Implicit Structure Research Articles

Акт исполнительной власти: история, дилеммы и возможные решения

Concerns about the rule of law in the modern administrative state are not only the result of our current legal system, but of our historical experience. Our legal tradition provides us with no precedents for imposing rules on executive power or authority. English kings created two institutions, the common law courts and the legislature (Parliament), in part to extend his control over the nobles. These institutions gradually acquired independent power and reduced the authority of the monarchy. They did not do so, however, by imposing controls, or standards of behavior, on the king's executive authority. Rather, they reduced the scope his authority, taking command of one field after another. In the process of defining and justifying their newly developed roles, the courts and the legislature established procedures and decision-making standards for their own actions that embodied the rule of law.Thus we, as heirs to English legal and constitutional thought, know how to impose the rule of law on judicial and administrative action. But we have not inherited any standards for executive action; our historical experience teaches us how to limit its scope but not how to control its content. The Administrative Procedure Act (APA) reflects this historical and cultural lacuna. It contains elaborate standards for adjudication, modeled on judicial procedure, and at least rudimentary standards for rulemaking, modeled on legislative procedure. But it provides no standards for executive action, and in fact, does not even recognize such action as a category. We know that category as informal adjudication, an obvious misnomer that does not appear in the language of the Act, but has been concocted by observers based on the Act's implicit structure. The unsolved problem in administrative law is to impose rules on action that falls within that category, that is, executive action, without impairing government’s ability to act. Methods for doing so could include substantive standards such as rationality, imposed by a revised APA and enforced by courts, or new supervisory institutions such as an the ombudsperson, or new procedural requirements, such as a revision of the APA notice and comment provisions that would be based on the concept of policy making rather than legislation by elected representatives.

Real-time recognition of medial structures within hand postures through Eigen-space and geometric skeletal shape features

Skeletons provide landmark points that preserve implicit strokes or medial structure within a shape for compact representation. Though, hand posture shapes are usually recognized by region or contour representations, some applications may only be interested in the recognition of medial structures within the postures rather than their exact outlines and regions. Proposed work identifies several unique medial structures formed by a set of both one and two-handed postures and demonstrates their pure skeletal recognition in real-time. Existing skeleton-based recognition schemes apply the complex segmental processing on underlying skeleton and rely on contour information which is not suitable for fast recognition of medial structures. Presented work applies intuitive Eigen-space based Principal Components of Symbolic Structure (PCSS) and geometric Equi-Polar Signature (EPS) features to accomplish the recognition task. Both PCV and EPS process the skeleton globally without sections without associating contour information. Recognition accuracy up to 94% is obtained on a 22 posture dataset comprising of 10,560 depth frames with 480 samples for each posture. Depth sensor based acquisition is employed to meet the real-time requirements.

An analysis of the intellectual structure of the cloud patents of SaaS

ABSTRACTIn this study, we reveal and analyse the hitherto implicit intellectual structure of cloud computing by using the methods of patent clustering and co-word clustering, respectively. In order to enhance the quality of patent clustering, we conduct the Taguchi method, which uses the E–I index as the quality characteristic, to investigate three influential factors to the quality, including the cut-off value for dichotomisation, the number of terms, and the sparsity. In co-word clustering analysis, this study demonstrates how the utilisation of the proposed modified co-word analysis method, factor analysis, multidimensional scaling analysis, and network analysis can efficiently explore the relation between R&D themes and competition between companies. This study reveals the knowledge networks in the area of Software as a Service (SaaS), thereby helping academia and practitioners to reach a richer understanding of the up-to-date studies.

Decentering the Dialogic: Lacan with Bakhtin

This paper will argue that the structure of Dostoevsky’s poetics is constituted around the phenomenology of shame and the gaze. Dostoevsky should be read not only inter-textually or as historical object but critically, with Lacanian psychoanalysis and the European philosophical canon. 1 Positioning Dostoevsky at the limit separating the theological tradition and European philosophical positivism, our analysis will present him as a precursor to psychoanalytic and phenomenological concepts of subjectivity of the 19th and 20th centuries. In this sense Dostoevsky with Lacan can be used to re-frame and situate Bakhtinian concepts of the dialogical; a re-reading that makes more explicit the radical ideas inherent in Bakhtin’s work but at once problematises some of these ideas in terms of the implicit structure of the subject and inter-subjectivity.

Modelos de maturidade em gerenciamento de projetos: uma análise comparativa

A maturidade em gerenciamento de projetos tornou-se um fator crítico para organizações que desenvolvem projetos e querem destacar-se no mercado em que atuam. Para tanto, a literatura apresenta vários modelos de avaliação da maturidade organizacional em gerenciamento de projetos, os quais fornecem caminhos para que a institucionalização da gestão de projetos seja alcançada da melhor maneira possível. Assim, neste artigo, buscou-se realizar uma análise comparativa de quatro modelos de maturidade em gerenciamento de projetos. Como aporte metodológico, realizou-se uma pesquisa bibliográfica exploratória, sendo feita uma revisão crítica de outros estudos comparativos, de corte conceitual ou empírico, de forma a elaborar uma matriz de análise a partir dos resultados de um estudo teórico das estruturas de tais modelos. As conclusões do trabalho apontam que os modelos Prado-MMGP e PMMM apresentam-se como os mais adequados dentre os analisados, ressaltando-se a necessidade de promover mais estudos que abordem tal problemática e busquem aprimorar a matriz de análise.

Authority and Litugical Formation: About a Reformational Dream, a Complex Set of Relationships, and a Play Worth Playing

The question of authority interrupts self-evident relationships of liturgical praxis and liturgical formation. It makes visible what otherwise would usually remain hidden. Both implicit actors and hidden power structures become identifiable. The Reformation was, among other things, a movement that became powerful by questioning previously dominant power structures. Liturgically it meant a normative centering of liturgical worship on just two active subjects: God and the community. In any case that is how we can describe the liturgical dream of the reformers to which Luther gave special expression in his 1544 Torgau church-dedication sermon. To be sure, this dream was never a reality at any time. For it was above all the pastor who gained control of the worship service; and from the outset, Evangelical worship was threatened by a horizontalizing of liturgical communication that tented to push, along with the community, even ‘God’ into becoming secondary subjects of the liturgy. Hence it is necessary to paint a more realistic picture of those who play a part in the liturgy. This results in a liturgical pyramid at the horizontal base of which we find pastors, the community, and the ‘Agende’ (ritual/tradition/Church), and whose verticals are constituted by the God-relation. Liturgical praxis takes place in the interplay of these poles, whereby in Evangelical Christianity it is usually the pastor who turns out to be the strong liturgical subject (even today in the context of the “Evangelisches Gottesdienstbuch”, 1999). Hence the question: How can we bring about a strengthening of the authority of the community in the God-community word-exchange of the liturgy? This requires liturgical instruction on at least three levels:

Representing Work for Device Design and Evaluation Using Biclustering

Successful design of technology for safety critical or high-stakes work demands a clear understanding of the work to be supported, a demand not required for many casual-use applications. Methods are needed to ensure the interaction design of safety-critical systems is aligned with the structure of work. We describe a method for representing work needs, the Work Matrix, to guide design and evaluation. A Work Matrix can be input to biclustering algorithms. Biclustering uncovers implicit structure in the Work Matrix, which can provide guidance for design. Our approach should be relevant to analysts and designers of software and automation for demanding work domains. We present our approach using the domain of piloting and flight deck automation to illustrate how biclustering results can provide guidance for interaction design.

The Product of the Calculated Impedance and the Capacitance of the Universe Solves for Planck’s Time and 8π

The prominence of 8π in cosmological solutions regarding the structure of space might be accommodated by factors other than the presence of mass. When the total set is considered a LC (inductance-capacitance) circuit, the “time constant” differs from Planck’s time by a factor of 8π which satisfies the numbers of turns (N) within the geometry of a universal solenoid. The calculated separation between two concentric spherical Casimir boundaries whose energies and pressures define the current universe is ~54 μm. If the volume of the universe was held constant the linear distance of this extraordinarily flat space would require the hypothetical entanglement velocity (~1023 m·s-1) continuing until the final epoch (~1018 s) of the universe to be integrated into a singular entity. We suggest that 8π may be a reflection of the temporal properties of an implicit solenoid-like spatial structure that will ultimately be manifested quite differently as the temporal boundary of the universe is approached. Two perspectives emerge. The first reflects the topological properties of a line that become the second derivative of the surface of a sphere. The second is the shape would be extraordinarily flat.

Exploiting online social gambling for marketing communications

Internet technology provides a new approach to how gambling is conducted in postmodern times. Drawing on constructivist research and utilising a single case study strategy, this paper examines online social gambling and real money gambling marketing communication practices, as well as offering some insights into the development and implementation of effective marketing communication programmes. In contrast to existing studies, this paper, in part, proposes integrative and higher levels of marketing communication programmes between online social gambling and real money gambling environments. The paper reveals the implicit structure of meanings underlying the link between online social gambling activity and real money gambling practices.

Executive Action: Its History, its Dilemmas, and its Potential Remedies

Concerns about the rule of law in the modern administrative state can be fully understood only in their historical context. After the Norman Conquest, the national government of England was controlled entirely by the king, although the nobility exercised substantial powers within their assigned areas. The king subsequently created two institutions, the common law courts and the legislature (Parliament), in part to extend his control over the nobles. These institutions gradually acquired independent power and reduced the authority of the monarchy. They did not do so, however, by imposing controls, or standards of behavior, on the king's executive authority. Rather, they reduced his authority, taking command of one field after another. In the process of defining and justifying their newly developed roles, the courts and the legislature established procedures and decision-making standards for their own actions that embodied the rule of law. Thus we, as heirs to English legal and constitutional thought, know how to impose the rule of law on judicial and administrative action. But we have not inherited any standards for executive action; our historical experience teaches us how to limit its scope but not how to control its content. The Administrative Procedure Act reflects this historical and cultural lacuna. It contains elaborate standards for adjudication, modeled on judicial procedure, and at least rudimentary standards for rulemaking, modeled on legislative procedure. But it provides no standards for executive action, and in fact, does not even recognize such action as a category. We know it now as informal adjudication, an obvious misnomer that does not appear in the language of the Act, but has been concocted by observers based on the Act's implicit structure. This introductory essay attempts to unify the incisive and illuminating discussion that the articles in this symposium provide about our lack of standards for executive action. Pretrial diversion agreements (Arlen), executive waivers (Price), guidances (Epstein) and the control exercised by Presidential signing statements (Rodriguez, Stiglitz & Weingast) are all examples of a general category of executive action (DeMuth) that raises rule of law concerns due to this lack of standards. After describing the problem, and setting it in its historical context, the essay ends by considering substantive standards (rationality), supervisory institutions (the ombudsperson) and procedural mechanisms (a revised Administrative Procedure Act) that might be employed to impose legal standards on this essential but troublesome mode of public governance.

Spielraum, phenomenology, and the art of virtue: hints of an ‘embodied’ ethics in Kant

Although the suggestion that Kant offers a significant contribution to Virtue Ethics might be a surprising one, in The Metaphysics of Morals Kant makes virtue central to his ethics. In this paper, I introduce a Merleau-Pontian phenomenological perspective into the ongoing study of the convergence between Kant and Virtue Ethics, and argue that such a perspective promises to illuminate the continuity of Kant’s thought through an emphasis on the implicit structure of moral experience, revealing the insights his perspective contains for establishing an embodied phenomenology of virtue. These two aims are accomplished by exploring Kant’s ‘proto-phenomenological’ descriptions of the weight of the moral law, his implicit ‘existential’ account of human nature, and his notion of the art of navigating the complex moral terrain that involves a certain Spielraum (leeway). When thus viewed, Kant’s virtue ethics sketches out a subtle understanding of embodiment and temporality.

基于大学生人群的“革命者性格”特征的内隐结构分析——民间概念研究之十一

本研究运用词汇学方法，对大学生的“革命者性格”特征的内隐结构进行了初步探讨。采用特征枚举法，让被试对“革命者”一词进行特征枚举，经合并整理得到100个高频词(累计频率75.74%)。以高频词为研究单位，让372名被试选择所列词语对自己或他人的描述程度并进行1分(完全不符合)到6分(完全符合)的评定，经因素分析，结合“大七”人格理论，最终确定“革命者性格”特征的编码维度，包括革命人生哲学、革命胜任力、匪戾气和革命情怀。 The approach of lexicology was used in the present study to investigate the implicit structure of the characteristics of the “revolutionary character” of college students fundamentally. By the enumeration characteristics method, 372 participants were asked to list feature terms of the “re-volutionary”. The frequency from high to low ranking was got by data merging and reduction, and the top 100 words as high frequency word which cumulative frequency accounted for 75.74% of the total frequency are selected. Then, these top words with high cumulative percentage were selected to describe your own or other ranked by 1 (not completely meet) point to 6 points (completely meet). According to the general rules of the factor analysis, with reference to the Chinese “big seven” personality theory, “revolutionary character” coding dimensions were confirmed ultimately, including the philosophy of revolutionary participation, the competence of revolutionary participation, revolutionary personality, the revolutionary sentiments and feelings.

Neural correlates of processing harmonic expectancy violations in children and adolescents with OCD.

It has been suggested that patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) exhibit enhanced awareness of embedded stimulus patterns as well as enhanced allocation of attention towards unexpected stimuli. Our study aimed at investigating these OCD characteristics by running the harmonic expectancy violation paradigm in 21 boys with OCD and 29 healthy controls matched for age, gender and IQ during a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scan. Each trial consisted of a chord sequence in which the first four chords induced a strong expectancy for a harmonic chord at the next position. In 70% of the trials the fifth chord fulfilled this expectancy (harmonic condition), while in 30% the expectancy was violated (disharmonic condition). Overall, the harmonic condition elicited blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) activation in the auditory cortex, while during the disharmonic condition the precuneus, the auditory cortex, the medial frontal gyrus, the premotor cortex, the lingual gyrus, the inferior frontal gyrus and the superior frontal gyrus were activated. In a cluster extending from the right superior temporal gyrus to the inferior frontal gyrus, boys with OCD exhibited increased activation compared to healthy controls in the harmonic condition and decreased activation in the disharmonic condition. Our findings might indicate that patients with OCD are excessively engaged in processing the implicit structure embedded in music stimuli, but they speak against the suggestion that OCD is associated with a misallocation of attention towards the processing of unexpected stimuli.

Uncertainty quantification in the numerical solution of coupled systems by involutive completion

We address the issue of epistemic uncertainty quantification in the context of constrained differential systems. To illustrate our approach we have chosen a certain chromatographic adsorption model which is a coupled system of partial differential, ordinary differential and algebraic equations. The difficulty in solving this type of a system is that typically certain unknowns lack a natural time evolution equation. The standard approach in such cases is to devise specific numerical schemes which somehow try to take into account the implicit structure of the system. In our approach, we complete the system by finding the appropriate missing evolution equations. This makes the system overdetermined and more complicated in some way but, on the other hand, the completed system provides extra information useful for error estimation and uncertainty quantification. We will also show that reducing the epistemic uncertainties also leads to better estimations of aleatory uncertainties.

Person re-identification with multi-level adaptive correspondence models

In this work, we present a multi-level adaptive correspondence model for person re-identification. Coarse segmentation and single level representation carry poorly discriminative information for generating a signature of a target, whilst fine segmentation with a fixed matching fashion is hindered severely by misalignment of corresponding body parts. We address such a dilemma through a multi-level adaptive correspondence scheme. Our approach encodes a pedestrian based on horizontal stripes in multi-level to capture rich visual cues as well as implicit spatial structure. Then dynamic correspondence of stripes within an image pair is conducted. Considering that manually selected weights in the final fusion stage is not advisable, we employ RankSVM to seek a data-driven fusion solution. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method on two public datasets and another new dataset built for single shot re-identification. Comparisons with state-of-the-art re-identification methods show the superior performance of our approach.

Beyond narrative: Is there an implicit structure to the way in which adults organise their discourse?

Understanding the structure of discourse in healthy adults is fundamental to the assessment and diagnosis of discourse level impairments in clinical populations and the development of effective treatment regimes. Exploring discourse genre in healthy speakers that extend beyond the traditional narrative is equally paramount in facilitating maximum impact of clinical interventions in everyday speaking contexts. This study aimed to characterise the discourse of 30 healthy adult speakers across three age groups (20–39, 40–59 and 60+ years) and four discourse genres (recount, procedural, exposition and narrative), drawing on discourse frameworks used in classroom teaching. A clinically useful discourse protocol and analytic procedure using SALT was developed that profiled the macrostructure and key aspects of linguistic microstructure of the different genres, exploring coherence and cohesion within and across genre in a systematic manner. Analyses considered whether there were differences in coherence and cohesion among the different age groups, different genres and specific topics. Results showed that, while individual variability was present, healthy adults structured their discourse consistently, adhering to the frameworks described in the developmental literature, across all four genres. Significant age differences were only seen in the amount of information contained in the body of the discourse (i.e. events, steps or statements offered) with older participants offering less information. This dataset will enable comparisons to be drawn with clinical populations to determine the utility and the feasibility of the use of this framework for diagnosis and intervention.

Text Matching and Categorization: Mining Implicit Semantic Knowledge from Tree-Shape Structures

The diversities of large-scale semistructured data make the extraction of implicit semantic information have enormous difficulties. This paper proposes an automatic and unsupervised method of text categorization, in which tree-shape structures are used to represent semantic knowledge and to explore implicit information by mining hidden structures without cumbersome lexical analysis. Mining implicit frequent structures in trees can discover both direct and indirect semantic relations, which largely enhances the accuracy of matching and classifying texts. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm remarkably reduces the time and effort spent in training and classifying, which outperforms established competitors in correctness and effectiveness.

Aspect of Social Discourse Retrospection

The cause and value of retrospection of social discourse in the context of the constitution of social models and social norms of the present is considered. It is also assumed that the retrospection draws our attention, figuratively speaking, to previously missed opportunities. And it happens (the retrospective analysis may indicate problematic reasoning steps) due to the fact that at the time of this analysis the problems, specified by us, have already been resolved and removed from the agenda in the absence of the possibility of their perspective analysis and solution. Consequently, retrospective conditionality of factual statements’ novelty is determined for us again (if the situation arises) arising relevance of the earlier implicit structure. Retrospection draws our attention, figuratively speaking, to previously missed opportunities. Mobility of social discourse is due to the nature of discursive model.Since the discourse is defined by intersubjective communication processes aimed at the possibility of understanding, it is possible to assume that interpretative mobility of a social discourse is caused by the nature of the discursive model, the main objective of which is an understanding and structuring of social reality in a certain way, i.e., by one or another aspect of vision.

A wavelet-based approach to quantify the anisotropy degree of spatial random point configurations

A two-dimensional point process, if considered as a random measure, can be expressed as a countable sum of Delta Dirac measures concentrated at some random points. Then a continuous wavelet transform can be applied to obtain information on some structural properties. We introduce the notions of wavelet-based isotropy, main anisotropy direction and anisotropy degree to characterize the implicit anisotropic structure of the point process. We propose several statistical hypothesis tests that are proved to be useful to test for the presence of anisotropy. An application to a real case is also included.

How Does Organisational Literacy Impact Access to Health Care for Homeless Individuals?

This article describes a study that examined the experiences of 27 individuals who frequented an Open Access homeless shelter in Toronto, Canada. The overarching aim of this study was to map the social organisation of health care in Toronto, with particular regards to the ways in which literacy, or the lack of literacy, mediates the experiences of homeless individuals attempting to gain access to health care. While terms such as "literate" or "illiterate" might be seen to reflect an individual's level of acquired education or competence, critical social theorists argue that such terms instead more accurately reflect an individual's relative class or position within the social hierarchy. Individuals who possess literacy are able to read into texts for their implicit understandings, directives, and power structures. Furthermore, they are able to translate and decode texts as potential pretexts for coordination or control. This study draws on a Freirean critical standpoint, which acknowledges that knowledge and power are inextricably interconnected. This study asked: How does literacy, or the lack of literacy, facilitate or impede access to health care for homeless individuals? What are the social consequences of illiteracy?