific criteria, an educational process aimed at motivating professional work and assessing the formation of both digital and translation competence allow to increase the efficiency of learning and its quality in the training of translation specialists.

Механізми забезпечення економічної стійкості та безпеки на засадах національної укоріненості економічного розвитку

The article shows that the countries that made an economic breakthrough and entered the world of states with high per capita incomes in any variant of using the strategies of catch-up or anticipatory development, export orientation or import substitution relied on the creation of industries in their own country, that is, on nationally rooted development. The author reveals the content of nationally rooted development as a basis for economic stability and security. The relationship between the concepts of "sustainability" and "resilience" has been clarified. "Resilience" is interpreted as a specific form of stability of an economic object, associated with its flexibility and ability to recover from destructive impacts. In a broader context, the sustainability of economic development is considered as the ability to develop the production of a network of various goods (material and ideal, public and individual, institutional and social) to meet the needs of society, its communities and citizens on the basis of technical and technological development and its corresponding socio-economic organization, which is based on the comprehensive use of national resources and international cooperation to create added value in the national space-time and has the property of maintaining dynamic balance in conditions of uncertainties and destabilizing influences of the hybrid "peace-war" system. The author reveals the mechanisms for ensuring the national rooting of economic development as the basis of its stability and security. It is shown that the components of the structure of these mechanisms are goal setting with scientific justification of the relevant policy, strategic planning and development of planning and market mechanisms for solving strategic tasks with logistical, organizational and monetary support for achieving the goal of nationally rooted development. It is concluded that national projects should become the key organizational link of the mechanism of national rooting of economic development. The article shows that in conditions of uncertainty and extreme complexity of social processes, it is possible to solve the task of national rooting of economic development only by relying on a meritocratic approach to management.