Implicit Indicators Research Articles

Vertrauensrelevantes Wissen und Diskurssemantik: eine diskurslinguistische Annäherung an das KonzeptVertrauen

AbstractThis paper investigates the concept of trust at the discourse level. Based on an epistemological discourse approach (Busse 1987), trust is defined as trust-relevant knowledge, which is usually implicit. The paper focuses on the methodology of the analysis of trust at discourse level in the mass media reporting on refugees by identifying implicit indicators of trust constructions (trust dimensions) and their discourse linguistic operationalization through argumentation patterns. The manual annotation of trust dimensions and a combination of hermeneutic and automatic analysis usingMaxqdaplay a central role for the operationalization of the concepttrustfor discourse linguistic analysis. The implementation of the method is demonstrated by analyzing the media construction of the loss and the rebuilding of trust towards refugees (the discursive trust dynamics) in the context of the New Year's Eve sexual assaults in Germany in December 2015/January 2016. In contrast to sociological studies, the present analysis does not show an increased mass media construction of distrust in the face of this discursive event and therefore demonstrates that discourse linguistic trust research contributes to the interdisciplinary research on trust and provides valid findings about the collective knowledge about refugees.

Caste in contemporary Bollywood movies: An analysis of the portrayal of characters

Abstract Caste, an integral part of the Indian social system, has extensively influenced all walks of life. The media is not an exception for the persuasion of caste. The depiction of caste as a social reality is central to Indian cinema since its early years. However, there is a lack of studies examining the depiction of the caste system in mainstream Bollywood movies. In the present study, we have critically analyzed mainstream commercial Bollywood movies to understand: (i) How it depicts the caste system? (ii) What are the explicit or implicit indicators of castes in mainstream movies? (iii) How they reinforce or validate existing caste stereotypes? Using certain inclusion and exclusion criteria, 22 highest-grossing movies of the period 2014–2017 were selected. Analyses of the selected movies suggested that the majority of the lead characters carry surnames representing dominant castes, and the portrayal of characters was made in accordance with the traditional caste-based occupations. Further, the characterization is reinstating and upholding the dominant caste values. The narratives of the Dalits and backward castes are neglected in mainstream cinema. The subalternity appended with them has intentionally hidden, and these castes are treated unworthy to the cinematic portrayal.

Testing Correlates of Lifetime Exposure to Print Fiction Following a Multi-Method Approach: Evidence From Young and Older Readers

Two pre-registered studies investigated associations of lifetime exposure to fiction, applying a battery of self-report, explicit and implicit indicators. Study 1 ( N = 150 university students) tested the relationships between exposure to fiction and social and moral cognitive abilities in a lab setting, using a correlational design. Results failed to reveal evidence for enhanced social or moral cognition with increasing lifetime exposure to narrative fiction. Study 2 followed a cross-sectional design and compared 50–80 year-old fiction experts ( N = 66), non-fiction experts ( N = 53), and infrequent readers ( N = 77) regarding social cognition, general knowledge, imaginability, and creativity in an online setting. Fiction experts outperformed the remaining groups regarding creativity, but not regarding social cognition or imaginability. In addition, both fiction and non-fiction experts demonstrated higher general knowledge than infrequent readers. Taken together, the present results do not support theories postulating benefits of narrative fiction for social cognition, but suggest that reading fiction may be associated with a specific gain in creativity, and that print (fiction or non-fiction) exposure has a general enhancement effect on world knowledge.

Цифровые аспекты комплексной диагностики инновационного потенциала предпринимательских структур

Relevance. The powerful digital transformation that the world economy is currently undergoing brings to the fore the issues of innovative development of entrepreneurial structures as flagships of their competitive advantages. Insufficient attention to the issues of digital maturity of enterprises and their innovative potential confirms the relevance of scientific and theoretical study of this direction. Within the framework of this article, we will turn to the implicit indicator of the innovation sphere – the innovation potential, the issues of its assessment in the conditions of an imbalance of economic relations and the need to increase the investment attractiveness of business entities as a condition. The purpose of the study is a theoretical and methodological study of the issues of a comprehensive assessment of the innovative potential of entrepreneurial structures, taking into account the aspects of digitalization of the economy, which requires a significant rethinking of the entire strategy of development of economic entities in the long term. Objectives: analysis of existing approaches to the definition of the concept of "innovative potential"; consideration of modern methods for assessing the level of innovative potential of organizations; development of the author's methodology for assessing the level of innovative potential, taking into account indicators of digital development. Methodology. The methodological basis of the study is a systematic approach, as a set of methods of structural, statistical and dynamic assessment. The methods of classification and comparative analysis, empirical, monographic methods of cognition, deductive and inductive, and the method of expert assessments were used as research methods. Results. The article considers the main trends of innovative development of the Russian Federation as conditions for the realization of the innovative potential of entrepreneurial structures; the existing approaches to the definition and evaluation of the definition of "innovation potential" are analyzed; the author's method of diagnostics of the innovative potential of entrepreneurial structures with consideration of aspects of digital transformation is proposed. Conclusion. The proposed methodology for assessing the level of innovation potential in the long term provides opportunities for comparative retrospective analysis of the results obtained, both for one business entity and for business structures operating within the same industry. The resulting values can be used in the development of a strategy to ensure the competitiveness of the enterprise in terms of the innovation policy of the organization and a more detailed analysis of the causes of successes and failures in the field of innovative development, including in the context of digital development.

Biogeochemistry of holocene peatlands in the baraba forest-steppe (southern West Siberia)

Postdepositional diagenetic processes and behavior of biogenic and other elements in Holocene peatlands have been studied in Ubinskoe and Sherstobitovo bogs of the Baraba forest-steppe zone. Peat contains relatively high concentrations of Fe, Mn, Pb, Hg, Sb, Cd, Cu, and Zn in the upper part of the two sections and S, N, Ca, and Sr in the middle. Microbially mediated processes in peat affect the behavior of pH and Eh and cycles of biogenic elements. Depth-dependent distribution patterns of microorganisms in the two bogs record active cycles of carbon and nitrogen but limited sulfur exchange. Bog waters have Ca-group bicarbonate major-ion chemistry and high concentrations of Al, Fe, Cu, and Zn, due to low pH. High contents of NH4+, NO3−, and Corg and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the bog waters are implicit indicators of rapid biochemical decomposition and oxidation of organic matter. The low pH of the water and an oxic environment in peat were favorable for the formation of goethite and hydrogoethite in upper peat layers. The formation of hematite and andhydride may be related with past wild fires. Early diagenetic processes lead to precipitation of authigenic minerals, especially, pyrite or less often siderite, calcite, and kaolinite. Reduced conditions maintained the formation of metallic Ni and intermetallic Ni–Cr nanometer particles, as well as precipitation of amorphous silica upon dissolution of aluminosilicate minerals in upper peat intervals.

Utilizing imbalanced electronic health records to predict acute kidney injury by ensemble learning and time series model

BackgroundAcute Kidney Injury (AKI) is a shared complication among Intensive Care Unit (ICU), marked by high cost, high morbidity and high mortality. As the early prediction of AKI is critical for patients’ outcomes and data mining is such a powerful prediction tool, many AKI prediction models based on machine learning methods have been proposed. Our motivation is inspired by the fact that the incidence of AKI is a changing temporal sequence affected by the joint action of patients’ daily drug combinations and their physiological indexes. However, most existing models have not considered such a temporal correlation. Besides, due to great challenges caused by sparse, high-dimensional and highly imbalanced clinical data, it is hard to achieve ideal performance.MethodsWe develop a fast, simple and less-costly model based on an ensemble learning algorithm, named Ensemble Time Series Model (ETSM). Besides benefiting from vital signs and laboratory results as explicit indicators, ETSM explores the effect of drug combinations as possible implicit indicators for the AKI prediction. The model transforms temporal medication information into a multidimensional vector to consider and measure drug cumulative effects that may cause AKI.ResultsWe compare ETSM with state-of-the-art models on ICUC and MIMIC III datasets. On the basis of the experimental results, our model obtains satisfactory performance (ICUC: AUC 24 hours ahead: 0.81, 48 hours ahead: 0.78; MIMIC III: AUC 24 hours ahead: 0.95, 48 hours ahead: 0.95). Meanwhile, we compare the effects of different sampling and feature generation methods on the model performance. In the ablation study, we validate that medication information improves model performance (24 hours ahead: AUC increased from 0.74 to 0.81). We also find that the model’s performance is closely related to the balanced level of the derivation dataset. The optimal ratio of major class size to minor class size for the model is found for AKI prediction.ConclusionsETSM is an effective method for the early prediction of AKI. The model verifies that AKI incidence is related to the clinical medication. In comparison with other prediction methods, ETSM provides comparable performance results and better interpretability.

Conditions for the Stable Acceleration of Ion Rings by Collapsed Liners

The conditions of suppressing the collective slowing-down of an ionic beam on electrons, which is caused by the excitation of electron plasma oscillations (beam instability) by ions, are found. In contrast to available explicit and implicit indications, a large spread of the energies only in an ionic beam is insufficient for this suppression. The acceleration of ions is shown to become stable when a sufficiently large spread of the electron velocities is simultaneously present. The beam instability of ions is suppressed by the Landau damping of the ion-excited plasma waves at electrons. The results obtained are used to analyze the possibility of ion acceleration by collapsed cylindrical plasma liners.

Environmental control and psychosis-relevant traits modulate the prospective sense of agency in non-clinical individuals.

The sense of agency concerns the experience of being the source of one's own actions and their consequences. An altered sense of agency can occur due to task automation and in psychosis. We tested in a non-clinical sample the hypothesis that reducing voluntary task control diminishes intentional binding as an implicit indicator of the sense of agency, possibly interacting with psychosis-relevant personality traits. Agent-device interactions were manipulated obtaining positive-control (voluntary interaction), no-control (automation), and negative-control (device-commanded interaction) groups. The main results showed reduced prospective intentional binding (predictive coding of action consequences) in the no-control and negative-control groups, compared to the positive-control group. Psychosis-like experiences covaried positively with intentional binding in the no-control group, but negatively in the negative-control group. Moreover, positive-social traits were associated with increased intentional binding in the positive-control group. These findings demonstrate the interplay between environmental and individual differences variables in establishing the implicit sense of agency.

The Emperor Has No Clothes!: Exposing Whiteness as Explicit, Implicit, and Null Curricula

This article examines the term “whiteness,” providing a historical review for context. It uncovers whiteness using educational theory that identifies three aspects of curriculum—explicit, implicit, and null. A particularly unexamined biblical interpretation itself illustrates the explicit curriculum. Visual images that permeate the culture provide examples of implicit indicators of whiteness. Episodes in our history that are not taught create a null curriculum that reveals whiteness. Finally, it suggests three educational steps with examples to expose and dismantle whiteness.

Feature-enriched matrix factorization for relation extraction

Relation extraction aims at finding meaningful relationships between two named entities from within unstructured textual content. In this paper, we define the problem of information extraction as a matrix completion problem where we employ the notion of universal schemas formed as a collection of patterns derived from open information extraction systems as well as additional features derived from grammatical clause patterns and statistical topic models. One of the challenges with earlier work that employ matrix completion methods is that such approaches require a sufficient number of observed relation instances to be able to make predictions. However, in practice there is often insufficient number of explicit evidence supporting each relation type that could be used within the matrix model. Hence, existing work suffer from a low recall. In our work, we extend the work in the state of the art by proposing novel ways of integrating two sets of features, i.e., topic models and grammatical clause structures, for alleviating the low recall problem. More specifically, we propose that it is possible to (1) employ grammatical clause information from textual sentences to serve as an implicit indication of relation type and argument similarity. The basis for this is that it is likely that similar relation types and arguments are observed within similar grammatical structures, and (2) benefit from statistical topic models to determine similarity between relation types and arguments. We employ statistical topic models to determine relation type and argument similarity based on their co-occurrence within the same topics. We have performed extensive experiments based on both gold standard and silver standard datasets. The experiments show that our approach has been able to address the low recall problem in existing methods, by showing an improvement of 21% on recall and 8% on f-measure over the state of the art baseline.

ВЫРАЖЕНИЕ АВТОРСКОЙ ИНТЕНЦИИ В ИСТОРИОГРАФИЧЕСКИХ ТЕКСТАХ

The article presents the analysis of author's self-presentation means in historiographical texts. The author of a historiographical text studies scientific context of historic events and therefore acts as a historian and historiographer. The current study enabled to discover the major strategies of expressing author's intentions. Those turned out to be objectiveness, appeal to documents, detached subjectivity, explicit evaluation and argumentation strategies. Dialog strategy was in the periphery. It was found that historiographical texts show the dominants common for scientific discourse in general including a pattern of “a research analyst” who uses certain techniques of proving a hypothesis by means of elaborated logical description and reasoning. The analysis of linguistic means of expressing author's intentions enabled to reveal explicit and implicit indications of those strategies. The explicit ones included adjectives sometimes used with intensifiers; nouns; set expressions and phrases with evaluative meaning; an appeal to other scientists opinion with the abundance of quotations and references. The implicit ones contained argumentation strategies including author's comments with unfortunately rare appeal to the analyst's own research results and dialog strategies with interrogative sentences and question-answer patterns indicating them.

Potentially inappropriate prescriptions in elderly outpatiens. Results of implicit criteria applied by clinical pharmacists.

Management of therapy in elderly patients is a critical issue in primary care. The physiopathological status is usually complex, and the prescription of multiple drugs is typically required, with a consequent higher risk of adverse effects. Many tools have been developed to cope with this problem, and identify drugs that are inappropriate in the elderly. The objective of the study was to evaluate the appropriateness of therapies in the elderly according to implicit criteria. A prospective study of outpatients aged ≥65 years who visited our outpatient clinic on even calendar dates of the week, from Monday to Friday, from September 1, 2013 to March 31, 2014 was performed. Appropriateness of therapy was evaluated by applying three sets of implicit tools: Lipton Criteria, MAI and POM. A questionnaire was used assess information given to patients by physicians, and adherence to therapy. Information about clinical history and therapy was obtained from electronic medical records. Patient diagnosis and allergies, drugs, dosages, pharmacological indications, and questionnaire results, were entered into a database. The results were expressed in percentage. A total of 265 patients aged ≥65 years were included. Of these, 83% (220/265) had 2 to 6 comorbidities. According to the Lipton, MAI and POM criteria, the prescriptions were appropriate for 97% (1289/1327), 96% (1274/1327), and 94% (1251/1327) respectively. Only 33% (87/265) of the patients reported being thoroughly informed about the prescribed therapy and main side effects, and 67% (178/265) reported full compliance with the dosing schedule. The overall assessment of the elderly patient, with particular reference to comorbidity, is essential in choosing the best tailored-therapy. For this reason, the support of tools that can make safer therapeutic choices is important. The implicit indicators used allow for a reduction of number of the medications, and inappropriate prescriptions, avoiding drugs with greater potential for interactions, and promoting adherence by patients.

The equal opportunity harasser, sexual harassment, gender-neutral words, and Ludwig Wittgenstein

The equal opportunity harasser (EOH) in sex discrimination cases is an employer who harasses both male and female employees alike. The EOH principle postulates that equal harassment of both genders equates to an absence of disparate treatment and therefore an absence of the discriminatory conduct necessary to violate antidiscrimination laws. In comparing the equality of the harassment, courts have generally focused on external indicators consisting mainly of perceptible manifestations of the harassment, such as the number of harassing episodes, the nature of the harassment, and most, notably, the words used during such episodes. This note’s focus is on the words used during the harassment. Its premise maintains that the external indicators analysis fails to consider implicit indicators, that is, the societal hierarchy and norms which shape the persons’ sentiments long before the employer employee relationship is formed. It is this less palpable background which lends meaning to the words used during the harassment. This note suggests that the most viable standard should hold the presumption that even apparently gender-neutral words are virtually inexorably due to sex, accordingly, the equal EOH should be per se rejected.

Occurrence of water phosphorus at the water-sediment interface of a freshwater shallow lake: Indications of lake chemistry

Better understanding of the occurrence of water phosphorus (P) at the water-sediment interface is vital to clarify P sources of origin in freshwater shallow lake ecosystems. This study focused on water-sediment interface systems and explored implicit indications of lake chemistry on water P based on a case study of Baiyangdian Lake, North China. 20 variables from 14 sampling sites collected for six months in two years were investigated, including sequentially extracted P fractions. Exploratory data analysis with multivariate statistical techniques and the index of P maximum solubilization potential were employed to examine interactions of water P and coexisting chemicals, and to accomplish pattern recognition of water-sediment interface systems. Results showed that nine key variables (temperature, conductivity, ammonium nitrogen, total nitrogen, sediment total P, metallic oxide bound P, organic P, aluminum and ferrum) were identified and ranked into four latent parameters (physical factors, nutrients, P species, and metals), accounting for 81% of water P variation. Accordingly, the recognized three patterns of water-sediment interface unraveled spatial partitioning for the domination of external or internal P sources. Four variables (temperature, sediment total P, metallic oxide bound P and organic P) were competent to classify patterns of water-sediment interface with 100% correct assignment of cases. Using two parameters (organic P and metallic oxide bound P), discriminant functions produced 85.7% correct assignations, indicating the importance of the two P species in explaining spatial heterogeneity of water P under oxic and alkaline circumstances. This study provides an operational zoning frame and implications for eutrophication management applicable to freshwater shallow lakes.

Model of reflexive selection of implicit indicators of management activities of an organization

The article describes the economic-mathematical model of reflexive selection of implicit indicators of management activities of the organization in the framework of the classical approach implemented by R. Kaplan and D. Norton. According to the constructed model of the whole system of balanced performance indicators of the organization is represented in the form of the causal field, the structure of which contains three submodels: “implicit indicators”, “indirect indicators” “key performance indicators”. This representation allows not only to find the implicit performance of the organization in implementation of strategic goals, but to balance the total number of indicators, strategic maps, to estimate the strength of relations between indicators of submodels and within on the basis of fuzzy set theory, to justify and agree on their quantitative changes. The author gives an example application of the described approach based on the developed strategy map, ITERUS, Ltd and describes an information technology to automate the process of applying the model, presented in the form of a web service “Finding implicit parameters”. Refs 19. Figs 4. Tables 2.

Comparative analysis of relevance feedback methods based on two user studies

Rigorous analysis of user interest in web documents is essential for the development of recommender systems. This paper investigates the relationship between the implicit parameters and user explicit rating during their search and reading tasks. The objective of this paper is therefore three-fold: firstly, the paper identifies the implicit parameters which are statistically correlated with the user explicit rating through user study 1. These parameters are used to develop a predictive model which can be used to represent users’ perceived relevance of documents. Secondly, it investigates the reliability and validity of the predictive model by comparing it with eye gaze during a reading task through user study 2. Our findings suggest that there is no significant difference between the predictive model based on implicit indicators and eye gaze within the context examined. Thirdly, we measured the consistency of user explicit rating in both studies and found significant consistency in user explicit rating of document relevance and interest level which further validates the predictive model. We envisage that the results presented in this paper can help to develop recommender and personalised systems for recommending documents to users based on their previous interaction with the system.

Using affective signals as implicit indicators of information relevance and information processing strategies

ABSTRACTSearch engines have become increasingly better at providing information to users. However, they still face major challenges, such as determining how searchers process information, how they make relevance judgments, and how their cognitive or emotional states affect their search progress. We address these challenges by exploring searchers' affective dimension. In particular, we investigate how feelings, facial expressions, and electrodermal activity (EDA) could help to understand information relevance, search progress, and information processing strategies (IPS). To meet this goal, we designed an experiment in which 45 participants were exposed to affective stimuli prior to solving a fact‐finding search task. Results indicate that initial affective dimensions are linked to IPSs, search progress, and task completion. However, further analyses suggest that affective‐related features alone have limited utility in the binary classification of relevance using machine learning techniques.

PREPARATION OF FUTURE TEACHERS TO CREATION OF SAFE PSYCHOLOGICALLY EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENT: EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH RESULTS

The article presents the results of experimental research to test the efficacy of preparation model of future teachers to designing of psychologically safe of educational environment (PSEE) in the modern school. Development and introduction of model formation of future teacher readiness to design of the PSEE and implementation of psycho-pedagogical conditions of forming this readiness is the main goal of the experimental part of research. The basic directions and tasks in the course of the experimental work are defined. The authors allocate motivational-valuable, cognitive, operational-active and personal-reflexive components of future teachers’ readiness to the design of the PSEE and justify diagnosis criteria and methods. The diagnostic program included not only determination of the effectiveness of experimental work on the quantitative indicators of readiness level, but measuring the quality of performance of the experimental model for such implicit indicators of professional readiness of the future teachers as: diagnosing value orientations, the study of motives of design activities, stages of personal and professional self-development. The article presents the results of statistical data analysis to identify changes in the experimental and control groups. In conclusion, the authors identify several promising ways of further research raised problems. The article is of interest to scientists and practitioners studying models of teacher training to designing of PSEE, educators, graduate students, masters and students of pedagogical universities, teachers of system of professional development.

Antecedents to Inequality: Exploring Links between Ideology and Maintenance of Social Hierarchy

Inter- and intra-group inequality is common to the point of ubiquity in our world. This symposium will explore the antecedents to such inequality, namely, the subtle ways in which ideological belief systems legitimize and propagate existing hierarchical relations between social groups. Our first presenter, Dr. Arnold Ho, will discuss a cutting-edge conceptualization of the social dominance orientation scale and how its underlying constructs differentially relate to explicit and implicit indicators of a preference for inter-group inequality. Next, our second and third presenters, Safiya Castel and Taylor Phillips, will discuss how ideology can affect our attention to and support for members of disadvantaged groups. Finally, our fourth and fifth presenters, Dr. Nour Kteily and Sean Fath, will explore how ideology can affect our attitudes toward disadvantaged groups as a whole and perceptions of social inequality more broadly. Theorizing and Measuring Preferences for Intergroup Inequality Using the New SDO7 Scale Presenter: Arnold K. Ho; U. of Michigan Presenter: Jim Sidanius; Harvard U. Presenter: Nour Kteily; Northwestern Kellogg School of Management Presenter: Jennifer Sheehy-Skeffington; London School of Economics Presenter: Felicia Pratto; U. of Connecticut Presenter: Kristin Henkel; U. of Saint Joseph Presenter: Rob Foels; Stockton U. Presenter: Andrew Stewart; Clark U. Rise of the Social Underdog: Antecedents to Support for Successful Low Status Group Members Presenter: Safiya E Castel; UCLA Presenter: Miguel M. Unzueta; U. of California, Los Angeles Effective to a Fault: Organizational Structure Predicts Attitudes toward Minority Organizations Presenter: Sean Fath; Duke U. Presenter: Devon Proudfoot; Duke U. Presenter: Aaron C. Kay; Duke U. Social Dominance Orientation Drives Motivated Perceptions of Inequality Presenter: Nour Kteily; Northwestern Kellogg School of Management Presenter: Jennifer Sheehy-Skeffington; London School of Economics Presenter: Arnold K. Ho; U. of Michigan How Blind is Colorblind? Ideologically-Motivated Attention to Diverse Group Members Presenter: L Taylor Phillips; NYU Stern Presenter: Brian S. Lowery; Stanford U. Presenter: Nalini Ambady; Stanford U.

Investor sentiment, stock market returns and volatility: evidence from National Stock Exchange of India

This study explores the relationship between investor sentiment and stock return volatility using monthly data from National Stock Exchange (NSE) of India over July 2001 to December 2013 period. Using seven market-related implicit indicators a sentiment index has been constructed with the help of principal component analysis. Then the analysis has been done by employing ordinary least squares methods, vector autoregression, Granger causality and EGARCH-M models. Findings show that sentiment index significantly influences market excess returns. At the first glance it was found that sentiment has negative influence on the conditional volatility. However, when the sentiment index is decomposed into positive sentiment and negative sentiment changes, the study reveals that positive and negative sentiments have asymmetric impacts on excess return volatility. The Granger causality results suggest a bi-directional causality between excess return and investor sentiment at the third lags.