Implicit Understanding Research Articles

Generic Structure of Hospital Pharmacy Instructions

A Finnish hospital pharmacy produces instructions on the handling and use of medicines. These directive text documents are interprofessional in nature: they are produced by pharmacists in the hospital pharmacy and targeted to the multi-professional staff in the wards. This article explores the generic structure of these hospital pharmacy instructions from three perspectives: 1) the move structure of the text documents, 2) the writers’ orientations to the generic structure, and 3) recipient reflections on the generic structure. The structure of the texts is subjected to text-driven move-step analysis, whereas the writers’ and readers’ views are examined via interviews. The analysis reveals that the instructions have an established macrostructure with considerable flexibility and variation on the level of move-internal steps. The writers share a relatively coherent yet implicit understanding of the generic structure, whereas the recipients provide versatile, even contradictory readings and evaluations.

‘Until now, nobody’s ever actually said straight out how do you feel about them’: children’s experiences of the impact of high-stakes testing through participatory methods

ABSTRACT Research into the impact of high-stakes testing is often adult-centric. Using participatory methods with 10–11-year olds, this paper demonstrates how research with children provides a more nuanced understanding of the impacts of high-stakes testing on wellbeing, curriculum and pedagogy. This paper also demonstrates how children have an implicit understanding of the mechanisms of neoliberalism and how these mechanisms lead to competition with peers, which can exclude lower attaining children. We recommend further participatory research with children to inform wider policy and that schools develop children’s emotional literacy to help them to manage peer relations around high-stakes testing.

Active versus Passive Teaching: Students’ Perceptions and Thinking Skills

Most studies show that active teaching approaches positively affect student development when compared to passive teaching approaches. However, the literature is still unclear if an active teaching approach is more effective in all circumstances. This is because some studies find no differences in learning gains between the two approaches. Therefore, this study looks at how different levels of knowledge from Bloom’s taxonomy are affected by the active versus passive teaching approach. The research was conducted with a group of students of economics and management. A validated standardized instrument to assess microeconomic and macroeconomic competencies (TUCE Test) allows us to model added value to the following cognitive levels: knowledge and understanding, explicit application, and implicit application. The cognitive levels are constructed in accordance with a revised version of Bloom’s taxonomy. The results show that the active teaching approach is positively linked to academic performance at two cognitive levels: recognition and understanding and explicit understanding, with no significant relationship at the level of implicit understanding. On the other hand, a passive teaching approach has a negative relationship with academic outcomes at all the three cognitive levels.

When we talk about Big Data, What do we really mean? Toward a more precise definition of Big Data.

Despite the lack of consensus on an official definition of Big Data, research and studies have continued to progress based on this "no consensus" stance over the years. However, the lack of a clear definition and scope for Big Data results in scientific research and communication lacking a common ground. Even with the popular "V" characteristics, Big Data remains elusive. The term is broad and is used differently in research, often referring to entirely different concepts, which is rarely stated explicitly in papers. While many studies and reviews attempt to draw a comprehensive understanding of Big Data, there has been little systematic research on the position and practical implications of the term Big Data in research environments. To address this gap, this paper presents a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) on secondary studies to provide a comprehensive overview of how Big Data is used and understood across different scientific domains. Our objective was to monitor the application of the Big Data concept in science, identify which technologies are prevalent in which fields, and investigate the discrepancies between the theoretical understanding and practical usage of the term. Our study found that various Big Data technologies are being used in different scientific fields, including machine learning algorithms, distributed computing frameworks, and other tools. These manifestations of Big Data can be classified into four major categories: abstract concepts, large datasets, machine learning techniques, and the Big Data ecosystem. This study revealed that despite the general agreement on the "V" characteristics, researchers in different scientific fields have varied implicit understandings of Big Data. These implicit understandings significantly influence the content and discussions of studies involving Big Data, although they are often not explicitly stated. We call for a clearer articulation of the meaning of Big Data in research to facilitate smoother scientific communication.

Naïve realism and sensorimotor theory

How can we have a sense of the presence of ordinary three-dimensional objects (e.g., an apple on my desk, a partially occluded cat behind a picket fence) when we are only presented with some parts of objects perceived from a particular egocentric viewpoint (e.g., the facing side of the apple, the unoccluded parts of the cat)? This paper presents and defends a novel answer to this question by incorporating insights from two prominent contemporary theories of perception, naïve realism and sensorimotor theory. Naïve realism is the view that perception is fundamentally a matter of obtaining a relation of ‘acquaintance’ with some mind-independent entities (e.g., objects, properties, events). Sensorimotor theory holds that perception involves implicit practical understanding or ‘anticipation’ of the covariance between movements and sensory changes. I argue that perceptual presence is best accounted for in terms of the combination of our direct ‘acquaintance’ with some parts of perceived objects and sensorimotor ‘anticipations’ of how the objects would look different depending on some movements and actions.

An alternative theoretical approach to develop a new conception about pain in people with dementia

The theoretical approach presented in this paper describes a novel experimental-theoretical methodology to conceptualise pain in people with dementia. Existing procedures for assessment of pain rely on subjective self-report using...

Islands in the City: Negotiating the Location of British Concessions along the Yangtze River in 1861 China

In the second half of the nineteenth century, Britain signed treaties to secure the right to establish concessions along the Yangtze River in China. Despite extensive scholarly analysis of the history of British concessions, one aspect that is often overlooked is that these treaties did not specify the locations for these concessions. As a result, the British had to negotiate with local Chinese officials to acquire suitable sites. This essay aims to delve into the history of Sino-British relations and the spatial dynamics of occupation by examining the interactions between the British and Chinese in determining concession sites within Yangtze River port cities – specifically Zhenjiang, Hankou, and Jiujiang. It reveals that, following the Second Opium War, British arrivals and Chinese authorities established an implicit understanding. Despite diverse strategies employed by Chinese authorities in managing foreign affairs – ranging from appeasement to radical measures – the British consistently pursued potential advantages and preferred negotiation to maximize their respective interests. Consequently, these concessions were located in less desirable positions along the Yangtze River, surrounded by waterways. This strategic placement facilitated British cargo landings while enabling the Chinese to retain control over foreign arrivals, effectively transforming them into metaphorical islands within these cities.

Articulating teacher thinking to build collectively efficacious practice: a longitudinal study

ABSTRACT Individual pedagogical knowledge is tacitly understood by teachers with minimal opportunities to discuss, demonstrate and expand upon teaching and learning practices together. Articulating implicit understanding requires an approach that enables teachers to continually dissect, develop and redesign their pedagogy schoolwide. Developing this collectively efficacious culture is the nub of creating and sharing practice together in context. The longitudinal study of one Australian secondary school questioned: How does articulating teacher thinking build collectively efficacious practice across one school context over time? The study explored how to continually develop the confidence and capability of teachers to adopt and adapt practices to enhance student learning. The teacher professional learning captured data from analysis on observations of learning and two online surveys. The data showed increased adoption over time in the shared use of the pedagogical language, thinking routines and resources. A notable outcome was harnessing individual thinking on learning to improve teacher collective efficacious practice across the school. This paper supports the ongoing articulation of teacher thinking – individually and collectively – in changing practice and offers a pedagogical approach that could be utilised across similar schoolwide contexts.

To reduce or to recycle? Urban residents’ views on food waste and food-related packaging practices in The Hague, Netherlands

Urban households are an intimate nexus of food and food waste, connecting people to challenges of sustainability and inequality, in wider food systems. Household food waste (HFW) studies, including those which explored consumption practices during COVID-19, have tended to emphasize the reduction in food waste as part of behaviour change. In 2018/19 an exploratory, interdisciplinary, mixed method study was conducted of HFW perceptions and practices of urban residents in The Hague (Netherlands) with purposeful sampling (n = 19), speaking either Dutch, English or Arabic. Participants took photographs of their HFW for photovoice interviews and focus group HFW stories. The research provided a space for participants to become self-aware of the explicit and implicit understanding of their food practices and their household food waste and its related practices (i.e. food-related packaging). This finding resonated across all hierarchical levels of waste management from best practices, such as, reduction to mixed waste least preferred options. Performing HFW appears to lack comprehensive ecological contextualisation as per the latter part of the urban food system. Dutch and English-speaking focus groups seemed mostly unaware of ‘what happened next’ to their disposed HFW and food-related packaging, whilst the Arabic speaking focus group appeared more comprehensively ecosystem attuned. Given the impetus to a zero-waste more sustainable lifestyle, the transitory implications of knowing more explicitly about ‘what happens next’ to different forms of urban HFW disposal, once it is ‘out of sight’, could potentially offer insights into reconfigured routine HFW performance and therefore require further research.

Learning the art of Scholarly Peer-Review: Insights from the Communication Discipline

Many scholars find the peer-review process to be a puzzling, non-transparent, and subjective exercise. Many emerging scholars also learn about the peer-review and publishing process through painful and time-consuming trial and error while still students or as early-career researchers rather than through formal training or guided supervision. Yet many pitfalls exist in this process for new and veteran scholars alike. With this study, grounded in the communication field, we aim to pull back the curtain on this opaque process and assist scholars in their publishing ambitions while also providing suggestions, primarily for journal editors and those who train future reviewers, about how the peer-review process can be improved for collective benefit. To do so, this grounded theory study reviews a year's worth of reviews from a communication journal to explore which issues reviewers identify within the submitted research, to explore how the reviewer feedback reveals their implicit understanding of their role in the peer-review process, and to identify how clear reviewers and editors are regarding which feedback is most important. Taken together, this allows for an understanding of how reviewers and editors engage in the social construction of research. The results inform the training of communication scholars, reviewers, and editors.

Humour, sexual harassment, and police managers´ discretionary practices

ABSTRACT In this article, we describe and analyse police managers’ response to incidents of gender and sexual harassment as they play out in a police workplace context. The aim is to examine managers’ supervisory discretion in safeguarding employees’ legal rights, through three research questions: 1) What implicit understandings of sexual harassment, in the organisation, are made visible by managers´ approach to harassment; 2) what do these implicit problem understandings mean for which incidents become legitimate and illegitimate experiences of harassment in the organisation; and 3) which types of harassment incidents are employees protected against? Based on two cases of harassment, observed during 6 months of fieldwork, we explore and analyse humour and managers’ power of definition, applying socio-legal perspectives on implementation of laws and rights in a work context. Through this, small incidents of everyday harassment become visible and highlight the role of police managers in transforming policy to action.

Evaluation and Self-Evaluation of Teachers During the Educational Process

The position of teachers in modern teaching and changes related to educational reforms require a high degree of professionalism from teachers themselves, which, as Marentic Pozarnik (2000, p. 4) points out, is essentially “the ability of detailed professional judgment appropriate to the situation (reflection) as well as methods and procedures”. It is important for "trained” teachers to know, in a special, responsible way, to learn from their practice. At the same time, experiential and reflective approaches to learning imply a changed role of teachers, and only in the second step the application of specific methods and techniques are suitable for encouraging experiential learning (Vizek Vidovic & Vlahovic Stetic, 2007, p. 303). In the concept of "critical professional", the teacher in the educational and wider social field implies an awareness of the responsibilities of his profession at an individual level and society as a whole. A critical professional is able to think critically, both about his practical work and about the context of his work. He has developed an implicit understanding of the practical situation and the wider context. Professionals - experts at a higher level of professional activity are able to monitor and reflect, reconstruct and articulate knowledge gained from experience (Valencic Zuljan, 2001, p. 136). The very concept of reflection comes from the Latin reflectere that means reflection, contemplation, judgment. It is a process of experiential learning based on in-depth analysis of one's own practice and cognition, in other words connecting and directing the thinking and actions of an individual (metacognitive process) (Bell et al., 1993, as cited in Skok, 2002, p. 14).

Unveiling hidden patterns between managerial assumptions, international market orientation, and performance: an unexplored journey into Japanese SMEs

PurposeThis study seeks to investigate how managerial assumptions shape international market orientation (IMO) and how IMO, in turn, affects the performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), drawing from cognitive theory and the resource-based view (RBV) to provide the theoretical framework.Design/methodology/approachThe study focuses on the relatively unexplored domain of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Japan. A survey was developed and tested using data from 303 Japanese SMEs. The study model was subsequently analyzed using the partial least squares (PLS) technique.FindingsThe study reveals a nuanced relationship between managerial frames of reference (FoRs) and IMOs. The results confirmed notable congruence between interfunctional market orientation and managers who exhibit a political FoR. They also revealed a positive correlation between professional FoR managers and customer market orientation. Additionally, the findings showed that entrepreneurial FoR managers displayed a significant association with competitive market orientation and Bureaucratic FoR matched with the three types of IMO. Finally, the results indicate that all three forms of IMO have a substantial impact on performance, albeit to varying degrees.Research limitations/implicationsThe applicability of our results to multinational corporations (MNCs) has not been evaluated. Since the primary focus was to identify the types of associations among FoR and IMO, the causal pathways and explanatory factors that underpinned these observed relationships were not examined in this study. Additionally, due to the geographical concentration of our sample in Japan, we were unable to conduct tests on the suggested model in other countries to validate and potentially generalize the research findings.Practical implicationsBy developing an implicit understanding of the market orientation fit within the organization’s FoR, managers can enhance their understanding of competitors' activities and enable them to respond with greater efficiency.Originality/valueTo the authors’ knowledge, this is one of the rare papers that inspect the relationship between International market orientations and managerial assumptions as well as their effect on performance.

Point-of-care device for the noninvasive assessment of hepatic macrosteatosis in liver donors

BackgroundQuantification of macrosteatosis (MS) in the liver is important given that it has shown to directly correlate with adverse post-liver transplant (LT) outcomes. With advances in medical technology and an implicit understanding of pathology, noninvasive methods of quantitatively assessing MS are in various stages of development. Each of these methods is based on the physical principles of differences between a fat-laden hepatocyte and a normal one. MethodsIn this regard, after a proof-of-concept study on a prototype for a simple, real-time, handheld device using the principle of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, this study presents an upgraded point-of-care (POC) device for the noninvasive assessment of hepatic MS in liver donors. ResultsThe device was validated on cohort of donor livers and showed a sensitivity (0.0021 V/% fat) and highly correlated (r = 0.9868, P < .0001) with gold-standard liver biopsy. Results showed that this upgraded POC device provides a reliable method for the noninvasive assessment of hepatic MS, which is crucial for selecting suitable donor livers for LT. ConclusionThe device has the potential to be an invaluable apparatus at the hands of the organ-retrieving surgeon. It is noninvasive, portable (handheld), and economic; provides real-time readings of the percentage of MS; and can be efficaciously handled by any member of the organ-retrieving team.

Exit (digital) humanity: Critical notes on the anthropological foundations of “digital humanism”

This paper evaluates the historical-anthropological and ethical underpinnings of the concept of “digital humanism.” Our inquiry begins with a reconstructive analysis, focusing on three pivotal works defining digital humanism. The objective is to expose shared characteristics shaping the notions of “human being” and “humanity.” Moving forward, our investigation employs anthropological-evolutionary and individual-cognitive perspectives to discern how cultural-historical contingencies shape the implicit understanding of the “human being” that forms the foundation for digital humanism. As an illustrative case study, we delve into Luddism to illuminate the potential and limitations of adopting a critical stance towards digital humanism. Through a thorough analysis, encompassing both efficacy and implicit anthropological elements, our goal is to extract ethical implications pertinent to our broader objective. This examination reveals the interplay between cultural-historical contingencies and anthropological constants in shaping assumptions about the “human being” within the context of digital humanism. In conclusion, our paper contributes to a nuanced understanding of the implicit assumptions permeating the digital humanism discourse. We advocate for a more critical and reflective engagement with the foundational concepts of digital humanism, urging scholars and practitioners to navigate the complexities of its historical-anthropological and ethical dimensions.

Exploring the enablers, motivators, and triggers of upwards bullying

ABSTRACT Few studies have examined the dynamics involved in situations where managers are bullied by subordinates – a phenomenon known as upwards bullying. In this study, we combine interview data from targets and subject matter experts with data from case decision records to advance knowledge of the antecedents, grounded in Salin's model of enabling, motivating, and precipitating factors [Salin, D. (2003). Ways of explaining workplace bullying: A review of enabling, motivating and precipitating structures and processes in the work environment. Human Relations, 56(10), 1213–1232. https://doi.org/10.1177/00187267035610003]. Our thematic analysis showed that enabling factors establish foundational conditions for upwards bullying by delegitimising a manager’s formal power and decreasing the costs to perpetrators; motivators reinforce upwards bullying by fostering desirable outcomes for the subordinates or undesirable outcomes for the target managers, or assisting subordinates to navigate a competitive environment; and precipitators trigger upwards bullying in response to organisational change. Combining these factors, upwards bullying can be viewed as a logical adaptation to stressful or ineffective work environments. Finally, guided by the interviews, our study extends knowledge of the personal impact of upwards bullying for targeted managers, highlighting the detrimental effects when implicit understandings of the self and the world are challenged. Overall, prevention efforts should recognise this form of bullying as a sign of deeper organisational issues, and tackle the unique and shared antecedents as a system of risk factors.

Ideas of Multipolarity in the Conceptual Frame of the Soviet Diplomacy during the Final Phases of the Great Patriotic war (1943–1945)

This article endeavors to delineate the conceptual landscape occupied by the notions of prospective multipolarity within the strategic discourse of Soviet diplomacy during the latter phases of the Great Patriotic War. Particular emphasis is placed on the intellectual contributions of two prominent Soviet diplomats, M.M. Litvinov and I.M. Maisky. The author substantiates these insights by drawing upon both published and archival source materials, including the diaries and records maintained by officials within the Soviet Foreign Office, as well as documents emanating from the "Litvinov commission."While the diplomatic theories formulated by Litvinov and Maisky during the years 1943–1945 have been subject to analysis by Russian and international scholars, the majority of extant scholarship has traditionally focused on the content and nuances of their perspectives on specific international "questions." Departing from this convention, this article adopts a methodological approach that seeks to explore the underlying conceptual foundations upon which the ideas of Litvinov and Maisky were constructed. Additionally, the essay introduces a novel dimension by surveying the viewpoints of other Soviet diplomats (S.A. Lozovskii, B.E. Shtein, Ia.Z. Surits, E.V. Tarle), who have garnered relatively less scholarly attention.Of paramount interest is the manner in which Litvinov and Maisky envisaged the post-World War II international landscape, albeit without explicitly employing the term "multipolarity." The article addresses critical questions, such as their perception of the global scenario following WWII, their consideration of the inevitability of Soviet-American bipolarity, and the factors and circumstances that influenced their conceptualizations. The contemporary resurgence of discussions surrounding the trajectory of multipolarity in the twenty-first century underscores the pertinence of this historical inquiry.The article's key conclusion posits that the conceptual framework embraced by Soviet diplomats during 1943–1945 was not centered on notions of bipolarity or an imminent Cold War. While acknowledging the potential escalation of tensions between the USSR and Western nations led by the USA and Great Britain, they favored collaboration among the principal powers of the antiHitlerite coalition, grounded in an implicit understanding of their respective "spheres of influence." Although Soviet Foreign Office officials did not discount the possibility of the formation of a united Anglo-American front against the USSR, they believed that Soviet diplomacy should actively work to prevent such an outcome by capitalizing on the fissures between Washington and London.

“What Is an Opportunity?”: From Theoretical Mystification to Everyday Understanding

Expressions about opportunities are used unproblematically in everyday contexts. Yet, the question “What is an opportunity?” has posed a difficult riddle in the academic study of entrepreneurship. Drawing on the philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein, we explain that such perplexities are common when words are removed from ordinary language and intellectuals try to grasp what they name. Approaching the opportunity riddle differently, we ask, “How do entrepreneurs use the word opportunity?” and elucidate an actualization theory of entrepreneurship attuned to the everyday understandings that underlie the meaningful use of the word. Bringing implicit understandings to the foreground contributes to (1) the dissolution of the mystification over the nature of “opportunity”, (2) the clarification of the conceptual foundations of entrepreneurship theory, and (3) the reorientation of the field toward more conceptually precise ways of thinking about Knightian uncertainty, entrepreneurial success, and the entrepreneurial process. This paper also contributes to the methodology of management studies, by demonstrating how attention to the logic of ordinary language can alert us to theoretical dead-ends and enable the development of theory that bridges academic and everyday understandings.

Where does the carbon go? Long-term effects of forest management on the carbon budget of a temperate-forest water-supply watershed

While forest management commonly seeks to increase carbon (C) capture and sequestration, in some settings, a high density of C storage may be detrimental to other land uses and ecosystem services. We study a forested, drinking-water-supply watershed to determine the effects of forest management on C storage with the implicit understanding that greater storage of C will lead to increased quantity of carbon exported hydrologically into a source-water reservoir. Using a custom implementation of CBM-CFS3, a Canadian model to simulate C transformations and movement in forested systems, and a custom forest disturbance and management model, we simulate various management scenarios and their C outcomes. The largest forest C pool, mineral soils, is very slow to change and manipulating DOC export through this pool would likely not be feasible within human management timescales. Other pools, in which C has lower residence time and from which C is more readily mobilized, are a more promising area for future research into hydrologic DOC export under varying management regimes. Our findings indicate that management activities can serve to reduce forest C storage, but further research is required to connect these outcomes to hydrologic export.

Europe’s Future, Europe’s Resource? European Youth (Work) Policy Perspectives on Young People

This article deals with the perspectives that European-level youth policy take on young people and youth as a life stage. Drawing on considerations from discourse theory, the Foucault-inspired dispositive of age, we use a combination of content, metaphor and thematic analysis to examine documents published by the EU and the Council of Europe. Our study aims to comparatively reconstruct implicit and explicit understandings of young people and youth as a life stage contained in youth work related and strategic policy documents. We conclude that both perspectives are characterized by the fact that youth is the future of society, but is supposed to shape this future in accordance with contemporary adult society. In this role attributed to youth, young people are described as particularly vulnerable to negative influences and, therefore, need the protection by adults. Youth as an autonomous life stage is only attributed little significance in these perspectives.