Crude Oil Imports Research Articles

Comparative Review of Energy, Crude Oil, and Natural Gas for Exchange Markets in Nigeria, India and Bangladesh

In 2021, there was a global energy crisis that affected different parts of the world. In most countries, energy heavily relies on natural gas, including Nigeria, India, and Bangladesh. Several studies have explored the differences in the energy of crude oil and natural gas. Nonetheless, little effort has been made toward exploring the exportation of energy for exchange markets in Nigeria, India, and Bangladesh. This paper primarily aims at comparatively exploring the energy of crude oil and natural gas for exchange markets in the aforementioned countries. The methodology used in this paper is qualitative content analysis (QCA) and a systematical literature review (SLR) which includes various sources such as journals, the core collection of the Web of Science (WOS), oil peer review resources, and library sources. The study systematically mapped out different bibliographic materials whereby the visualization of similarities (VOS) was used to explore exchange markets for energy, crude oil, and gas in Nigeria, India, and Bangladesh. The results of the analysis indicated that, in Africa, Nigeria is regarded as the largest producer of natural gas and crude oil, with an approximation of 1.2 million barrels per day. Concerning oil and gas reserves, the country is considered the 10th and 8th largest producer in the world, having 37 billion barrels and roughly 206 trillion cubic feet, respectively. Thus, the exportation of energy is considered a central pillar of the country’s economy. In addition, India is regarded as the second largest producer of crude oil with 4.972 million barrels per day, which is approximately 5.1% of the entire world’s capacity for refining crude oil. Similarly, at the global level, India is considered the topmost consumer of crude oil, accounting for 4.8% of the world’s consumption. In the context of Bangladesh, their gas reserves account for 39.4 trillion cubic feet, and they are considered to be 70% of the commercial energy supply in the country. In conclusion, the importance of energy, crude oil, and natural gas cannot be underestimated, specifically, for the exchange import markets in the current context of the aforementioned countries. It is, therefore, suggested that the governments of Nigeria, India, and Bangladesh should strengthen their national policies on energy in order to be responsive to the global energy crisis as well as boost the exchange market in the energy sector.

INVESTMENT POLICY IN «GREEN ENERGY» IN UKRAINE DURING THE MARITAL STATE

Unfortunately, our country is at the center of the third crisis, which is related to the energy complex. Due to the constant shelling of energy infrastructure facilities, Russia, the aggressor country, is depriving it of the opportunity to use energy carriers normally and efficiently and to provide light to some territories of our state fully. Even though the countries of the European Union are moving in the direction of a complete refusal to import crude oil from the aggressor country Russia, unfortunately, such steps together with the sanction packages do not stop the latter, and the Russian Federation continues to commit atrocities on the territory of our state. Despite everything, the joint work of energy workers makes it possible to get rid of problems with power outages promptly, and if not entirely, then to significantly solve the issue of electricity supply. The stocks of the countries of Europe today are approximately 92% for the current winter period, but the negative dynamics regarding the deficit for 2023 are still taking place. It is not a secret for anyone that today, our planet’s resources are running out. If not today, then tomorrow, the “raw material” given to us by the earth will run out. However, in the future, it is not only worth it but also necessary to stay on course for the development and effective functioning of alternative energy sources because this may be the only source of light and heat on our planet. Investing in and supporting greening programs, the transition to renewable energy sources in European countries and beyond is developing relatively rapidly today. It is clear that in order to inject relevant financial resources, this or that industry is obliged to provide appropriate security guarantees both at the legal level and at the level of the investment object itself, with the help of relevant legal norms, contracts, documents, etc. However, despite the global transformation, many people willing to invest have suspended the development of solar and wind projects due to the energy crisis. The result of the aforementioned negative dynamics in the direction of investing was COVID-19 and then the large-scale invasion of Ukraine by the aggressor country Russia. Thus, activity in the direction of financial investment in alternative energy sources is lower today. However, there are prospects and future in this field in our country. Prospects and development of alternative energy sources will be a massive success in the future. The discovery of new opportunities, plans, and mechanisms for the effective use and implementation of alternative energy sources will make it possible to develop “green” energy and engage in environmental protection simultaneously. The question of investments may disappear when Ukraine wins the victory over the aggressor. New opportunities and active cooperation with European partners will help restore and rebuild our state and create an appropriate investment climate for foreign partners from Europe and other friendly countries.

Import competition and pressure in the international crude oil trade: A network analysis

As crude oil demand grows, the international crude oil trade grows as well, thus import trade competition between crude oil importers intensifies. It further leads to the increasing import pressure faced by importers. We defined and calculated the import competition pressure. Taking crude oil importers as nodes, the import competition relationships between importers as edges, the direction of import competition pressure as the edges’ direction, and the crude oil importing competitive pressures forced on importers are weights, the paper builds a crude oil import trade competition pressure network. Using a complex network theory analysis method, according to complex network characteristics, the paper analyzes crude oil import trade competition pressure network evolution law from 2000 to 2020. The results showed that: (1) The import competition intensity difference is larger, concentrated between Asian and European countries; (2) The most import competitive markets for crude oil are Russia and Saudi Arabia, and the crude oil dependence of China on Saudi Arabia is higher than USA; (3) The crude oil trade relationships are roughly divided into four categories, namely import-dependence, importer-oriented, close cooperation, and loose trade relationships; (4) China has gotten increasing competitive pressure from Germany and Netherlands in Russia in recent years, but decreasing in Angola and Saudi Arabia. Based on the above results, we recommend diversifying the supply, expanding the global circle of trusted trading partners and establishing a risk response mechanism. The above analysis can help countries identify competition pressure and provide suggestions for improving competitive advantages about crude oil.

Investigating the nexuses between transportation Infrastructure, renewable energy Sources, and economic Growth: Striving towards sustainable development

The global economy has recorded an unprecedented increase in growth rates in the last few decades occasioned by the expanding interconnectedness among countries through exchanging goods and services. The expanding production base has increased the demand for fossil fuels, specifically crude oil, both in local and foreign markets, leading to inevitable imports. Despite this, factors driving the increasing demand for oil imports have not been extensively researched thus calling for an empirical verification on the matter. Hence, this study contributes to the literature by investigating the tripartite effects of transportation infrastructure, economic growth, and renewable energy on crude oil imports. The empirical evidence relies on the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model for bound test cointegration employed to obtain long- and short-run estimates. The empirical results from the study's analysis show that renewable energy hinders crude oil importation while transportation stimulates it in both economies. The inducing role of economic growth is substantial only in China, and the significant effect of foreign direct investment and industrialization prove to be fundamental in driving crude oil imports. Consequently, the study concludes that other explanatory variables contribute to crude oil dependence in China and India, asides from renewable energy. The post estimation tests conducted further accentuate the validity and reliability of the empirical outcomes. Drawing from the empirical outcome, the study suggests the criticality of renewable energy promotion as a viable policy decision to resolve the growth of oil dependence in the countries under study.

Hydrocarbons occurrence and transcriptomic response of oyster Crassostrea virginica from lagoons of the Southern Gulf of Mexico

The Gulf of Mexico is an important crude oil reserve worldwide, and the oyster Crassostrea virginica is an excellent candidate to study the oil spill impacts on marine invertebrates. In this work, the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and aliphatic hydrocarbons (AHs) from eight productive oyster areas in the Gulf of Mexico were measured on sediment, water, and tissues from C. virginica. In water, the highest AHs concentration was detected in Tamiahua (0.50 ng/mL), while for PAHs, the highest concentration was > 0.10 ng/mL in Tampamachoco. In sediment, Tamiahua and Tampamachoco lagoons had the highest AHs concentrations with values near 2.5 μg/g dry weight. Considering the PAHs, Tamiahua, Carmen, and Tampamachoco lagoons registered the highest levels, with values > 60 ng/g dry weight. In tissues from C. virginica, La Pesca, Cármen and Mecoacán presented the highest PAHs concentrations with values between 0.20 and 0.25 μg/g dry weight. Furthermore, from the molecular analysis of genes related with different phases of the xenobiotic detoxification process such as hypoxia inducible factor (hif-1a), cytochrome P450 10 (cyp10), flavin mono-oxygenase (fmo), glutathione S-transferase (gstΩ1), multidrug resistant protein (mdrd1), catalase (cat), among others, the differences between lagoons were significant (P< 0.05) and generally with Las Enramadas showing the highest expression levels. From genes evaluated in this study, hif-1a, cyp10, fmo, mdrd1 and cat presented the highest expression differentials between lagoons. The above allowed us to validate the utility of molecular markers in the assessment of the hydrocarbons effect on oyster under the conditions from the Southern Gulf of Mexico.

Crude Oil Exports and Imports and Carbon Dioxide Emission in Nigeria

The study investigated the impact of crude oil imports and exports on carbon dioxide emission in Nigeria from 1980 to 2020.The study employed ADF and Dickey-Fuller GLS unit root testing procedure and the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and granger causality test for analysis. Data for the study is sourced from the World Bank’s development indicators and CBN statistical bulletin for various years. The dependent variable is carbon dioxide emission (CO2) while explanatory variables includes oil import (M), oil export (X), gross domestic product (Y) for economic growth, total factor productivity (TFP) for technological progress and innovation, oil price (OP) and nominal exchange rate (EXR). Findings in the study show; First, the contribution of oil import to carbon dioxide emission is positively signed and statistically significant at 5percent level in both long run and short run. Secondly, the coefficient of oil export exhibit positive effect on carbon dioxide emission but only significant in the short run at 10percent level. Thirdly, there exist a unidirectional causation between oil import, oil export on carbon dioxide emission but not vice versa. The study concludes that the positive values of oil import and oil export pose serious environmental threat given the rise in carbon dioxide emission. The study therefore, recommends that the policymakers particularly the Nigerian government need to diversify the economy from oil-based to non-oil based, which will go a long way in reducing environmental challenges emanating from crude oil production.

Energy security: the role of shale technology

Sustainable energy systems are sensitive to the countries’ energy portfolio decisions, shaping geopolitics and contributing to the global energy security (ES). Accordingly, this paper applies the “Markov regime-switching” method to explore the impact of “the North American shale technology” (NAST) on behavioral regimes of the US energy security measurements (ESM), e.g., diversity of primary energy demand ({mathrm{ESI}}_{mathrm{I}}), net energy import dependence ({mathrm{ESI}}_{mathrm{II}}), non-fossil fuel resource portfolio ({mathrm{ESI}}_{mathrm{III}}), and crude oil import dependency ({mathrm{ESI}}_{mathrm{IV}}). The findings confirm time-varying and asymmetric behavior of the US ESM before and after the NAST. Specifically, the overall interaction of substitution effect and scale effect of NAST strengthens the US energy systems through {mathrm{ESI}}_{mathrm{I}}, {mathrm{ESI}}_{mathrm{III}}, and {mathrm{ESI}}_{mathrm{IV}}, while {mathrm{ESI}}_{mathrm{II}} leads to higher risks of the US energy supply security. Consequently, the shale reserves development, diversification of primary energy demand and import supply, and advanced energy transport and trading policies, are suggested to overcome the barriers in achieving (i) availability, (ii) accessibility, (iii) affordability, and (iv) acceptability aspects of ES and vulnerability reduction of the US energy systems in respect of risk and resilience.

Impact of New Energy Vehicle Development on China’s Crude Oil Imports: An Empirical Analysis

Breaking the highly oil-dependent energy use structure in the transportation sector will be crucial for China to reduce its dependence on crude oil imports and ensure its energy security, and the development of new energy vehicles is helping to break this dilemma. A time series analysis summarizes the possible relationships between new energy vehicles and crude oil imports, i.e., new energy vehicles, as alternatives to fuel vehicles, will reduce the demand for oil in the transportation sector, which will in turn reduce crude oil imports, and crude oil prices and crude oil production will inhibit crude oil imports. In this empirical study, monthly data from 2015 to 2021 on crude oil imports, the market share of new energy vehicles, crude oil prices, and crude oil production are selected, time-series multiple regression modelling is adopted, and endogeneity is treated using a generalized method of moments (GMM). The regression results show that crude oil imports decrease by one unit for every 16.32% increase in crude oil prices, indicating that price factor is the most influential factor in China’s crude oil imports, while crude oil imports decrease by one unit for every 133.99% increase in crude oil production, indicating that an increase in crude oil production contributes less to the reduction of crude oil imports. One unit of crude oil imports is added for every 15.53% increase in the share of new energy vehicles, indicating that the effect of new energy vehicles on limiting crude oil imports has not yet emerged. Probably due to the fact that new energy vehicles have not yet had a significant impact on fuel vehicles, oil consumption will continue to increase in the short and medium term, with oil for the petrochemical industry becoming the primary driver of this increase. Finally, policy implications are provided from the perspective of crude oil demand, supply, and China’s oil price mechanism.

The long-run relationship between the prices of WTI and Brent crude oils – Periodogram based cointegration analyses

The purpose of this article is to investigate the presence of a cointegrating relationship between the prices of the two most important crude oil price benchmarks, which are West Texas Intermediate and Brent, for June 1987-July 2021. We use the periodogram-based methodology. Our finding suggests a global long-run relationship between two major crude oil prices for the 1987:06-2010:03 period until the Deepwater Horizon oil spill took place at the Macondo Field, located in the Gulf of Mexico. After this accident, the relationship breaks down. We also find statistically significant closely 12-month common periodicities in both series for the pre-oil spill accident. We conclude that the cointegrating relationship between the two oil prices maintained up to 2010:03. This finding provides a practical implication that these two crude oil prices cannot be used for hedging purposes after this date.

How would the European Union fare without Russian energy?

Russia's invasion of Ukraine has forced a rapid and profound rethink of the European Union's energy supply as the Europe-Russia energy decoupling has sharply accelerated. This contribution explores how Europe can manage without the imports of Russian coal, crude oil, oil products, and natural gas. We quantify the supply-side gap that will arise and discuss alternative sources of supply, as well as exploring the internal and global bottlenecks that will arise with any attempt to replace Russian molecules. This exercise illustrates that demand-side measures will be necessary to reduce energy consumption, most notably of natural gas. We offer a perspective of the deeper energy integration that EU leaders must strive for to ensure that the bloc is ready for life without Russian energy. We argue that by following four key principles, the bloc will manage without Russian energy: i) bringing forward all available short run domestic supply capacities, ii) all countries making honest and ambitious efforts to reduce demand, iii) enshrining cross-border flows and the functioning of European energy trade, iv) protecting the most vulnerable consumers.

An Exploration of Critical Success Factors for Lean Project Management in the Upstream Petroleum Industry in Ghana

Lean project management is quickly gaining acceptance in a variety of industries. The problem is despite the discovery of oil and subsequent exploration, Ghana has always been a net importer of crude oil, petroleum products, and natural gas. Given that lean management implementation inures to better performance and cost efficiencies, this study sought to ascertain the state of lean project management implementation in the upstream petroleum industry using Ghana as a case of an emerging economy context.Employing a Delphi style methodology by seeking experts’ opinions in the upstream sector of Ghana’s petroleum industry, the study found that even though lean project management implemented to an extent within the sector, its implementation is fraught with challenges such as low leadership to drive the lean process, management, and planning for the entire process. Experts in the field gave opinions as to the key considerations for successful implementation of lean project management in the upstream sector and the study recommended that lean project management should be emphasized more in the petroleum sector for higher performance that may inure to the country being a net exporter instead of a net importer of crude products.The study recommends strong leadership teams for the upstream sector to lead lean implementation with adequate training on lean project management provided to all staff for increased commitment and effective implementation that engenders a lean culture in the sector.

India’s soft power diplomacy in West Asia

India’s soft power in West Asia has been shaped by a combination of cultural, historical, economic, and political factors. India’s cultural influence can be seen through the popularity of Bollywood movies, music, dance, and cuisine in the region. Historical ties between India and West Asia date back to ancient times, with trade and cultural exchanges being recorded as early as the 1st millennium BCE. India’s economic ties with West Asia have been strengthened through the import of crude oil, the presence of Indian IT companies, and investments in infrastructure projects. India’s non-alignment policy and involvement in peacekeeping efforts in the region have also contributed to its positive image in the region. Overall, India’s soft power in West Asia has helped establish it as a reliable partner and a source of inspiration for many in the region.

Impact of changes in global crude oil prices on the Indian economy

Oil is a crucial component in nearly every country's economic activities. “As a result, an increase in its price is likely to have a negative impact on the economic expansion of oil-importing nations like India. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how the price of oil affects India's economic growth to see if there is a co-integration relationship between India's economic growth, oil price, capital formation, and inflation. Crude oil always has a lower starting price, but import taxes make it more expensive for the average person. The cost of petroleum or other related items increments as needs be which brings about an expansion in consumption of an everyday person. This paper attempts to explain the significance of reducing crude oil imports to raise a person's standard of living and provides insight into the current state of crude oil imports. In order to avoid a rise in oil prices and its subsequent negative impact on the country's economic growth, the study suggests that the government should refrain from imposing additional taxes.”

Under the background of 100 million tons of crude oil purchase and sale contract: Countermeasures for smooth operation of the Alashankou-Dushanzi-Urumqi crude oil pipeline

A 100 million ton crude oil purchases and sale contract signed between China and Russia, and the crude oil will pass through Kazakhstan and flow along the Alashankou-Dushanzi-Urumchi crude oil pipeline to western Region. As an important crude oil import channel, this paper analyzes the current situation of Alashankou-Dushanzi-Urumchi crude oil pipeline and puts forward some countermeasures. Both Russia and Kazakhstan are major crude oil exporters, with internal demand for exporting crude oil to China. There is a huge gap between domestic crude oil demand, and social and economic development depends on crude oil import. The geographical environment of the crude oil pipeline is conducive to pipeline protection. The security environment of Xinjiang has improved. The situation in Russia and Ukraine and the civil strife in Kazakhstan have limited impact on the pipeline which will have good development opportunities. Thus, this paper proposes the following management strategies. First of all, strengthen communication and coordination between upstream and downstream enterprises. Second, reduce cost and increase efficiency. Third, attach importance of the application of new technologies. Fourth, establish emergency plans and hold emergency drills for emergencies such as COVID-19 outbreak and pipeline leakage. Fifth, strengthen anti-terrorism and riot control. Sixth, strengthen corporate culture and talent team construction.

SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES IN INDIA BY OIL & GAS INDUSTRY: AN OVERVIEW

The UN introduced the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in 2015 under 17 indivisible goals and 169 targets. These goals give a comprehensive attitude in addressing the issues of society, environment, and economy. The Oil and Gas (O&G) industry is a major contributor to the overall GDP of India. India is a net crude oil importer and has good refining capacities. In general, the O&G industry can contribute to all 17 SDGs. However, most industries focus on certain goals that are in alliance with their company. This paper gives a quantitative content analysis about the involvement of the major 5 Indian O&G industries involvement in sustainability. The frequency of projects and policies by each industry toward Sustainable Development Goals are computed. From analysis, it is concluded that these 5 Indian firms largely concentrate on Goals 12 and 13. KEYWORDS: Sustainable Development Goals, Oil and Gas Industry, quantitative content analysis, sustainability, Indian refineries

ANALISIS FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI IMPOR MINYAK BUMI MENTAH INDONESIA

Crude oil is an important source of energy in every country, especially in industrialists. This energy can drive the manufacturing sector of a country to get the desired output. It can be seen that this crude oil is one of the main commodities imported by Indonesia from year to year and imports of petroleum are relatively high. This study aims to analyze the factors affecting imports of crude oil in Indonesia in 2001-2020 using gravity with the variables Price, Exchange Rate, Production and Foreign Exchange Reserves. The research location was conducted in Indonesia because this research discussed the determinants of Indonesian crude oil imports. The type of data used in this research is secondary data. The analytical method in this study is the Error Correction Model used to overcome the problem of non-stationary data. The results of this study The price of crude oil, exchange rates, production, and foreign exchange simultaneously affect imports of crude oil in Indonesia. Crude oil prices, production, and foreign exchange reserves partially have a positive and significant effect both in the long and short term on the import of crude oil in Indonesia. While the exchange rate has no effect in the long term, it has a positive and significant effect in the short term on imports of crude oil in Indonesia.

Does Renminbi internationalization matter for petroleum security in China? Evidence from a disaggregate analysis

AbstractAs the largest oil consumer and sixth largest oil producer in the world, China's growing oil import is a premise to its energy security concerns. For China, petroleum security means supply security. The paper disaggregates petroleum security into three dimensions (domestic petroleum price—DOP, petroleum supply—PS and petroleum reserve—PR) and examines the impact of Renminbi internationalization (RMBI) on these dimensions based on linear auto regressive distributed lag (ARDL) procedure, and monthly data spanning from 2011M01 to 2022M03. The empirical results reveal evidence of long run equilibrium relationship between PR, PS and RMBI. On the long run and short run dynamics, RMBI is inversely related to DOP both in the short run and long run, but the impact is less than proportionately. However, RMBI and PS co‐move in the short run with 0.24% margin. In the same vein, RMBI and PR co‐move both in the short run and long run significantly. The impact of international oil price is positive on DOP but negative on PS and PR at least in the short run. Our finding signalled to the fact that increasing acceptance of the RMB in trade settlements and crude oil invoicing serve as a comparative advantage for China to engage in oil trade and complement the oil demand growth threatening the country's energy security drive. Therefore, we suggest diversification of crude oil import sources especially to regions/countries where RMB has been widely accepted. Prominence should be given to government controlled Strategic Petroleum Reserves (SPRs) and large oil companies should be compelled to raise the level of mandatory oil reserve for sustainable supply that keep pace with the growing demand for oil.

Dynamic risk resonance between crude oil and stock market by econophysics and machine learning

Changes in crude oil prices have a strong impact on global stock markets. As the largest importer of crude oil, China’s international crude oil market and stock market have a strong risk of contagion. It is of great significance to study the stochastic resonance effect between crude oil market and Chinese stock market. This paper proposes the dynamic risk resonance analysis method based on econophysics and machine learning. From the perspective of stochastic resonance in nonequilibrium statistical physics, we set up a new periodic capital asset pricing model based on econophysics and asset pricing theory, and introduce signal power amplification to describe the risk resonance effect of crude oil price and Chinese stock market. Then, we analyze the dynamic risk resonance between crude oil and stock market impacted by systemic risk and investor heterogeneity. The results demonstrate that: (1) Based on machine learning and predictive testing, the in-sample and out-of-sample forecasting results show that the proposed new periodic model has better fitting performance than the benchmark model; (2) There are optimal system parameters and period information to minimize the risk resonance effect between two markets; (3) The existence of optimal investor heterogeneity leads to inverse resonance behavior between the two markets, which greatly reduces the contagion of market risks.

Is there evidence of mild explosive behavior in Alaska North Slope crude oil prices?

Alaska has long been important to U.S. oil production. With the sixth largest amount of proven reserves of any state and >95% of oil production occurring on the North Slope, Alaska will continue to be an important factor in U.S. energy production. Given the importance of the North Slope crude oil to West Coast refineries, it is surprising that very few studies have investigated the prevailing price of crude oil from the North Slope: the Alaska North Slope West Coast price (ANS). This study provides evidence of mildly explosive behavior in the time series of ANS price relative to the consumer price level, Alaska oil production, and a measure of oil stocks by utilizing the recursive generalized supremum Augmented Dickey-Fuller of Phillips, Shi, and Yu (2015). The sample period spans from May 1987 until September 2020 and we find evidence of mild explosive behavior prior to and during the 2007–2009 recession. Our findings are consistent with others who found mildly explosive behavior in other oil prices during the same period.

Czech Republic as A Deferring Factor for European Union to Achieve Climate Change Measures

This study aims to finds out causal factors for Czech Republic yet to decide on phasing out coal-fired power plant and the impact of delaying the preparation of the coal-fired power plant phase-out plan by Czech on the EU's goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The researcher conducts an analysis based on two research questions: what are causal factors for Czech Republic yet to decide on phasing out coal-fired power plant and what impact will it have on the EU's efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 and become fully carbon neutral by 2050. The method used in this study is descriptive qualitative approach and literature review. The findings of this study are as follows: first, environmental and health reasons are the main reasons for the EU's decision to phasing out coal and other forms of fossil energy. The EU targets to cut emissions by 2030 and become fully carbon neutral by 2050. Second, Yet, Prague continues to mine coal since it is the only domestic-energy-source and made Czech become energy exporter. Czech has to import crude oil, natural gas and uranium for nuclear reactors. Third, Coal survives in Czech as politician and former politician support it. Czech coal industry also indirectly received support from the local mass media. Czech mass media almost never associate coal issues with climate change and other environmental and health issues. Concern on coal in Czech Coal often raised from the perspective of job opportunities, regional economic resilience, and energy security.